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Optimization of a hybrid solar-geothermal energy system at building scale : Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Energy Technologies
No full textBuilding sector decarbonisation involves large scale integration of renewable energy sources within the energy mix commonly used to fulfil the heat demand. For this, to combine several energy sources and to control conversion systems based on a systemic approach seems to be promising for making nearly zero energy buildings a standard. Such hybrid energy systems may be more reli- able and hence play a key role for grid interaction of variable energy sources. Many case studies have proven this already. However, the most of the analysis have often been made on specific building only. The present work aims to ad- dress the impact of hybrid renewable energy system use in a more general way. It prevents experts as decision makers from requiring large input information dataset regarding each individual building, on a given location. This enables to study more easily a whole area in terms of renewable energy potential and deduce energy-related information at urban scale. The district of Aire (GE) in Switzerland is selected as case study. Input datasets are based on national Swiss databases and studies previously performed at national scale. Simplified hydraulic model of space heating system is introduced at single building scale. Coefficient of performance temporal variation is included based on heat supply temperature evolution. Modelling of dynamic system behaviour is performed at monthly-mean-hourly temporal resolution. Energy performances are described throughout self-consumption and self-sufficiency ratio indicators. Furthermore, grid-based electricity use is monitored to compare performance of several sys- tem configurations with a reference case, that is without any coupling operation strategy in the frame of a hybrid system. Finally, an optimization procedure is applied for renewable energy based equipment sizing purposes. It appears that beyond a certain storage capacity limit, equipment sizing becomes less attractive in terms of energy performance and maximum surface area available for solar photovoltaic production should be harnessed.LESO-PBIn collaboration with EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (J.-L. Scartezzini, R. Castello, A. Walch)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Advanced Control of Electrochromic Windows
Get PDFIn our research we use the technology of electrochromic (EC) glazing to maximize the use of daylight and minimize the energy consumption in buildings while preserving visual and thermal comfort of the users. We propose an advanced automatic control of EC windows coupled with an anidolic daylighting system (ADS), blinds and dimmable fluorescent lights. EC windows with a visible transmittance range (Tv) of 0.15 – 0.50 were installed on the southern façade of an office room of the LESO experimental building (EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland). The system is divided in two independent zones: The lower zone is equipped with EC windows and blinds while the upper zone features in addition the ADS, which facilitates the even distribution of daylight across the room. Electric lighting is used only complementary when daylight is not sufficient. Data regarding instantaneous weather conditions, room conditions, as well as user wishes is collected and recorded in the database of the building's central management system (KNX/EIB). To address visual comfort requirements, a novel sky-scanner approach is implemented into a predictive control strategy to take into account the time the EC glazing requires to switch between different transmission states (up to 15 minutes). For the thermal comfort, we consider a wider time horizon, taking under consideration also the time, day and season. User has always the possibility of manually overriding the automatic control system. Adaptive fuzzy logic algorithms are implemented allowing the system to learn from users' wishes. Simulations showed that the elaborated algorithms for the automatic control of EC windows can provide better thermal and visual comfort conditions when compared to standard glazing coupled with blinds and still exhibit acceptable levels of energy consumption for space heating and electric lighting. Field study results showed that workplane illuminances were mostly kept inside acceptable visual comfort levels (at around 450-1000 lx). Field survey results regarding the acceptance of the system by the users are also presented along with a discussion on the efficacy of an EC windows system to handle glare issues without the use of blinds.LESO-P
Towards a methodology for an integrated assessment & labelling for sustainable buildings in the EU
Get PDFΤο έντονα δομημένο αστικό περιβάλλον είναι σήμερα το κυρίαρχο μοντέλο διαβίωσης στις ανεπτυγμένες και αναπτυσσόμενες οικονομίες. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις των κτιριακών υποδομών έχουν αναγνωριστεί και επισημανθεί σε διεθνές επίπεδο: το 40% της καταναλισκόμενης ενέργειας αφορά στον κτιριακό τομέα, ενώ ταυτόχρονα τα κτίρια παράγουν έναν τεράστιο όγκο αποβλήτων. Τέτοιου είδους διαπιστώσεις έχουν οδηγήσει διεθνώς στη διαμόρφωση ενός κατάλληλου θεσμικού πλαισίου, το οποίο στοχεύει στη βελτιστοποίηση της ενεργειακής και περιβαλλοντικής συμπεριφοράς των κτιρίων μέσω της εκτίμησης,
αξιολόγησης και πιστοποίησης των αντίστοιχων παραμέτρων σε αυτά. Σε αυτήν την κατεύθυνση η Κοινοτική Οδηγία 91/2002 καθιστά υποχρεωτική την περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση των κτιρίων εντός της Ε.Ε., ενώ μεθοδολογίες και εργαλεία όπως το Energy Star (USA), το LEED (USA) και το BREEAM (UK) έχουν αναπτυχθεί και
χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως σε ένα ολοένα αυξανόμενο κομμάτι της αγοράς. Ωστόσο, υπό το πρίσμα της αειφόρου ανάπτυξης, αυτές οι θετικές εξελίξεις στον κτιριακό τομέα κρίνονται ανεπαρκείς καθώς επί του παρόντος αξιολογούνται μόνο περιβαλλοντικές παράμετροι, ενώ κοινωνικοί και οικονομικοί παράγοντες αγνοούνται σχεδόν στο σύνολό τους. Ανταποκρινόμενοι σε αυτήν την ανάγκη, συμμετέχοντας
στο ευρωπαϊκό ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα LEnSE εστιάσαμε στην ανάπτυξη μιας μεθοδολογίας με σκοπό την αποτίμηση και τελικά την πιστοποίηση (labelling) της αειφορίας των κτιρίων στην Ε.Ε., προτάσσοντας έτσι την ολοκληρωμένη αξιολόγηση και στους τρεις πυλώνες της αειφόρου ανάπτυξης: Περιβάλλον – Κοινωνία –
Οικονομία. Στα πλαίσια αυτού της ερευνητικής προσπάθειας, ο συγγραφέας της παρούσας διατριβής ανέπτυξε δύο εργαλεία αξιολόγησης. Το πρώτο, βασίζεται σε ExcelTM και χρησιμοποιήθηκε κατά τη φάση της πιλοτικής εφαρμογής του LEnSE, ενώ
το δεύτερο αναπτύχθηκε ως διαδικτυακή εφαρμογή στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής (http://emttu.stef.teiher.gr) και προτείνεται ως μία εμπορικά βιώσιμη λύση, λειτουργώντας επικουρικά στην αναπτυσσόμενη μεθοδολογία ως ένα ολοκληρωμένο
εργαλείο αξιολόγησης, το οποίο μπορεί ταυτόχρονα να είναι αξιόπιστο και φιλικό προς το χρήστη.People in developed and developing countries spend 80-90% of their time inside buildings while 40% of the global energy production and half of the resources consumed are related with the building sector which at the same time represents 10% of the global economy. These figures alone are indicative of the major role that
buildings play today as regards the environment, the economy and the human factor. The international and European community driven principally from environmental related issues that are high on the agenda (i.e. climate change, global warming), has endorsed over the last few years the concept of environmental and energy assessments of buildings. Legislative framework in EU steers in that direction with the Directive on the energy performance of buildings (2002/91/EC) being a major landmark. Likewise, a plethora of assessment methods and tools like BREEAM (UK) and LEED (USA) have been developed and used by an ever-growing part of the
building market. Nevertheless, this otherwise positive progress in building sector seems rather limited as regards the scope of sustainable development. Today, buildings are only assessed
against environmental issues, while social and economic parameters are largely ignored by assessments. LEnSE project is a European research project that responds to the growing need in Europe for assessing a building’s sustainability performance, counting for all three pillars of sustainability: Environment – Society – Economy. The
main objective was to develop a methodology for the assessment of the sustainability performance of existing, new and renovated buildings, which is broadly accepted by the European stakeholders involved in sustainable construction. To facilitate this process, the author of this dissertation developed two kinds of assessment tools; one ExcelTM based aimed for testing the developed methodology
and one web-based application (http://emttu.stef.teiher.gr) as a proposed final tool for end-users opting for market-value by means of functionality, reliability and userfriendly interface. At the end, the results of the testing of the method in actual buildings are discussed and conclusions are drawn about the future of integrated assessment and labelling of sustainable buildings in the EU
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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