1,721,001 research outputs found
Pharmacological approaches to prevent vertical transmission of HIV and HBV
No full textIntroduction: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is mainly responsible for the global pediatric HIV and HBV epidemic. Vertical transmission can be prevented and reduced through a series of interventions at the primary healthcare level, including extensive screening of pregnant women, administration of antivirals or immune-based treatments, counselling on type of delivery and breastfeeding. Areas covered: In this narrative review, approved therapeutic options for the treatment of pregnant women living with HIV or HBV are discussed with special focus on efficacy and safety profiles of each agent or drug class examined. The search was performed using Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies assessing vertical transmission of both HIV and HBV. Expert Opinion: Elimination of MTCT of both infections is firmly endorsed by major global commitments and the integration of tailored preventive interventions into maternal and newborn health services is of strategical importance to achieve this critical target. However, further research centered on antiviral-based and immunization trials among pregnant women is urgently needed to mitigate the risk of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes, effectively prevent transmission to the offspring and finally eliminate the pediatric HIV and HBV epidemic, one of the key global health challenges of our time
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Risk of opportunistic infections in patients treated with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis
No full textAlemtuzumab is a monoclonal anti CD-52 antibody recently approved for use in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis(MS). Given that the targeted antigen is primarily expressed on B and T lymphocytes, the administration of this biological drug is associated with rapid but protracted peripheral lymphopenia
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Unsolved issues in the treatment of spontaneous peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: Nosocomial versus community-acquired infections and the role of fungi
No full textHistorically, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has represented one of the most frequent and relevant infectious complications of advanced liver disease, and this is still valid today. Nevertheless, in recent years the role of fungi as causative pathogens of primary peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis has become not negligible. Another issue is linked with the traditional distinction, instrumental in therapeutic choice, between community-acquired and nosocomial forms, according to the onset. Between these two categories, another one has been introduced: the so-called "healthcare-associated infections"
Efficacy and safety of a fixed dose combination tablet of asunaprevir + beclabuvir + daclatasvir for the treatment of Hepatitis C
No full textIntroduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is estimated to infect approximately 70 million people worldwide. If left untreated, chronic infection can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. The advent of new direct-acting antivirals (DAA) has revolutionized patients’ chances of treatment and viral elimination. Currently, several DAA options are available on the market. Areas covered: This review focuses on the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, tolerability and safety profile of DCV-TRIO, a twice-daily fixed-dose combination of daclatasvir, asunaprevir and beclabuvir approved in Japan for the treatment of genotype 1 HCV infection. Expert opinion: The DCV-TRIO combination achieved good response rates in genotype 1 patients (SVR12 ≥ 95% in naïve subtype 1b), independently from IL28B genotype, cirrhotic status and prior interferon exposure. On the other hand, unsatisfying response rates were reported in DAA-experienced patients and the risk of RAS selection should not be underestimated. Moreover, DCV-TRIO lacks differentiation from its earlier-launched DAA rivals, presents an inconvenient twice-daily dosing schedule and is not recommended in patients with advanced liver and kidney disease. All these drawbacks considerably limit its effective commercial potential. However, it can be a therapeutic option against HCV in tailored approaches according to the needs of different markets across the world. Abbreviations AE: adverse event; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ASV: asunaprevir; AUC: area under the curve; BCRP: Breast Cancer Resistance Protein; BCV: boceprevir; BID: bis in die; CI: confidence intervals; CLcr: creatinine clearance; DAA: direct acting antivirals; DCV: daclatasvir; EC50: Half maximal effective concentration; GT: genotype; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IFN: Interferon; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; OATP: Organic anion transporting polypeptides; OR: odds ratio; P-gp: P-glycoprotein; PK: pharmacokinetics; QD: quo die; RAS: resistance-associated substitutions; SVR: sustained virological response; USD: Unites States dollar
. Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: The Dawn of a New Era.
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