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FIGURE 12 in Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species
No full textFIGURE 12. Digitogorgia brochi sp. nov., holotype (NHM B969): A, body scales; B, coenenchymal scales, i, scales from inner layer. ∗ inner surface view.Published as part of Zapata-Guardiola, Rebeca & López-González, Pablo J., 2010, Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species, pp. 48-68 in Zootaxa 2616 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19791
Digitogorgia Zapata-Guardiola and Lopez-Gonzalez 2010
No full textGenus <i>Digitogorgia</i> Zapata-Guardiola and López-González, 2010 <p> <b>Diagnosis</b> <i>(modified from the original description, modifications in bold)</i>. Primnoidae with bottlebrush colonies and simple branchlets. Polyps elongated, cylindrical, markedly curved upwards to the branch, and arranged in whorls. Accessory operculars eight in number, stick shaped, close to eight operculars. Marginal scales without thorn or keel, eight in number, folding over operculars. Opercular and marginal scales, with pointed digitations distally, attenuated in body scales. Body scales in eight complete longitudinal rows. Coenenchyme with <b>two layers</b>: outer layer of oval shaped scales, <b>inner layer with irregular tuberculate sclerites.</b></p> <p> <b>Remarks on diagnosis.</b> During the study of <i>Digitogorgia brochi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> we observed the presence of an additional inner layer of irregular tuberculate coenenchymal sclerites. Coenenchymal sclerites were described as a single layer of scales in the type species <i>D. kuekenthali</i> Zapata-Guardiola and López-González, 2010. After a re-examination of the coenenchyme of the holotype ZIZMH C11740 and paratype USNM 1128575 (2 fragments as BEIM-CRO- 30 in Zapata-Guardiola and López-González, 2010b: 317) of <i>D. kuekenthali</i>, an inner layer of irregular tuberculate sclerites (Figure 7) was also observed.</p>Published as part of <i>Zapata-Guardiola, Rebeca & López-González, Pablo J., 2010, Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species, pp. 48-68 in Zootaxa 2616</i> on pages 56-57, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/197916">10.5281/zenodo.197916</a>
Digitogorgia brochi Zapata-Guardiola & López-González, 2010, sp. nov.
No full textDigitogorgia brochi sp. nov. Figures 8–12 Thouarella (Euthouarella) brucei, Broch, 1965: 27 –28, pl. 4, fig. 11–13. Material examined. Holotype: NHM B 969, “Brategg” Expedition, “Tromso-Tral 2 ”, 54 º 43 ’S, 60 º 14 ’W, Burdwood Bank, SubAntarctic, 111.5 m depth, 0 9 March 1948. Description of the holotype. Fragment of a colony (Figure 8 A), probably a main side branch, of 16 cm in total height and about 4.5 cm in width, with simple branchlets (Figure 8 B) up to 3cm in length arising all around the branch forming a bottlebrush shape. Axis brown. Main side branch basal axis diameter 2.3 mm. Main stem basal axis diameter 2.9 mm. Polyps (Figure 9) on branchlets in whorls of 3, 4– 5 whorls per cm, directed upwards. Polyps relatively elongate, slightly clavate, about 1.6–2.2 mm in height and 0.6–0.8 mm in diameter. Polyp body with eight complete longitudinal rows of scales, those in adaxial rows slightly smaller. About 6–7 scales in each adaxial row (Figure 10 A) and 12–13 scales on each abaxial row (Figures 9 B, 10 C). Adaxial rows slightly disorganized basally, but without any reduction in number of rows (Figure 9). Accessory operculars (Figure 11 A) eight in number, 0.25–0.44 mm in height and 0.08–0.14 mm in width, more or less triangular and pointed. Proximal inner surface tuberculate, covering about 20–50 % of their length, distal inner surface smooth. Outer surface quite granular with several warts on the most proximal portion. Basal margin with digitate processes. Opercular scales (Figure 11 B) eight in number, 0.30–0.45 mm in height and 0.16–0.24 mm in width, more or less triangular or oval shaped. Proximal inner surface tuberculate, covering around half of their length, distal surface smooth without keel or thorn. Proximal outer surface granular with several warts on the most proximal part, distal portion quite smooth. Basal margin often with long digitate processes, free margin entire laterally but digitate apically. Marginal scales (Figure 11 C) eight in number, 0.33–0.43 mm in height and 0.23–0.46 mm in width, broad, oval shaped. Proximal inner surface tuberculate, covering up to 80 % of the length, distal inner surface smooth, without keel or thorn. Outer surface granular, most proximal part with several warts. Basal margin with long digitate processes, free margin entire laterally but digitate apically. Body scales (Figure 12 A) more-or-less oval to fan shape, 0.17–0.37 mm in height and 0.26–0.45 mm in width. Inner surface almost completely tuberculate, outer surface granular with several warts on the most proximal part. Free margin as in marginal scales. Coenenchymal sclerites (Figure 12 B) in two layers: outer layer with round, oval-shaped sclerites, 0.11– 0.24 mm in maximum length, inner surface tuberculate, outer surface granular or smooth, free margin entire or scalloped; inner layer with irregular tuberculate sclerites, 0.06–0.08 mm in maximum length. Geographic and bathymetric distribution. At present, Digitogorgia brochi sp. nov., has only been reported from Burdwood Bank, SubAntarctic (Figure 1), at a depth of 111.5 m. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Hjalmar Broch, in recognition of his contribution to our knowledge of octocorals. Remarks. The present material was initially identified by Broch (1965) as Thouarella brucei. This author had already found differences in the shape of the opercular and marginal scales between his specimen and the original description of Thomson’s and Ritchie’s species. Nevertheless, he attributed those differences to a possible contamination in Thomson’s and Ritchie’s sample, and placed his specimen in T. brucei. But it seems that Broch never saw any type specimens of T. brucei, as he only mentions the original description and drawings. The present study of a single specimen identified by Broch as Thouarella brucei from Burdwood Bank, and deposited at the NHM, shows a set of characters that is clearly different from that of the type material of T. brucei. This set of characters is: the polyps are arranged in whorls of three, the number of scales on each abaxial row is about 12 and distinct opercular and marginal scales are without a keel, while in T. brucei the polyps are singly placed in spirals around branchlets, the number of scales on each abaxial row is about 5 and opercular and marginal scales present a strong keel on their inner surface. Broch’s specimen, described above, has a bottlebrush colony shape, the scales are not reduced in the adaxial rows, there are eight marginal scales, without a keel, folding over the operculars and there are distinct, distal, pointed processes in opercular, marginal and body scales. Due to these characters it should be included in the genus Digitogorgia, as Digitogorgia brochi sp. nov. Till now the genus Digitogorgia only included one species, Digitogorgia kuekenthali. Digitogorgia kuekenthali and D. brochi differ in the number of scales in the abaxial row (8-9 scales in the former and 12-13 in the later), in the shape of the accessory opercular scales (more pointed in the former), the operculars (more elongate and multi-digitate in the former), and the marginals (with more developed and pointed processes in the latter). In general, the proximal, long processes in both polyp and coenenchymal sclerites and the presence of tubercles on the proximal outer surface are more pronounced in D. brochi.Published as part of Zapata-Guardiola, Rebeca & López-González, Pablo J., 2010, Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species, pp. 48-68 in Zootaxa 2616 on pages 57-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19791
Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie 1906
No full textThouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 Figures 2–6 Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906: 852 –854, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 2, fig. 1.; Kükenthal, 1919: 439; 1924: 301. not Thouarella brucei, Broch, 1965: 27 –28, pl. 4, figs. 11–13. Material examined. Lectotype (here designated): NMS.Z.1921.143.1298 “Scottish Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904), Burdwood Bank, Gough Island (St. Helena)”, one colony. Paralectotypes (here designated): NMS.Z.2010.038.1 and BM 1912.11. 9.2, Scottish Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904), stn. 346, 54º 25 ’S, 57 º 32 ’W, Burdwood Bank, 102.4 m depth, 1 December 1903, one colony each; NMS.Z.2010.038.2, same data as in the lectotype; ZMA COEL 3574, Scottish Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904), South Atlantic Ocean, fragment of a colony. Additional material: ZMH C 11748, ANT XIX/ 5, stn PS 61 / 167 -01, 53 º 23.68 ’S, 42 º 42.23 ’W, west of South Georgia Island, 308.1–334.5 m depth, 9 April 2002, five fragments. Description of the lectotype. The specimen is only a fragment of the parent colony (Figure 2 A), 11 cm in total height and about 8.6 cm in width. Main stem ramified up to third order giving simple branchlets (Figure 2 B) up to 2 cm in length, distributed all around, up to 8 branchlets per centimetre. Axis brown, broken at its proximal portion, without holdfast. Basal axis diameter 2.8 mm. Individual polyps (Figure 2 B) slightly bent upward and arranged in spirals around branchlets; 10–12 polyps per cm. Polyps also present on main stem. Polyps (Figure 3) clavate, about 1.5–2.1 mm in height and 0.6–0.8 mm in diameter with a low operculum. Polyp body with 8 longitudinal rows of scales overlapping one another, 4–5 scales on each longitudinal abaxial row (Figure 3 A) and 3 scales on each adaxial row (Figure 3 B). Opercular scales (Figure 4, 5A), 0.38–0.66 mm in height and 0.23–0.50 mm in width, arranged in two cycles of four: inner cycle concave isosceles-shaped with bilobed base and rounded tip with an incipient keel; outer cycle larger, isosceles-triangle-shaped with distal inner surface multi-keeled. Proximal inner surface tuberculate, covering about half of their length. Outer surface radially granular. Basal margin irregular. Free margin finely serrated. Marginal scales (Figure 5 B) eight in number, 0.41–0.66 mm in height and 0.47–0.54 mm in width, roughly rhomboidal in shape with a complex tip; adaxials reduced. Inner proximal surface tuberculate, covering about half of their length, distal surface smooth with medial process multi-keeled. Outer surface granular. Basal margin with small granular processes, free margin finely serrated. Body scales (Figure 6 A) irregular-fan shaped, 0.28–0.49 mm in height and 0.32–0.50 mm in width. Inner surface almost completely tuberculate, upper body scales with short keel. Outer surface granular. Free margin finely serrated. Coenenchymal scales (Figure 6 B) roughly round to oval-shaped, 0.14–0.43 mm in maximum length; inner surface tuberculate, outer surface granulate forming ridges, free margin irregular. Geographic and bathymetric distribution. The species is known from Burdwood Bank and Gough Island (Saint Helena), SubAntarctic, and from west of South Georgia Island, (Figure 1), between 100 and 334.5 m in depth. Variability. The paralectotypes and the additional material examined have a similar bottlebrush colonial structure to that of the lectotype. The main stem can be unbranched or ramified up to third order. The polyps have a wider range in size, from 1.3 to 2.4 mm in height and from 0.46 to 0.84 mm in diameter. The opercular scales can vary from 0.28 to 0.77 mm in height and from 0.10 to 0.50 mm in width. The marginal scales vary from 0.42 to 0.78 mm in height and from 0.34 to 0.58 mm in width. The body scales vary from 0.24 to 0.54 mm in height and from 0.28 to 0.67 mm in width. The coenenchymal scales vary from 0.06 to 0.46 mm in maximum length. Distribution and form of the sclerites from polyps and coenenchyme are similar to that of the lectotype. Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906, lectotype (NMS.Z.1921.143.1298):, opercular scales; B, marginal scales. ∗ inner surface view. Remarks. Thomson and Ritchie (1906) described Thouarella brucei from the material collected during the Scottish Antarctic Expedition. The original description refers to specimens from different localities “Burdwood Bank, 56 fathoms, December 1, 1903; Gough Island, 100 fathoms, April 22, 1904; St. Helena ”. However, they did not associate the specimens described with the localities. Due to this lack of information in the original description, on the label of the specimens and also in database of the NMS (Fiona Ware pers. comm.), we cannot determine the exact collection locality of the lectotype and some paralectotypes. However, the presence of this species at Burdwood Bank is assured from the data for the paralectotypes NMS.Z.2010.038.1 and BM 1912.11. 9.2. After this study, the only known material recognised for Thouarella brucei will be restricted to the specimens described in the original description and the additional material from west South Georgia here reported. However, several specimens from Smithsonian’s collection will be attributable to this species in the near future, increasing our knowledge of the geographic and bathymetric distribution of this species (Taylor et al. submitted). Broch (1965: 27) reported an additional colony from Burdwood Bank, but the examination of the specimen has shown it should no longer be considered as Thouarella brucei (see remarks on Digitogorgia brochi sp. nov. in this paper). It should be noted that Kükenthal (1919: 439) mentioned that Thomson and Ritchie could have confused the opercular scales with the marginal scales and also had doubts about the number of the “opercular” scales reported. Furthermore he emphasised the lack of measurements and pictures of polyps, later classifying T. brucei as species dubiae incertae sedis (Kükenthal, 1924: 301). One of the characters used to differentiate Thouarella species (Kükenthal, 1924; Cairns and Bayer, 2009) is the number of scales in the longitudinal abaxial row. T. brucei shows 4–5 scales in the abaxial row, being comparable to T. pendulina (Roule, 1908), T. versluysi Kükenthal, 1907 and T. hickson i Thomson, 1911. A useful character to differentiate those species is the number of polyps per centimetre present on the branchlets. While polyps of Thouarella brucei have an arrangement of about 12 polyps per centimetre, polyps of T. pendulina have a very crowded arrangement, up to 70 polyps per centimetre (Roule, 1908). There are only up to 4–5 polyps per centimetre in T. versluysi (Kükenthal, 1907: 202) and even fewer in T. hicksoni (Thomson, 1911: 886). The examination of the type material has allowed us to give a more accurate diagnosis of the species wherein the polyp scales are shown in more detail than in the original description and some initial ranges of variability observed by Thomson and Ritchie have been increased.Published as part of Zapata-Guardiola, Rebeca & López-González, Pablo J., 2010, Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species, pp. 48-68 in Zootaxa 2616 on pages 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19791
Tokoprymno anatis Zapata-Guardiola & López-González, 2010, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Tokoprymno anatis</i> sp. nov. <p>Figures 13–16</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype:</b> ZMH C11749, ANT XIX/3, stn PS61/046-08, 60°38.79'S, 53°57.42'W, north east of Elephant Island, Antarctica, 2895.6–2896.4 m depth, 2 February 2002, one colony, fragmented. Fragments of the holotype have also been deposited in USNM 1145316.</p> <p> <b>Description of the holotype</b>. Colony bottlebrush (Figure 13 A), fragmented in three main parts of 5, 7 and 9.5 cm in length, 22 cm in total length and 10.5 cm in width. Simple or scarcely ramified stiff branchlets (Figure 13 B) up to 6.5 cm in length, proximally almost perpendicular to stem, then curving upward. Axis bronze, stiff, broken proximally. Basal axis diameter 3 mm.</p> <p>Polyps perpendicular to branchlets (Figure 13 B, 14A), absent on main stem, singly or biserial placed (Figure 14 A), 6–11 polyps per cm. Polyps (Figure 14) relatively elongate, slightly clavate, up to 2.4 mm in height and 0.61–0.97 mm in diameter, with a conical operculum. Polyp body with 8 longitudinal rows of scales somewhat disorganized, adaxial body scales smaller (Figure 14 B), 4–5 transverse rows of scales in the abaxial aspect overlapping one another (Figure 14 C).</p> <p>Accessory opercular scales (Figure 15 A), blade-shaped, variable in number from absent to two, small, about 0.49 mm in height and 0.12 mm in width. Proximal half of inner surface tuberculate, smooth distally, without keel. Margin finely serrated. Outer surface almost smooth, few granules.</p> <p>Opercular scales (Figure 15 B) eight in number, 0.58–0.84 mm in height and 0.15–0.28 mm in width, duck-beak shaped with rounded tips and square or bilobed base. Proximal inner surface tuberculate covering up to half of their length; distal part convex, with granules forming ridges or with a small keel. Outer surface almost smooth with a few granules proximally. Free margin serrated.</p> <p>Marginal scales (Figure 15 C) eight in number, more-or-less triangular, 0.52–0.91 mm in height and 0.27– 0.44 mm in width. Inner surface tuberculate covering at least 75% of the scale, with distal longitudinal ridges. Outer surface almost smooth, with a few granules on proximal portion. Free margin serrated, proximal margin granular and lobed.</p> <p>Body wall scales (Figure 16 A) roughly square shaped, 0.36–0.61 mm in maximum length. Inner surface almost completely tuberculate, outer surface almost smooth and covered with granules proximally. Free margin serrated with tendency to be lobed, basal margin as in marginal scales.</p> <p>Coenenchyme scales (Figure 16 B) round in shape, 0.18–0.34 mm in maximum length. Inner surface completely tuberculate, outer surface smooth with a few granules. Margin quite smooth, granulate or finely serrated.</p> <p> <b>Geographic and bathymetric distribution.</b> At present, <i>Tokoprymno anatis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is only known from off Elephant Island, Antarctica (Figure 1), between 2895.6 and 2896.4 m in depth.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The species name <i>anatis</i>, derived from the Latin and meaning duck-like, refers to the distinct shape of the opercular scales for their similarity to the beak of a duck.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> According to Cairn’s and Bayer's (2009) generic review of the gorgonian family Primnoidae, the new taxon is included in the genus <i>Tokoprymno</i> Bayer, 1996 due to: (1) the presence of marginal scales of polyps not forming a circumoperculum (Figure 14), (2) the presence of an abundantly branched colony giving a bottlebrush shape (Figure 13 A), (3) the fact that the polyps are often arranged biserially (Figure 13 B, 14A), and (4) the opercular scales having a small keel on their inner surface. However, some species in the genus <i>Thouarella</i> also have a bottlebrush colony shape, polyps arranged singly, and the presence of a keel on the opercular scales. In <i>Thouarella,</i> however, the marginals fold over the bases of the operculars forming a circumoperculum. In fact, this character is used to segregate both genera in Cairn’s and Bayer’s key.</p> <p> Also according to Cairns and Bayer (2009), the genera <i>Plumarella</i> Gray, 1870 and <i>Acanthoprimnoa</i> Cairns and Bayer, 2004 are morphologically closely related to the genus <i>Tokoprymno</i>. They can be distinguished, however, by the absence of a keel on the opercular scales, as well as their uniplanar colony shape (Gray, 1870; Cairns & Bayer, 2004), while <i>Tokoprymno</i> has a keel on the operculars (Figure 14 B) and a bottlebrush colony shape (Figure 13 A).</p> <p> The genus <i>Tokoprymno</i> has currently only one described species, <i>Tokoprymno maia</i> Bayer, 1996. This species is clearly differentiated from <i>T. anatis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by the size of the polyps, from 3 to 5 mm in the former (Bayer, 1996: 514) depending on the kind of polyp (vegetative or brooder) and up to 2.4 mm in the latter; and by the distinct duck-beak shape of the opercular scales in <i>T. anatis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Figure 15 A), while in <i>T. maia</i> the operculars are isosceles triangle shaped (see Figure 4 in Bayer, 1996) and for the absence of accesory opercular scales in <i>T. maia</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Zapata-Guardiola, Rebeca & López-González, Pablo J., 2010, Redescription of Thouarella brucei Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Primnoidae) and description of two new Antarctic primnoid species, pp. 48-68 in Zootaxa 2616</i> on pages 63-66, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/197916">10.5281/zenodo.197916</a>
Diversidad y evolución de gorgonias antárticas (Octocorallia, Primnoidae) distribución y aspectos reproductivos
No full textMemoria de tesis doctoral presentada por Rebeca Zapata Guarciola para optar al grado de Doctora por la Universidad de Sevilla (US), realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Josep Maria Gili Sardà del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) y el Dr. Pablo José López GonzálezEl continente Antártico así como sus aguas circundantes se encuentran bajo protección legal desde 1959, fecha en la que se firmó el Tratado Antártico y gracias al cual hoy en día la Antártida es considerada como uno de los lugares del planeta donde la belleza natural y la pureza de los ambientes que alberga todavía se preservan. Debido a esta peculiaridad la Antártida resulta un escenario ideal dónde la fauna marina se ha diversificado y adaptado a unas condiciones peculiares, convirtiéndola en un laboratorio natural para estudiar procesos ecológicos y evolutivos en la formación de nuevas especies, cuya dinámica evolutiva puede utilizarse como referencia para establecer estándares que permitan explicar los cambios que se han producido a nivel mundial durante las últimas décadas así como extrapolar su futura dinámica. [...]Peer Reviewe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Four new species of thouarella (anthozoa: octocorallia: primnoidae) from antarctic waters
Get PDFFour new Antarctic species of the genus Thouarella, all of them belonging to the subgenus Thouarella, are described and illustrated from material collected at the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and off Atka Bay (eastern Weddell Sea) on the Polarstern cruises ANT XIX/5 (LAMPOS), and ANT XXIV/2 (ANDEEP-SYSTCO). The study of our new taxa allows us to describe a wider variation in the number of the distal cycles of polyp scales, as well as the existence in the genus (and subgenus) of additional species with planar colonial morphologies. The new species are compared with their closest congeners.En este trabajo se describen e ilustran cuatro nuevas especies del género Thouarella, todas ellas pertenecientes al subgénero Thouarella, recolectadas durante las campañas ANTXIX/5 (LAMPOS) y ANTXXIV/2 (ANDEEP-SYSTCO) a bordo del buque oceanográfico Polarstern. Estas campañas antárticas fueron realizadas en las islas Georgia del Sur, las islas Sandwich del Sur y en la Bahía Atka (al este del mar de Weddell). El estudio de estos nuevos taxones nos permite describir una mayor variabilidad en el número de ciclos distales de escleritos presentes en los pólipos, así como la presencia adicional en el género (y en el subgénero) de especies con morfología colonial plana. Las nuevas especies son comparadas con sus congéneres más cercanos
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