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LA FABBRICA DEL PLURALISMO. IL GOVERNO DELLA CONFLITTUALITA' SOCIALE DA PARTE DELLA CORTE COSTITUZIONALE ALLA LUCE DELLE PIU' RECENTI MODIFICHE DEL SUO PROCESSO
No full textL’obiettivo del lavoro è studiare la trasformazione della giustizia costituzionale italiana alla luce di alcuni istituti recentemente introdotti dalla Corte costituzionale con la modifica delle Norme Integrative.
Al tal fine appare necessario un lavoro di (ri)definizione dei concetti impiegati in questo tentativo riformatore, poiché nei discorsi della dottrina questi presentano una serie molto variegata ed eterogenea di impieghi. In aggiunta i giuristi sono spesse volte soliti identificarne il significato senza prendere in conto le teorie e tesi filosofiche che essi involgono. Per esempio, al fine di spiegarne la ratio, si può arrivare financo a parlare di «partecipazione» nel processo, «democratizzazione» del controllo di costituzionalità o «strumento di lotta politica a mezzo del diritto», senza mai chiarire fino in fondo a quale base culturale di riferimento ci si appoggi.
Per pervenire alla mia personale proposta dogmatica, realizzerò dunque preliminarmente una ricostruzione prevalentemente descrittiva dell’uso dei concetti giuridici considerati rilevanti.
È necessario parlare di ricostruzione e non di mera descrizione, dal momento che una componente prescrittiva è pur sempre ineliminabile già solo per la scelta dei materiali su cui lavorare, perché la ricostruzione del pensiero degli autori è sempre pure una sua appropriazione o infine per l’influenza dettata dai personali preconcetti. Cionondimeno, ciò che al contempo differenzia l’analisi da una mera personale presa di posizione, salvaguardandone così anche la scientificità, consta nello sforzo di comparare diversi punti di vista, al fine di fare emergere la normatività nascosta i.e. le scelte orientate dei giuristi e della stessa Corte in un determinato momento storico. Peraltro, la ricerca aiuta a semplificare il quadro di riferimento poiché alcuni approcci studiati si riveleranno alla luce dell’analisi compiuta inconferenti, contraddittori o anacronistici rispetto all’ambito di studio.
In questo senso, la mia indagine meta-dottrinale affronterà in particolare l’uso di due istituti: l’amicus curiae e gli esperti.
Ciascuna parte della trattazione ad essi dedicata si articolerà in due momenti: nella prima effettuerò una esposizione dell’impiego del concetto nel discorso dei giuristi, mentre nella seconda studierò le ripercussioni teorico-filosofiche dei risultati della mia analisi.
Partendo all’amicus curiae, nella prima fase si dimostrerà che il lavoro ricostruttivo è complicato dal fatto che si tratta di un costrutto concettuale frutto dell’ibridazione di strutture semanticamente differenziate e dagli usi non necessariamente coincidenti nel loro tradizionale impiego fatto dai giuristi. Ciò che viene rubricato come «amicus curiae» è infatti l’«intervento» di qualcuno che sia una «formazione sociale» o un portatore di «interessi collettivi o diffusi», senza che da ciò possa derivare l’acquisizione della posizione di «parte» nel giudizio costituzionale. Sarà necessario allora procedere con un’analisi separata di ciascuno degli elementi che compone questa complessa architettura.
La seconda fase si rende necessaria, invece, perché parto dalla premessa che vi sia una connessione strettissima tra le scelte operative dei giuristi e la loro visione del diritto. Nel caso dell’amicus curiae questo sbocco è evidente in ragione di quella letteratura che individua proprio nel campo processuale il terreno privilegiato per obliterare il confine tra militanza politica e diritto.
Il tema, letto attraverso le lenti della dicotomia tra punto di vista interno ed esterno al giuridico, ci porterà a sposare una metodologia neoistituzionalista che sarà impiegata per illuminare di senso l’amicus curiae. Le conclusioni a cui si perverrà sono infatti che l’istituto serva a impedire derive illiberali nel governo da parte della Corte del conflitto sociale, attraverso l’uso delle tecniche interpretative e non-interpretative del diritto.
Nella seconda parte dedicata agli esperti, data per acquisita la medesima componente metodologica, si studierà egualmente la descrizione da parte dei giuristi dell’influsso delle diverse razionalità tecnico-scientifiche sulla teoria dell’argomentazione. Si giungerà all’approdo che la Corte difende egualmente la sua posizione nell’ambiente sociale ma, a differenza dell’amicus curiae, non disinteressandosi volontariamente del pluralismo non addomesticabile attraverso la sua legittimazione tecnica quanto piuttosto mimando le altre razionalità sistemiche, attraverso l’interiorizzazione del loro punto di vista nel suo linguaggio.The work enquires the transformation of the Italian constitutional justice in the light of the procedural reform recently introduced by the Italian Constitutional Court. On January 8th 2020, the Court has opened the proceeding to stakeholders (labelling them as amici curiae) and to the opinion of well-known experts, amending the Supplementary Rules on Proceedings. According to the press release of the Press Office of the Court «from now on, civil society too will be able to make its voice heard on issues discussed before the Constitutional Court».
To fully grasp the implications of such a novelty, it seems necessary a work of (re-)definition of the relevant concepts used by the Court and legal scholars, since in the relevant literature they present a varied and heterogeneous series of uses. For instance, in order to explain the rationale of the reform, legal doctrine may even go so far as to speak of «citizens’ participation» in the constitutional adjudication process, «democratization» of the control of constitutionality or even of enactment of an «instrument of political mobilization by the means the legal discourse», without clarifying which cultural basis of reference they are relying on. Indeed, constitutional scholars seem to import concepts and conceptions from other fields of investigation or literature (for instance political theory, philosophy and social sciences) without taking into account the theoretical ramifications and practical consequences they involve.
Relying on French postmodernism and the Marxist inheritance of Critical legal studies, the work aims on the contrary to study how underlying moral and political assumptions intervene in the judicial decision-making activity and the scientific quest. Such normative conceptions - which are traditionally swept under the rug by legal orthodoxy - can hardly be eradicated, yet can be accounted for: understanding, and then highlighting their relevance to practical reasoning before Courts lies at the heart of the research.
The thesis is thus divided into two parts dedicated respectively to the concepts of amicus curiae and expert. Each part has been then divided into two sub-sections: in the first one I have made an exposition of the use of the concept in the discourse of legal scholars, while in the second one I have studied the theoretical and practical outcomes of the analysis, especially with reference to their impact on legal argumentation because, as stated above, I start from the premise that there is a very close connection between the operational choices of scholars and their vision of law so that it is possible to bring out the hidden normative agendas of legal scholars and of the Court itself in each historical moment. In the case of the amicus curiae this result is self-evident because of the legal doctrine that identifies in the procedural field the privileged ground to obliterate the boundary between political activism and judicial disputes resolution.
Combining internalism and externalism, I have been then able to understand the ratio of amicus curiae. The conclusion is indeed that the concept serves to prevent
illiberal drifts in the government by the Court of social conflict when it comes to the use of its interpretive and non-interpretive techniques.
In the second part dedicated to the renowned experts, given the same methodological background, I have studied the influence of the different technical-scientific rationalities on legal reasoning. Building on that, I reached the conclusion that the Court equally defends its institutional position in the social environment not by disregarding the pluralism which it cannot tame through its technical legitimation, but rather by mimicking the other systemic rationalities through the internalization of their points of view in its own language
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Taking advantage of petrostructural heterogeneities in subduction-collisional orogens, and effect on the scale of analysis
No full textSince the beginning of the last century, tectonic history of polyphase metamorphic tectonites of orogenic basement complexes is often related to primary links with metasediments, of presumably known origin, and location of their original basins. However such history is worth to be compared with results of an alternative and independent investigation that pursues: i) an objective reconstruction of the evolutionary steps modifying the lithostratigraphic setting and of its deformation-metamorphism interactions during plate-scale events and ii) a privileged reconstruction of the rock memory for the structural and metamorphic correlation of crystalline basement units. Interpretative merging of data gathered from these affine rock properties made interpretations of orogenic zones more actualistic and based on recognition of tectonic trajectories of units through evolving geodynamic contexts. In this account a refinement of the analytical approach to inferring deformation and metamorphic paths and constructing geological histories of basements in axial zones of orogenic belts is presented and examples are synthesised from the Western Alps and the Canadian Cordillera, based on detailed structural and lithostratigraphic mapping in harmony with macro- and micro-structural techniques of analysis, are reported from the two belts
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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