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Molteplicità delle fonti e tutela dei diritti. Il danno non patrimoniale nella lesione della proprietà e dei dati personali
No full textThe essay addresses the issue of the so-called multilevel protection of human rights from the civil liability point of view, with reference to non-pecuniary damage, particularly. Having identified
the methodological problems in the specific context of private law, the author analyses the case law position and the views expressed by other authors in relation to the value of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Charter of Fundamental Rights within tort law. Due to their different position in the sources of law, the writing treats separately the hypotheses that the violation concerns a right provided for in one or in the other. The right to property (Art. 1 — 1st Protocol of the ECHR) and the right to protection of personal data (Art. 8 Charter of Nice) are taken into consideration as cases study
Leakage flow noise and related flow pattern in a low-speed axial fan with rotating shroud
No full textThe effect of rotational speed and pressure rise on the leakage flow noise radiated by a low-speed axial fan, provided with rotating shroud, has been systematically investigated. The leakage flow noise generally increases with the blade loading, with a trend which is qualitatively independent from the rotational speed but non-monotonic, as its growth is interrupted by local minima. As the loading increases, the SPL spectrum shows important modifications, since the characteristic frequency of the subharmonic narrowband humps related to the leakage noise decreases. The flow in the gap region has been studied by means of PIV measurements taken in the meridional plane. At low blade loading, the leakage flow is restrained close to the rotor ring and, at higher loading, it forms a wide recirculation zone. In the latter conditions, an unsteady flow separation likely takes place in the blade tip region which may be observed in the instantaneous flow field only. Possibly, it is responsible for the observed frequency shift of the humps
Instantaneous PIV data related to the leakage flow of a low-speed axial-flow fan with rotating shroud
No full textThe present paper is companion to Large-scale unsteady flow structures in the leakage flow of a low-speed axial fan with rotating shroud, Canepa et al., 2019. Two-dimensional PIV has been used in order to investigate the leakage flow in a low-speed fan with rotating shroud at three operating conditions. The reported data are constituted by about 3000 instantaneous meridional velocity fields, which are statistically independent. Each velocity field contains 41 × 55 velocity values deployed on a rectangular grid. In order to allow taking ensemble averages of the data, each velocity field has been assigned to a 4-deg bin in the rotor reference. The data are particularly valuable, since no data of this kind and detail have been made available to the scientific community yet
Effect of the uneven blade spacing on the noise annoyance of axial-flow fans and side channel blowers
No full textSeveral rotors of axial-flow fans and side channel blowers with optimal circumferential spacing have been tested in a hemi-anechoic chamber; such rotors have been designed by means of an existing method based on the minimization of the tonal noise peaks prominence from the broadband spectrum. The resulting SPL spectra contain different components: tonal ones, which are a well-known cause of annoyance (intended as an undesired feature of the received noise related to the short-term exposure), broadband ones, which could have a positive masking effect, and further components due to the electric motor. As expected, the blade spacing strongly affects the tonal noise part of the spectrum, which is mainly of aeroacoustic origin; in axial-flow fans, it also affects the low-frequency broadband part related to the leakage flow. The present study has also confirmed the good consistency between measured spectra and theoretically predicted ones even for side channel blowers. The characteristic curves of the tested machines are not significantly affected, but the quality of the radiated noise considerably changes as the spacing non-uniformity increases: tonalness decreases and roughness increases, fluctuation has not a systematic behavior, and no significant variation in other perceived characteristics may be noticed. In order to quantify such perception, the psychoacoustic parameters commonly employed for automotive cooling fans have been computed. The tonalness decrease leads to a significant annoyance reduction, while the increase in roughness seems of minor importance from a noise annoyance standpoint. Nevertheless, in strongly asymmetric rotors, the change in the perceived acoustic signature may be relevant and an unaware listener could interpret the roughness increase as a potential mechanical malfunction. As for generality of the present discussion, it should be considered that the tested rotors have been optimized in order to reduce the tonal noise peaks prominence, which obviously results in a reduction in the perceived tonalness. On the contrary, spacing obtained by means of different criteria could yield different variations in tonalness, and the same likely happens to loudness. Instead, the rise of peaks at shaft frequency harmonics is a direct consequence of the uneven spacing which should sistematically yield a roughness increase
Leakage flow flutter in a low-speed axial-flow fan with shrouded blades
No full textA large-amplitude axial vibration of a rotor fan with shrouded blades has been experimentally observed. The analysis of the Campbell diagram shows that the vibration is related to a backward-whirl vibrational mode of the rotor which is always present, with different amplitudes depending on the operating conditions and configuration. Modifications of the shroud roughness and insertion of small obstacles in the gap region have independently shown that leakage flow fluctuations constitute the excitation of the large-amplitude vibration. This indicates that the phenomenon is likely a flutter, as it is also suggested by the observed intermittency and aerodynamic stiffening. The feedback of the vibration on the flow is likely due to the variations of the gap size
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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