330 research outputs found
SPECTROSCOPIC REMOTE-SENSING OF MOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY LASER-RADAR TECHNIQUES BASED ON OPTICAL SCATTERING PHENOMENA
No full textH. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Nature, 224, 170, (1969). T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba, Appl. Phys. Letters, 17, 139, (1970). H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi. Invited paper to the Sixth International Quantum Electronics Conference, Kyoto, Japan, September 1970. T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba. Proceedings of IEEE., 58, 1568, (1970).""Author Institution: Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversityThe usefulness of Raman spectroscopy, which is so far recognized as a complementary technique to infrared spectroscopy, can be extended to include various new fields which are unique to itself. The laser-Raman radar scheme detecting the Raman backscattered echoes has been and confirmed experimentally by the present , which is capable of measuring remotely the number density of molecular constituents as well as their species existing not only in the ordinary but also in the polluted atmosphere. This paper wishes to report the operational performance and the experimental results, so far obtained, of our laser-Raman radar as a completely single-ended system for the chemical analysis of the real atmosphere. An alternative method, which utilizes a frequency-tunable dye laser with high repetition rate of pulsed operation is also developed to investigate the resonance spectroscopic effects of a variety of molecules and atoms contained in the lower and upper atmosphere. These effects include the fluorescence and the resonance scatterings along with the resonance Raman scattering, and are expected to improve significantly the sensitivity and the range capability for the constituent analysis of our environmental air
MEASUREMENTS OF RAMAN CROSS SECTIONS FOR VARIOUS GASES IN THE POLLUTED ATMOSPHERE BY MEANS OF PULSED LASER-RAMAN AND PULSE-GATED PHOTON COUNTING METHODS
No full text H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Nature 224, 170 (Oct. 1969) T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba, Appl. Phys. Letters 17, 139 (Aug. 1970); Proc. of the IEEE. 58, 1568 (1970). H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Paper presented to 26th Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy N4, Columbus, Ohio, June 14-18, 1971. W. F. Murphy, W. Holzer and H. J. Bernstein, Appl. Spectroscopy 23, 211 (1969). D.G. Fouche and R.K. Chang, Appl. Phys. Letters 18, 579 (June 1971).""Author Institution: Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversityFeasibility and potentiality of the laser radar system which detects the Raman-shifted backscattering, either in non-resonant or resonant nature, from chemical contents of atmospheric pollutants to identify and to monitor remotely their concentrations have been However, for the precise measurement of species concentration, the knowledge on the Raman scattering cross sections is always required. This paper presents the measured result and their comparison of the Raman cross sections of various molecules present in the atmosphere such as relative to that of as a reference gas. We employed primarily a molecular nitrogen laser with 10mW average power at 3371 {\AA}, 20 kW peak power of 10 nsec duration and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. Recently, we have succeeded in the operation of transverse excitation atmospheric (TEA) nitrogen laser at 3371 {\AA} which is applicable to the field-use and also to the laboratory experiments. The Raman scattered radiation was observed in a direction perpendicular to the linearly polarized plane of the incident laser beam. The signal was processed by the pulse-gated photon counting method synchronized with the repetitive laser pulse, which is valuable for detecting extremely weak light signals. The accuracy of our measured cross sections is within 10\% and their values were found to agree well with the pre-laser result by Murphy et and the laser result by Fouche et for several gases. It is noteworthy that band has 15 times and band has 7.2 times larger cross section than that of , due possibly to resonance Raman effect at 3371 {\AA}
Ca2+ Regulates ERp57-Calnexin Complex Formation
No full textERp57, a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, is a ubiquitous disulfide catalyst that functions in the oxidative folding of various clients in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In concert with ER lectin-like chaperones calnexin and calreticulin (CNX/CRT), ERp57 functions in virtually all folding stages from co-translation to post-translation, and thus plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis, with direct implication for pathology. Here, we present mechanisms by which Ca2+ regulates the formation of the ERp57-calnexin complex. Biochemical and isothermal titration calorimetry analyses revealed that ERp57 strongly interacts with CNX via a non-covalent bond in the absence of Ca2+. The ERp57-CNX complex not only promoted the oxidative folding of human leukocyte antigen heavy chains, but also inhibited client aggregation. These results suggest that this complex performs both enzymatic and chaperoning functions under abnormal physiological conditions, such as Ca2+ depletion, to effectively guide proper oxidative protein folding. The findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning crosstalk between the chaperone network and Ca2+
Ethics for Humanity That May Not Perish
No full textThis work is an English translation of the book “Metsubousurukamosirenai Junrui no tameno Rinrigaku[Ethics for Humanity That May Perish: LongTermism, Transhumanism, and Space Exploration]” by author, Shin-ichiro Inaba, himself. The original Japanese version was written for introducing Longtermism, Existential Risk Theory and related topics to Japanese general readrers. Chapters One and Two trace the origins of longtermism as a theoretical framework and philosophy. Chapter 3 briefly summarizes the theoretical core of what longtermism is and introduces accelerationism and effective accelerationism as adjacent movements that also concern humanity in the super-future. Chapter 4 points out that animal ethics can become a stumbling block for longtermism—giving rise to a peculiar puzzle. Chapters Five and Six examine the difficult problems in intergenerational ethics raised by Parfit, keeping the context of longtermism in mind. Chapter Five focuses on the "repugnant conclusion," while Chapter Six centers on the "non-identity problem." Chapter 7 points out that the "Singleton", according to Bostrom, deemed essential for humanity to survive and develop long-term by overcoming "existential risks," could itself be a source of such risks. Chapter 8 introduces the "Fermi Paradox" – the puzzle of why, despite the vast number of celestial bodies in the universe, extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) remains undiscovered – and demonstrates its deep structural and substantive connection to the theory of existential risks. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the possibility and desirability of humanity's space exploration. In closing this book, we will briefly touch upon the "eschatological" aspects of these arguments
Ethics for Humanity That May Not Perish
No full textThis work is an English translation of the book “Metsubousurukamosirenai Junrui no tameno Rinrigaku[Ethics for Humanity That May Perish: LongTermism, Transhumanism, and Space Exploration]” by author, Shin-ichiro Inaba, himself. The original Japanese version was written for introducing Longtermism, Existential Risk Theory and related topics to Japanese general readrers. Chapters One and Two trace the origins of longtermism as a theoretical framework and philosophy. Chapter 3 briefly summarizes the theoretical core of what longtermism is and introduces accelerationism and effective accelerationism as adjacent movements that also concern humanity in the super-future. Chapter 4 points out that animal ethics can become a stumbling block for longtermism—giving rise to a peculiar puzzle. Chapters Five and Six examine the difficult problems in intergenerational ethics raised by Parfit, keeping the context of longtermism in mind. Chapter Five focuses on the "repugnant conclusion," while Chapter Six centers on the "non-identity problem." Chapter 7 points out that the "Singleton", according to Bostrom, deemed essential for humanity to survive and develop long-term by overcoming "existential risks," could itself be a source of such risks. Chapter 8 introduces the "Fermi Paradox" – the puzzle of why, despite the vast number of celestial bodies in the universe, extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) remains undiscovered – and demonstrates its deep structural and substantive connection to the theory of existential risks. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the possibility and desirability of humanity's space exploration. In closing this book, we will briefly touch upon the "eschatological" aspects of these arguments
Modular synthesis of oligoacetylacetones via site-selective silylation of acetylacetone derivatives
No full textOligoacetylacetones consisting of 3,3-disubstituted pentane-2,4-diones were synthesized through a terminal silylation and oxidative coupling protocol. Highly selective formation of mono-enol silyl ethers of 3,3-disubstituted acetylacetones was achieved using 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a base. Subsequent silver(i) oxide mediated coupling reactions provided tetraketones. Unique substituent dependence was found for the terminal-selective silylation of tetraketones. Finally, octaketones (tetramers of acetylacetone derivatives) with three types of monomer sequences were prepared in their discrete forms. Single crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the solid-state conformations of oligoketone chains were predominantly governed by the ketone sequence rather than substituents. However, differences in the packing structures induced by alkyl substituents led to significant differences in melting points for the structural isomers of octaketones
Review Of Japanese Homes And Lifestyles: An Illustrated Journey Through History By K. Inaba And S. Nakayama, Translated By J. Bester
No full textInaba\u27s slight but costly volume, originally published in Japanese in 1983, is noteworthy for Nakayama\u27s illustrations. Modeled after David Macaulay\u27s series (Cathedral, Pyramid, City), they are exquisitely drawn albeit inevitably fanciful in certain details. But the text is academic and puerile; it reads like a middle school textbook. It assumes a rudimentary knowledge of Japanese history, not expected of the average reader of the translation, and yet, in discussing architecture, it is flatly descriptive with hardly any attempt at critical interpretation. The discussion is chronological but not historical; it lacks a large historical sense of connections and continuities. The author\u27s slant is folk architecture and the text thus slights the dwellings of the nobility and the ruling class--the shinden and the shoin--that have traditionally been overemphasized at the expense of farm houses and townhouses. The fruitful cross-fertilization of the urban and the rural, if that was the author\u27s interest, is not adequately articulated. No footnotes, no bibliography. Not for academic audiences
Bir-kot-ghwandai in the Post-Kushan Period
No full textThe author introduces the data coming from the Post-Kushan layers of the Italian excavations directed by himself at Bir-kot-ghwandai (Swat, Pakistan), and interprets them in the light of the historical sources on the concerned period. Being one of the first stratigraphic excavations in urban sites of the region, the site of Bir-kot-ghwandai offers a precious contribution for the study of the architectural and artistic evidence of the period. Particularly noteworthy is the possibility of anchoring to a solid stratigraphic sequence the information on pottery, given that examples of similar wares have recently been acquired by Museums from the antiquarian market
Strain‐Induced Ring Expansion Reactions of Calix[3]pyrrole‐Related Macrocycles
No full textThe recent discovery of calix[3]pyrrole, a porphyrinogen-like tripyrrolic macrocycle, has provided an unprecedented strain-induced ring expansion reaction into calix[6]pyrrole. Here, we synthesized calix[n]furan[3-n]pyrrole (n=1 similar to 3) macrocycles to investigate the reaction scope and mechanism of the ring expansion. Single crystal X-ray analysis and theoretical calculations revealed that macrocyclic ring strain increases as the number of inner NH sites increases. While calix[1]furan[2]pyrrole exhibited almost quantitative conversion into calix[2]furan[4]pyrrole within 5 minutes, less-strained calix[2]furan[1]pyrrole and calix[3]furan were inert. However, N-methylation of calix[2]furan[1]pyrrole induced a ring-expansion reaction that enabled the isolation of a linear reaction intermediate. The mechanism analysis revealed that the ring expansion consists of regioselective ring cleavage and subsequent cyclodimerization. This reaction was further utilized for synthesis of calix[6]-type macrocycles
Splitting and reorientation of pi-conjugation by an unprecedented photo-rearrangement reaction
No full textA dodecahexaene analogue cross-conjugated with four carbonyl groups was prepared from an aliphatic tetraketone. Exposure to LED light (>420 nm) led to the splitting of the dodecahexaene conjugation into two hexatriene subunits, connected through a stereogenic carbon atom. The two triene subunits exhibited excitonic coupling in the UV-Vis absorption and CD spectra
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