38 research outputs found
Determinants of cross-country income inequality : an augmented Kuznets hypothesis
No full textWhy does income inequality differ among countries? Using a sample of 80 countries from the 1980s, the author shows that two types of factors explain variations in income inequality. The first are factors that are, in the short term, independent of economic policies and are included in the standard formulation of the Kuznets'curve: the level of per capita income and the country's regional heterogeneity. From the viewpoint of economic policy, these are"given"factors, resulting in a"given inequality."The second group of factors are the social-choice factors reflected in the sizeof social transfers and of state sector employment, both of which reduce inequality. For this sample, the reduction amounts to about a quarter of"given"inequality. The importance of social-choice factors rises as the level of income rises. The divergence between actual inequality and the inequality predicted by the standard Kuznets'curve therefore systematically widens as a society develops. This discrepancy is systematic, the author contends. Inequality in richer societies decreases not only because of economic factors but also because societies choose less inequalities as they grow richer.Inequality,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Safety Nets and Transfers
大口径チェレンコフ望遠鏡に搭載する高速カメラの開発
No full text甲南大学博士（理学）令和4年度(2022年度)application/pdf宇宙空間には様々なエネルギーを持つ粒子が無数に存在している。その中でも数十keV(keV:103eV)を越えるエネルギーを持つ光子はガンマ線と呼ばれ、宇宙空間に存在する様々な天体現象から放出されている。ガンマ線は中性粒子であるため、荷電粒子である宇宙線とは違い宇宙空間での磁場との相互作用によって曲げられない。そのため宇宙の奥深くまで見渡す事のできるプローブとして注目されている。そこで長らく地上からのガンマ線観測を行ってきた各国のグループが手を組み、世界で唯一の次世代ガンマ線天文台を建設するCherenkov Telescope Array(CTA)計画が立ち上がった。
この計画は、従来から10倍近い感度向上を達成し、20GeVから100TeV以上にわたる極めて広大なエネルギー領域でのガンマ線観測を目指す国際共同実験である。CTA計画では観測するエネルギー領域にあわせて3種類の大気チェレンコフ望遠鏡が建設される予定である。一番大きな大口径望遠鏡(Large-sized Telescope, LST)は直径23mの反射鏡を持ち、焦点面検出器（カメラ）には1855本の光電子増倍管(Photo Multiplier Tube, PMT)が搭載される。LSTの初号機はスペイン領カナリア諸島ラ・パルマ島に2018年に完成しており、現在本稼働に向けた最終調整と、これに続くLST2-4号機の開発準備が行われている。私はこのLSTに搭載されるカメラの開発や性能評価に携わってきた。カメラに搭載するPMTの性能評価を高精度かつ迅速に行うために、カメラ内に搭載するモジュール単位で使用できる暗箱や発光時間幅の短いパルス光源、そのパルス光量を幅広いダイナミックレンジで制御できる光源ボックス等を開発しており、これらを統合して光検出器の時間応答性や出力波形を詳細に評価できる測定セットアップを完成させた。
本論文では、LSTに設定された要求値を満たすカメラ装置を開発するために私が行ってきたハードウェアや性能評価セットアップの設計・開発、またこれらを利用して得られた評価結果について述べる。またカメラの光検出器となるPMTの性能評価用光源として開発した発光時間幅がピコ秒オーダー(ピコ秒:10-12秒)の極めて高速なレーザーパルス光源装置については、その動作原理や詳細な時間応答特性についても述べるとともに、PMT以外に速度応答性の高い半導体光検出器や光電管も併用して光源自体の性能評価を行い、光検出器の評価用光源として高い性能を発揮できる結果が得られているのでこれも併せて述べる。doctoral thesi
A consumption-based direct tax for countries in transition from socialism
No full textThis paper suggests a consumption-based direct tax, referred to here as a simplified alternative tax or SAT, as an alternative to the standard income tax for reforming socialist economies (RSEs). The paper consists of seven sections. Section I serves as an introduction. Section II outlines some of the objectives of tax policy in RSEs and some of the constraints on the achievement of those objectives. Section III provides examples of the overwhelming complexity of the income tax. Section IV explains the basic mechanics of the SAT and contrasts the simplicity of the SAT with the complexity of the income tax. Section V describes the economic advantages of the SAT and section VI discusses some potential problems of the SAT. The final section concludes by stating that the SAT encourages saving and investment in a way that is economically neutral and avoids many of the administrative problems of an income tax.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism
Vidljivost autora u argumentacijskim esejima u J1 i J2: uporaba osobne zamjenice za prvo lice u hrvatskom jeziku
No full textDeveloping writing encompasses acquiring linguistic features, register and style related to text type
and genre, and learning to write means learning to express oneself in written form. Involvement of
the author in the text, or writer visibility, is characterized by fi rst and second person reference, the
speaker’s mental processes, monitoring of information fl ow, emphatic particles, etc. (Petch–Tyson
1998). Various studies showed that writer visibility depends on discourse type, cultural conventions,
language profi ciency, writer’s L1, etc. (Ädel 2001; Petch–Tyson 1998; Rodríguez, Vázquez
and Guzmán 2011; Zolotova 2014). Th is paper investigates writer visibility in Croatian L1 and L2
argumentative writing. Th e main research question is how Croatian L1 and L2 writers diff er in the
use of I–perspective compared to we–perspective, both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the purpose of this paper argumentative essays in Croatian as L1 and L2 (N=80) are analyzed for their frequencies and discourse functions. Th e results show that first person personal pronouns are used
more frequently in Croatian L2 than in L1 writing. However, only the overuse of I–form is proven
to be statistically signifi cant. Th e qualitative analysis shows that in Croatian L1 and L2 writing,
the pronoun I is most frequently used to express discourse functions of writer’s stance and writer’s
experience, whereas the pronoun we is used for the same purpose (presenting a general claim), thus
to a much lower frequency. Besides similarities of L1 and L2 writing, the study shows the tendency
of non–native speakers to use certain discourse function more frequently. Th e obtained results gave
more insight into writing in Croatian, and confi rm cultural, linguistic, and language learning influences to writing in both L1 and L2Razvoj jezične djelatnosti pisanja obuhvaća ovladavanje jezičnim obilježjima, funkcionalnim stilovima
i registrima povezanim uz pojedine tekstne vrste i žanrove, kao i učenje o tome kako pisanjem izraziti sebe.
Uključenost autora u tekst ili vidljivost autora, obilježava uporaba ličnih zamjenica za prvo i drugo lice,
prikazivanje autorovih umnih procesa, uporaba osjećajnih čestica i druge značajke (Petch–Tyson 1998).
Dosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala da način iskazivanja vidljivosti autora ovisi o čimbenicima poput vrste
teksta, kulturoloških konvencija, stupnja ovladanosti jezikom, autorova prvoga jezika itd. (Ädel 2001;
Petch–Tyson 1998; Rodríguez, Vázquez and Guzmán 2011; Zolotova 2014). U ovome se radu istražuje
iskazivanje autorove vidljivosti u tekstovima na hrvatskome kao materinskome (J1) i inome (J2) jeziku. U
istraživanju se polazi od pitanja o tome razlikuju li se izvornojezični i inojezični govornici hrvatskoga jezika
u uporabi osobnih zamjenica za prvo lice jednine i množine pri pisanju argumentacijskih tekstova. Građu
za analizu činilo je 80 argumentacijskih eseja izvornih (N=40) i inojezičnih govornika (N=40) hrvatskoga
jezika, a na temelju prikupljene građe provedena je kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza. Kvantitativna analiza
pokazala je da inojezični govornici hrvatskoga jezika češće od izvornojezičnih rabe osobne zamjenice za
prvo lice. No, statistički značajna razlika pokazala se samo za uporabu zamjenice ja (u svim padežima), dok
za uporabu zamjenice mi nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između dvije skupine govornika. Kvalitativna
analiza pokazala je da obje skupine zamjenicu ja najčešće rabe u diskursnim funkcijama izražavanja autorova
stava i autorova iskustva, a zamjenica mi također se najčešće rabi za izricanje slične funkcije (iskazivanje
opće tvrdnje). Kvantitativni rezultati djelomično potvrđuju nalaze za druge jezike, a dijelom ukazuju na
specifičnosti hrvatskoga jezika. S druge strane, kvalitativni rezultati uz visok stupanj sličnosti u uporabi
zamjenica za iskazivanje diskursnih funkcija u prvome i inome jeziku također pokazuju i neke specifičnosti
uporabe ličnih zamjenica kod neizvornih govornika. Dobiveni rezultati donijeli su nove spoznaje o pisanju
na hrvatskome kao materinskome i inom jeziku te su na široj razini kao bitne čimbenike na ovladavanje
pisanjem u inome jeziku potvrdili kulturološke i jezične značajke te proces ovladavanja inim jezikom
Quality Control of High-Speed Photon Detectors
No full textHigh-speed-photon detectors are some of the most important tools for observations of high energy cosmic rays. As technologies of photon detectors and their read-out electronics improved rapidly, the time resolution of some cosmic ray detectors became better than one nanosecond. To utilize such devices effectively, calibrations using a short-pulse light source are necessary. We have developed a pulsed laser of 80 picosecond width and adjustable peak intensity up to 100 mW. This pulsed laser is composed of a simple electric circuit and a laser diode. Details of this pulsed laser and its application for quality controls of photon detectors are reported in this contribution
Quality Control of High-Speed Photon Detectors
No full textHigh-speed-photon detectors are some of the most important tools for observations of high energy cosmic rays. As technologies of photon detectors and their read-out electronics improved rapidly, the time resolution of some cosmic ray detectors became better than one nanosecond. To utilize such devices effectively, calibrations using a short-pulse light source are necessary. We have developed a pulsed laser of 80 picosecond width and adjustable peak intensity up to 100 mW. This pulsed laser is composed of a simple electric circuit and a laser diode. Details of this pulsed laser and its application for quality controls of photon detectors are reported in this contribution
Development of the photomultiplier tube readout system for the first Large-Sized Telescope of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
No full textCoherent radio emission from the electron beam sudden appearance
No full textWe report on radio frequency measurements of the electron beam sudden appearance signal from the Telescope Array Electron Light Source (TA-ELS). The TA-ELS is constructed to calibrate the Telescope Array fluorescence telescope, and as such it can be used to mimic a cosmic-ray or neutrino induced particle cascade. This makes the TA-ELS the perfect facility to study new detection techniques such as the radio detection method. We report on the data obtained by four independent radio detection set-ups. Originally searching for either the direct Askaryan radio emission, or a radar echo from the induced plasma, all these experiments measured a very strong transient signal when the beam exits the accelerator. Due to the different scope of the individual experiments, we have detected the beam sudden appearance signal at different frequencies, ranging between 50 MHz and 12.5 GHz. The direct application in nature for this signal is found in cosmic-ray or neutrino induced particle cascades traversing through different media, such as air, ice, and rock. These measurements are compared to the theoretical predictions for this signal, where it follows that theory and experiment match very well over the full spectrum.SCOPUS: cp.pSCOPUS: cp.pinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
