100,815 research outputs found
Functional characterization of Rvi12_Cd5 against apple scab via transgenesis and cisgenesis approaches
No full textThe Rvi12 (Vb) region, originating from the Siberian crab apple Malus. baccata ‘Hansen’s baccata #2’ (HB2), confers apple scab resistance to the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Previously, gene prediction and in silico characterization identified a single putative candidate resistance gene, named as Rvi12_Cd5 at Rvi12 (Vb) locus. The constitutive expression of Rvi12_Cd5 in’ HB2’, together with its structural similarity to known resistance genes, makes it the most likely candidate for Rvi12 scab resistance in apple. In this study, the cloning and functional characterization of Rvi12_Cd5 was performed to confirm its functional role in Rvi12 based scab resistance. The gene was cloned with 35S promoter and inserted into the susceptible apple cultivar ‘Gala’ via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Inoculated transgenic ‘Gala’ lines, overexpressing Rvi12_Cd5 were able to induce high to partial resistance against mixed inoculum of V. inaequalis with range of resistance symptoms (class 0-3b without class 1) strongly suggesting that the candidate gene Rvi12_Cd5 is the functional Rvi12 (Vb) gene. This is the third cloned gene for apple scab resistance to date. In an overview of Rvi12_Cd5 natural promoter sequence in-silico analysis revealed transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) corresponding to six major plant defense related transcription factors such as AP2/ERF, bHLH, TGA/bZIP, MYB, NAC, and WRKY. To generate cisgenic lines, Rvi12_Cd5 under the control of its own promoter was transferred to scab susceptible apple cultivar ‘Gala’. A vector designed with three molecular mechanisms for cisgene expression, kanamycin resistance for selection of transgenic apple and T-DNA excision system by heat inducible site specific FLP/FRT recombinase system respectively, was used in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The candidate gene Rvi12_Cd5 was able to induce high to partial resistance against V. inaequalis under its own promoter. After transformation, all transformed lines were analyzed to assess copy number, integration site, mRNA expression level and resistance to apple scab. All of these lines induced low mRNA expression of Rvi12_Cd5 compared with the natural expression of ‘Hansen’s baccata # 2’ except for one cisgenic apple line. Even a low expression of Rvi12_Cd5 was sufficient to induce plant reaction and reduce fungal growth compared with the scab-susceptible ‘Gala’ except two transformed lines. The site specific FLP/FRT recombinase system was efficace to eliminate completely the T-DNA cassette in five independent apple cisgenic lines carrying a single insertion of Rvi12_Cd5. These lines need another layer of validation for T-DNA insertion sites and exogenous DNA removal by PCR and sequencing
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
No full textIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pelevin’s Trinity in the novel “t”: author – protagonist – reader
No full textThe article attempts to interpret Pelevin's artistic strategy in the novel "T" by exploring its subject organization and addressing the key problems of the author, the protagonist, and the reader as they are seen by the researcher. The article analyzes the peculiarities of constructing the narrative reality in the novel "T", and goes on to discuss Pelevin's philosophic models of the development of the humankind, and the emergence of his new anthropology
Measuring industry-science links through inventor-author relations: A profiling method
No full textIn this pilot study we examine the performance of text-based profiling in recovering a set of validated inventor-author links. In a first step we match patents and publications solely based on their similarity in content. Next, we compare inventor and author names on the highest ranked matches for the occurrence of name matches. Finally, we compare these candidate matches with the names listed in a validated set of inventor-author names. Our text-based profile methodology performs significantly better than a random matching of patents and publications, suggesting that text-based profiling is a valuable complementary tool to the name searches used in previous studies.innovation; industry-science links; text-based profiling;
Structural, elastic, electronic, bonding, and optical properties of BeAZ(2) (A = Si, Ge, Sn; Z = P, As) chalcopyrites
No full textA first principles density functional theory (DFT) technique is used to study the structural, chemical bonding, electronic and optical properties of BeAZ(2) (A = Si, Ge, Sn; Z = P, As) chalcopyrite materials. The calculated parameters are in good agreement with the available experimental results. The lattice constants and the equilibrium volume increased as we moved from Si to Ge to Sn, whereas the c/a and internal parameters u decreased by shifting the cation from P to As. These compounds are elastically stable. An investigation of the band gap using the WC-GGA, EV-GGA, PBE-GGA and mBJ-metaGGA potentials suggested that BeSiP2 and BeSiAs2 are direct band gap compounds, whereas BeGeP2, BeGeAs2, BeSnP2, BeSnAs2 are indirect band gap compounds. The energy band gaps decreased by changing B from Si to Sn and increased by changing the anion C from P to As. The bonding among the cations and anions is primarily ionic. In the optical properties, the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric functions, reflectivity and optical conductivity have been studied over a wide energy range
Wave turbulence of a rotating array of quantized vortices in the T → 0 temperature limit
No full textThe dynamics of quantized vortices in the zero temperature limit is currently of great interest, particularly in the case of the Fermi superfluid He-B. Here we study wave turbulence, generated by the librating motion of a rotating cylindrical container filled with He-B, in the limit of vanishing viscous forces at temperatures . The polarization of the quantized vortices with respect to the axis of rotation is measured using non-invasive NMR techniques. We observe a decrease of the polarization when the librating motion is started, and a two-stage relaxation process when the modulation of the rotation velocity is stopped. The first relaxation process is associated with the dissipation of large-scale flow stored in inertial waves and the solid body rotation of the vortex array. From the decay of these energy reservoirs we determine the rate of energy dissipation of large-scale flow. The later second process is related to the relaxation of Kelvin waves on individual vortices. This process is monitored by the recovery of the polarization. The existence of a Kelvin wave cascade at the lowest temperatures is currently a central open question. We supply some evidence for the cascade
f(G,T) and its Cosmological Implications
No full textA coupled formulation of the Gauss-Bonnet invariant term G and the
energy momentum trace T term provide a modified f(G,T) gravity,
has been analyzed in this study. The functional form for the
f(G,T) gravity has been taken as f(G,T)=αT+ βGThe presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
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