200 research outputs found
Preliminary evaluation of purified lignin and hemicellulose as prebiotics candidates for Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L
No full textDevelopment and Scaling of Sustainable Feeds for Resilient Aquatic Food Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (FASA) Annual Workshop Report
No full textThe purpose of the 2022 Annual workshop of the project “Development and Scaling of Sustainable Feeds
for Resilient Aquatic Food Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (FASA)” was to bring together project partners
to meet in person, discuss the overall project goal and the specific project activities in each country, and
conduct the 2023 annual planning for the FASA project
Estimating selection pressures on HIV-1 using phylogenetic likelihood models
No full textHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can rapidly evolve due to selection pressures exerted by HIV-specific immune responses, antiviral agents, and to allow the virus to establish infection in different compartments in the body. Statistical models applied to HIV-1 sequence data can help to elucidate the nature of these selection pressures through comparisons of non-synonymous (or amino acid changing) and synonymous (or amino acid preserving) substitution rates. These models also need to take into account the non-independence of sequences due to their shared evolutionary history. We review how we have developed these methods and have applied them to characterize the evolution of HIV-1 in vivo. To illustrate our methods, we present an analysis of compartment-specific evolution of HIV-1 em) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and of site-to-site variation in the gag gene of subtype C HIV-1. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The heroic illusion : Rodrigue and the tragic hero representation in the early 17th century
No full textLe point de départ de ce travail réside d’une part dans la découverte d’une différence considérable de nature entre le héros du Cid et les protagonistes du théâtre contemporain ; et d’autre part sur l’intuition que l’analyse littéraire utilise presque exclusivement Rodrigue comme personnage représentatif du premier XVIIe siècle. Notre première démarche a été de chercher à confirmer ces impressions en démontrant le statut particulier de ce personnage. Nous avons étudié la réception du Cid et de son héros au fil des siècles dans cette optique, jugeant que les réactions des spectateurs, des lecteurs et des critiques construisaient progressivement notre image actuelle de Rodrigue. Nous avons cherché à voir comment depuis janvier 1637 jusqu’au début du XXIe siècle la pièce et son héros ont été accueillis. Nous avons ainsi établi la longévité du texte, ainsi que les exceptionnelles réactions d’engouement qu’il a pu rencontrer. Cela nous a permis d’établir la mythification de la pièce et de dégager sa portée universelle. Ces premières conclusions nous ont invité à rechercher les causes d’un tel succès. C’est à nouveau l’étude de la réception qui nous a permis de découvrir que cette unanimité tenait essentiellement au personnage de Rodrigue. C’est lui qui semble d’abord retenir l’intérêt des lecteurs et des spectateurs. Nous avons donc cherché dans une deuxième partie à comprendre ce qui fascinait tant en Rodrigue. Pour cette raison, nous l’avons confronté à l’idée de héros. La coïncidence saisissante que les réactions publiques révèlent entre ce personnage archétypal et le protagoniste du Cid nous a permis d’aboutir à un premier stade de compréhension : la pièce est accueillie avec enthousiasme au XVIIe siècle parce que son personnage principal actualise l’idéal humain tel que l’époque se le représente. Cependant, l’engouement des siècles suivants repose sur le même motif : c’est parce que Rodrigue incarne le héros du XVIIe siècle que le spectateur du siècle des Lumières, du Romantisme, de la Troisième République ou de l’entre-deux-guerres l’apprécie. Le protagoniste du Cid apparaît comme un héros révéré mais regretté car appartenant à une époque révolue. Au sein de l’œuvre de Corneille, il est également envisagé comme un paradigme héroïque et incarne le modèle dont tous les personnages masculins du théâtre cornélien ne seraient que la déclinaison. Il est l’élément fondateur du mythe du « héros cornélien ». Cependant, l’unanimité de réception face à Rodrigue pose question : Le Cid a-t-il réellement eu une place à part sur le théâtre du premier XVIIe siècle ? À l’ouverture de notre troisième partie, une brève étude de ce théâtre permet de révéler l’écart entre l’image de Rodrigue façonnée par la réception et la réalité dramaturgique des années 1630-1650. La tragi-comédie de Corneille n’est pas la seule pièce à connaître le succès et son héros n’est pas l’unique incarnation sur scène de l’homme tel qu’on se le représente alors. De nombreux autres dramaturges connaissent de réelles réussites. Toutefois, la réception critique les oublie. L’histoire littéraire semble ne vouloir retenir que Corneille pour la postérité. Elle impose Le Cid comme pièce modèle ; mais, se faisant, elle fausse l’appréciation que nous nous faisons du théâtre et des mentalités du XVIIe siècle. Nombre de théories critiques se sont en effet élaborées sur l’idée d’un premier XVIIe siècle glorieux à l’image de Rodrigue et d’une seconde moitié de siècle déclinante et sombre. C’est le cas de Paul Bénichou et de sa « démolition du héros ». Mais peut-on en garantir la véracité si elles reposent pour affirmer la grandeur des premières décennies du siècle sur le seul exemple de Rodrigue ? Une relecture de la littérature de cette période permet pour finir de revenir sur des conceptions altérées notamment par l’éclat du succès incomparable du Cid et d’envisager le premier XVIIe siècle sous une autre lumière.The basis of this work lies primarily in the discovery of a huge nature difference between the hero in “Le Cid”, and the far less glorious contemporary drama protagonists. On the other hand, it is based upon the intuition that most literary analysis almost exclusively use Rodrigue as the character of the first decades of the17th century.The first step of our work was therefore to try to confirm these impressions by conveying the very special status of this character. We have studied the treatment of “Le Cid” and its hero throughout the centuries with this goal in mind, assessing that the way audiences, readers and critics reacted to the play steadily built our perception of Rodrigue. We have tried to understand how the play and its hero were welcomed from January 1637 to the outcome of the 21st century. We have thus established the longevity of the text as well as the outstanding praise reactions it met with. This enabled us to substantiate the mythification of the play and bring into light its universal scope.From these first conclusions, we then tried to find out the reasons why the success of the play has never been denied. Here again it is the study of the critic treatment that quickly showed us that the unanimous public feeling was essentially due to Rodrigue as a character. For it is he mainly who seems to captivate the audience and the readers’interest. In the second part, we therefore tried to understand why Rodrigue is so mesmerising. With this purpose in mind, we confronted our character to the very hero notion. The stiking coincidence that public reactions convey between this archetypal character and “Le Cid” protagonist brought us to a first conclusion: the play is enthusiastically welcomed in the 17th century because the main character updates the human ideal as it was viewed at the time. Yet, the passion that the play generated in later periods is based on the same principle: it is because Rodrigue embodies the 17th century hero that the public from the age of enlightenment, from the great romantic era, from the French 3rd Republic or the interwar period do feel fond of him. “Le Cid” protagonist appears both as a revered and missed hero because he belongs to days gone by, a past example of the ideal man. In Corneille’s entire works, he is also regarded as a heroic paradygm and is viewed as the Cornelian male reference from which other male characters are derived in the works of the playwright. He is the very source of “the Cornelian hero” myth.However, Rodrigue’s unanimous critic treatment brings forward another issue: does “Le Cid” really stand apart in the early 17th century drama? At the outset of our third part, a brief survey of the period drama reveals the gap between Rodrigue’s image as it was made by the critic treatment and the dramatic reality of the 1630-1650 era. Corneille’s tragicomedy is not the only successful play and its hero is not the only stage embodiment of the male figure as it was then represented. Several other playwrights were successful too. Yet, the critic treatment does not take them into account. It seems as if Corneille is the only author to be remembered in the history of literature. Thus, “Le Cid” is the play reference. But it alters our vision of the 17th century drama and mentalities.In fact, scores of critic theories were based on the idea of a glorious early 17th century (impersonated by Rodrigue) as opposed to a gloomier and declining period at the end of the century. But can one guarantee their truthfulness if they are only based on the character of Rodrigue to assert the grandeur of the early 17th century decades?To conclude, a precise and detailed reading of the period literature allows one to study many misinterpretations, particularly because of “Le Cid” unmatched success, and to consider the early 17th century with a brand new perspective
Interactions entre la biotine et l'avidine dans la nutrition du poisson zèbre Danio rerio (HAMILTON-BUCHANAN)
No full textLe poisson zèbre Danio rerio a été utilisé dans cette étude comme organisme modèle, dans un projet visant à développer une méthode de confinement biologique des poissons d'élevage fondée sur les interactions entre la biotine et l'avidine. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de i) estimer les besoins en biotine chez le poisson zèbre; ii) étudier les effets d'une complémentation en biotine et en avidine sur la croissance, la survie, la conversion des aliments, le statut de la biotine et l'expression des gènes chez le poisson zèbre; iii) évaluer la contribution de la microflore intestinale dans l'approvisionnement en biotine chez le poisson zèbre; et iv) évaluer les effets de la biotine sur la reproduction du poisson zèbre. La première étude de cette thèse a démontré que la biotine est essentielle pour la croissance du poisson zèbre et que le niveau de biotine à inclure dans l'aliment pour une croissance maximale est de 0,51 mg kg-1 d'aliment. La seconde étude a confirmé le caractère essentiel de la biotine pour ce poisson, tel que démontré précédemment. Elle a aussi révélé que l’alimentation du poisson zèbre avec une ration contenant 60 fois plus d'avidine que le niveau requis de biotine induit des signes de carence en biotine. La troisième étude a suggéré que la synthèse microbienne intestinale est une source significative de biotine chez le poisson zèbre. Les poissons nourris avec la ration contenant un antibiotique (1% succinylsulfathiazole, masse/masse) ont présenté une croissance, une condition générale, des teneurs en biotine totale du corps, une survie et une utilisation des aliments moindres que ceux nourris avec les rations ne contenant pas d'antibiotique. Les résultats de la quatrième étude ont démontré que les mâles carencés en biotine présentent un faible indice gonado-somatique et de faibles qualité et quantité du sperme, tandis que les femelles carencées en biotine ont une faible fertilité. Les résultats de cette thèse ont fourni des informations de base pour la compréhension des interactions entre la biotine et l'avidine alimentaires chez le poisson zèbre. Ces données pourront servir à développer des stratégies de confinement biologique en utilisant ces interactions.Zebrafish Danio rerio was used as model organism in the first step of a project aiming at developing a biological confinement method of farmed fish based on the interactions between biotin and avidin. The objectives of this thesis were i) to estimate the dietary biotin requirements of zebrafish; ii) to study the effects of dietary biotin and avidin on growth, survival, feed conversion, biotin status and gene expression in zebrafish; iii) to assess the contribution of the intestinal microflora to biotin supply in zebrafish, and iv) to investigate the effects of biotin on zebrafish reproduction. The first study of this thesis has demonstrated that biotin is essential for zebrafish growth and that the optimum dietary biotin requirement for maximal growth is 0.51 mg kg-1 diet. The second study confirmed the essentiality of biotin for zebrafish growth found in the first study. This study also revealed that feeding zebrafish a diet containing avidin in 60-fold excess of biotin requirement induces biotin deficiency signs in zebrafish such as retarded growth, high mortality, low condition factor, and decreased steady-state level of acetyl CoA carboxylase-A (acca) transcripts in the liver. The third study suggested that intestinal microbial synthesis is a significant source of biotin to zebrafish. Fish fed the antibiotic-supplemented diet (1% succinylsulfathiazole, mass/mass) showed lower growth, health condition, whole-body biotin content, survival and feed utilization than fish fed the biotin unsupplemented and biotin supplemented diets. The results of the fourth study demonstrated that dietary biotin affect both male and female reproductive performances; the biotin-deficient male showed lower gonadosomatic index as well as lower sperm quality and quantity, while biotin-deficient female showed reduced fertility. The results of this thesis constitute a baseline in the understanding of the interactions between dietary biotin and avidin in zebrafish nutrition on the one hand, and in the potential use of these interactions in order to develop a biological confinement strategy of farmed fish on the other hand
Dolores Turmel-Rodrigue, peintre de la vie populaire en Beauce
No full textDécédée en 2011 à l’âge de 82 ans, Dolores Turmel-Rodrigue, artiste peintre, s’était donné pour mission de faire revivre dans ses tableaux les personnes, les lieux et les pratiques de la société traditionnelle de sa région natale, la Beauce. Pour nous la présenter et commenter son oeuvre, Bernard Genest a ressorti ses notes de terrain et des enregistrements réalisés dans le cadre de recherches menées dans les années 1982-1985. Il commence par situer l’artiste dans ses contextes géographique, social et culturel, puis s’attarde à décrire la technique et les thématiques qui caractérisent la production de l’artiste. Sans avoir au départ de plan préconçu, celle-ci voyait comme un devoir de mémoire le fait de témoigner de pratiques et d’un mode de vie pour lesquels elle éprouvait un vif attachement et la conviction profonde d’un héritage à préserver et à transmettre. Son oeuvre, selon l’auteur de l’article, est une contribution importante au patrimoine culturel des Beaucerons et pour l’ensemble des Québécois.Passing away in 2011 at the age of 82 years old, Dolores Turmel-Rodrigue, a painter, had assigned herself the task to revive in her paintings the people, places and practices of the traditional society of her native region, Beauce. To represent her and to comment on her work, Bernard Genest took out his field notes and recordings conducted during his research carried out between 1982 and 1985. He begins by situating the artist in her geographical, social and cultural context, and lingers to describe the techniques and themes that characterize the artist’s creations. Departing without a preconceived plan, she saw it as her duty to remember and to testify of the practices and the lifestyle to which she felt a strong commitment, and held strong beliefs to preserve and transmit that legacy. Her work, according to the author of this article, is an important contribution to the cultural heritage of Beauce and for all Quebecers
Misuse of multiple comparison tests and underuse of contrast procedures in aquaculture publications
No full textIn aquaculture research, independent variables are qualitative (with or without a structure), quantitative, or factorial combinations. A qualitative independent variable is a variable that has unquantifiable, nominal variants (levels), which represent different categories such as the fish gender. The structure in a qualitative independent variable refers to the existence of a relation between its different variants, in a way that suggests that some variants can be grouped together and then compared to other groups of variants. A quantitative independent variable is a variable with measurable variants that are expressed numerically and are fixed throughout the experiment, such as water temperatures. In a study with one independent variable, each variant of this variable represents a treatment. In a study with two or more independent variables, also called a factorial or multifactorial experiment, the treatments represent all the possible combinations of the two or more independent variables. Following an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (or a multiple factor ANOVA) showing that there is a significant difference among the three or more treatment means, a multiple comparison test, an orthogonal contrast procedure, or a polynomial contrast procedure is applied to separate or present the relationship among the treatment means, in accordance with the nature and structure of the independent variable. The use of multiple comparison tests such as Least Significant Difference, Duncan's Multiple Range, Tukey's Honest Significant Difference, Bonferroni and Scheffé's tests, is more relevant when there is no structure in the qualitative independent variable; otherwise the use of the orthogonal contrast procedure, which allows the comparison of related treatment means or groups of means to other treatment means, is more appropriate. The orthogonal contrast procedure is also appropriate for factorial experiments. With quantitative independent variables, the use of polynomial procedure, which detects the trend of the relationship or regression that exists between the independent and response variables, is appropriate. The present paper critically analyzed the statistical methods used in articles published in ten selected international peer-reviewed aquaculture journals in the year 2013. This analysis showed that in none of the studies in which the independent variable was qualitative with a structure, the data have been analyzed using orthogonal contrast procedure. Also, the data of only 34% of the studies in which the independent variable was quantitative have been analyzed using polynomial contrast (regression), whereas the data of only 13% of studies with a factorial design have been analyzed using contrast procedure. More attention should be paid on publishing only studies that used appropriate statistical procedures, which conform to the nature of the independent variables of interest
Corrigendum to “Revaluating the dietary methionine requirements in an improved strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)” [Heliyon 9 (3), (March 2023) Article e14376]
No full textWho wrote the Ladino Siddur for Women [French National Library, Hebr. 668]?
No full textLazar published Siddur Tefillot: A Woman's Ladino Prayer Book in 1995, based on a manuscript found in the French National Library [Hebr. 668]. He claimed that the text originated in 15th century Spain. Minervini reviewed the publication in 1998 and argued that the manuscript must have been written later, most likely in the latter years of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century. Both researchers agree that the Siddur is a literal, non-normative translation of a Hebrew Siddur written by an amateur author. The bibliographical description of the manuscript gives its origin as “Maroc?.” The manuscript is extremely interesting because it features linguistic characteristics of the languages spoken in Andalusia, Aragon, Portugal, Italy, and Judeo-Spanish from the Ottoman Empire. This paper examines various linguistic and textual aspects of the Siddur to determine the origin of the author. Even if the manuscript did reach Paris via Morocco, the linguistic data prove that the author's background is from Italy, probably of Portuguese ex-converso origin
Preliminary evaluation of purified lignin and hemicellulose as prebiotics candidates for Atlantic Salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L.
No full text- …
