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Xian zheng wen ti yan jiu / Hu Zhuoying bian zhu 憲政問題研究 / 胡卓英編著
Full text linkBen shu shi Xin yi shi za zhi suo chu "Xin zheng yun dong zhuan hao" de kuo da ban, lie wei Xin yi shi cong shu di 2 zhong. 本書是新意識雜誌所出「憲政運動專號」的擴大板, 列為新意識叢書第2
Fan Wenzheng gong po yang yi shi lu
No full text卷一至二. 奏議 -- 卷三. 狀 -- 子 -- 卷四. 表 -- 卷五. 賦 -- 卷六至七. 詩 -- 詩餘 -- 卷八. 序 -- 記 -- 易義 -- 說 -- 論 -- 贊 -- 頌 -- 述 -- 卷九. 書 -- 啟 -- 卷十. 尺牘 -- 家書 -- 卷十一. 祭文 -- 碑銘 -- 墓誌銘 -- 卷十二. 墓誌銘 -- 墓表 -- 書碑陰 -- 附錄: 范文正公年譜序.Juan yi zhi er. Zou yi -- juan san. Zhuang -- Zi -- juan si. Biao -- juan wu. Fu -- juan liu zhi qi. Shi -- Shi yu -- juan ba. Xu -- Ji -- Yi yi -- Shuo -- Lun -- Zan -- Song -- Shu -- juan jiu. Shu -- Qi -- juan shi. Chi du -- Jia shu -- juan shi yi. Ji wen -- Bei ming -- Mu zhi ming -- juan shi er. Mu zhi ming -- Mu biao -- Shu bei yin -- fu lu: Fan Wenzheng gong nian pu xu.毛一鷺彙編.綫裝, 1函.框21.5x15公分, 9行20字, 小字雙行同. 白口, 四周單邊, 無魚尾. 版心上鐫題名, 中鐫卷次, 下鐫葉次及字數.毛序後鐫"天啟二年[1622]冬華亭縣學門人唐造國謹百拜書"見《香港中文大學圖書館古藉善本書錄》(2001, p. 223)前附: 范文正公鄱陽遺事錄 / 毛一鷺彙編.鈐有"北海狂士合清齋主人之印", "京兆禎夫", "禹山人", "隨齋", "大觀樓藏書", "蕭艾室藏"印.Xian zhuang, 1 han.Kuang 21.5 x 15 gong fen, 9 hang 20 zi, xiao zi shuang hang tong. Bai kou, si zhou dan bian, wu yu wei. Ban xin shang juan ti ming, zhong juan juan ci, xia juan ye ci ji zi shu.Mao xu hou juan "Tian qi er nian [1622] dong Huating Xian xue men ren Tang Zaoguo jin bai bai shu"Jian "Xianggang Zhong wen da xue tu shu guan gu ji shan ben shu lu" (2001, p. 223)Mao Yilu hui bian.Qian fu: Fan Wenzheng gong po yang yi shi lu / Mao Yilu hui bian.Qian you "Beihaikuangshi He qing zhai zhu ren zhi yin", "Jing zhao zhen fu", "Yu shan ren", "Sui zhai", "Da guan lou cang shu", "Xiao Ai shi cang" yin
Research on Yi-shi Shian-guan in Han Dynasty
No full text《漢書‧武帝紀》有言：「(元狩)四年冬，有司言關東貧民徙隴西、北地、西河、上郡、會稽凡七十二萬五千口，縣官衣食振業……。」「縣官衣食振業」一語看似簡單，但在漢代財政、行政中意義深遠。
「衣食縣官」一詞，從字面上解釋，可解釋為縣官給予衣食或其他方面的補助。在探討縣官的功能之前，首先要辨明「縣官」者為何。在漢代，縣官多為國家、政府或皇帝的代名詞，因此「衣食縣官」為國家、政府給予人民衣食或補助。
縣官主要的任務為何，「衣食縣官」的對象有哪些，因有「衣食縣官」之意而無「衣食縣官」之名者眾多，故本文主要從史籍當中，選擇有其意亦有其名者者闡述之。在史籍中，出現「衣食縣官」或其他相似詞彙者多在軍事與救濟二方面，軍事方面，邊境駐軍糧餉、生活所需等出自政府，使鎮守在外的兵卒不必為生活煩惱。兩漢時期，因為天災頻繁，救災思想積極發展。政府重視「荒政」，其為統治者採取的各種救濟災荒的政策和措施。因為天災所引發的流民，政府必須給予妥善的照護，否則流民可能成為盜賊，進而影響到政權的維繫。
漢政府多次移民至他處，如將災民遷往環境相對平穩的地方，或者將富人徙往陵縣。若是僅憑藉法律和武力強制遣送，必然會造成人民反感，故朝廷往往會賜予移民一些優待，使他們願意接受遷徙。
稅收為縣官最主要的收入，與一般稅收相比，「入粟」其為非常態收入，僅有在特殊時期或狀況下才會施行，並對於國家糧食倉儲、災時救濟有莫大貢獻。於是國家以爵位作為向人民徵糧食的誘因，人民可藉由獻糧來獲得爵位，達到鼂錯主張國家有糧，富人有爵，農民有錢的理想。
本文涉及財政史、社會史、制度史等幾個方面，作為日後相關領域研究的基礎，當可擴大為「衣食縣官」其他的作用。According to the Book of Han “In the winter of Yusnshou 4th tear, about 725,000 poor citizens in Kuandong were moved to Longxi, Beidi, Xihe and Kuaiji. Xian Guan tried to motivate economics…,” Though “Xianguan tried to motivate economics” seemed an simple sentence, it's actually meaningful in finance and administration in Han dynasty.
“Yi Shi Xian Guan”, according the words, can be explained as Xian Guan is the people who provide fabric, food or some other subsidies. Before talking about the functions of Xian Guan, however, it should be defined. In Han dynasty, Xian Guan is a general word stands for country, government or the emperor, so we can say “Yi Shi Xian Guan” means the country or government provides fabrics, food or other subsidies to people.
Due to there were many events which were about “Yi Shi Xian Guan” but not named as it, it's hard to define what is the main job for a Xian Guan and who the Xian Guan provided the subsidies to. Thus, the examples in this essay are all chosen from the historic records, and both the contents and names are contained “Yi Shi Xian Guan”. In historic records, “Yi Shi Xian Guan” and other similar words usually appear in military or aiding aspect. In military, all the spends of garrison were from the government. Because of disasters, rescue was highly developed, and the government donated a lot in “Huang Zheng” which means all the aid and rescue policies the governors choose. The victims of disasters may become thieves or robbers because of the bad life conditions, and further, it may destroy a country. To avoid this worst situation, the government has to offer the basic standard care.
For some political and economical considers, the Han dynasty had transferred many times. For instance, the governor moved the victims of disasters to safe places; moved rich men to Lin Xian for some political reasons. However, people would be angry if the government forced them to move. Thus, the government usually offer some benefits to increase their will to follow the policies.
Tax is the mainly income to Xian Guan. Compare with other general taxes, “Ru Su” is a kind of specialized taxes which only start in some special or emergent situations, and really helpful in aids and country income. As an exchange condition, people can get government positions if they give enough grains to government. Through this way, the country becomes an ideal country as Chao Zuo had announces: government gets enough grains, rich men get government positions, and agriculturists get money.
This essay involves finance, society and administration system. It can be the foundation of other related researches about “Yi Shi Xian Guan”.第一章 緒論 1
第二章、「衣食縣官」釋義 7
第一節 關於縣之設置 7
第二節「縣官」釋義 10
一、指天子本人 10
二、州縣之官吏、一縣之長官 11
三、指國家或泛指政府機關 12
第三節 「衣食縣官」之意義 15
第三章 入粟縣官與儲積備荒 17
第一節 入粟縣官 17
一、「入粟縣官」起源 18
二、鼂錯「重農貴粟」 20
三、納粟授爵 23
第二節 儲積備荒 27
第四章 邊兵衣食縣官 31
第一節 「衣」 32
第二節 「食」 38
第三節 運輸 40
第五章 流民衣食縣官 45
第一節 減免賦稅 45
第二節 賑貸 52
一、賑濟 52
二、借貸 57
第三節 死亡賑濟 63
第六章 徙民衣食縣官 69
第一節 政治經濟性徙民 69
一、遷豪 69
二、罪遷 74
三、經濟性徙民 74
第二節 軍事性徙民 75
一、徙民實邊 76
二、邊民內徙 77
三、異族內遷 78
第三節 徙民政策特點 79
一、對徙民賜予優待 79
二、舉家遷徙 81
三、政府對徙居地的限制 81
第七章 結論 87
參考及徵引書目 9
Scleral TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression is altered by TCM Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets in guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia
No full textAbstractObjectiveTo explore whether the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets alters the expression of scleral TGF-β1 and Smad3 in guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia (FDM).MethodsSixty-five guinea pigs were randomly divided into control, model, low-, medium-, and high-dose treatment groups. Except for the control group, FDM was induced by covering the right eye of each animal with opaque latex. The treatment groups were gavaged with different suspension concentrations of Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets. Refraction and axial length were performed before and after myopia induction. At the end of the experiment, all right eyes were extracted, and scleral sections were prepared for staining and TGF-β1 and Smad3 immunohistochemistry. Scleral thickness and area, the scleral fibroblast quantity, and scleral TGF-β1 and Smad3 expressions were measured.ResultsThe 5 FDM groups had the same initial axial length and diopter, the final diopter and axial length of the model group were significantly increased compared with the control group and treatment groups (P < .01). The axial length of each treatment group decreased as the dose decreased compared with the model group (P < .01); the total scleral area (P < .05–.01) and the number of scleral fibroblasts (P < .01) in the model group were significantly lower than the treatment groups. Both the TGF-β1 and Smad3 integral optical densities in the model group were significantly lower than the control and medium- and high-dose treatment groups (P < .01). TGF-β1 and Smad3 mRNAs in the model group were decreased compared with the control group, but increased in expression after treatment.ConclusionBu Jing Yi Shi Tablets may restore the expression of scleral TGF-β1 and Smad3 in FDM guinea pigs and impede myopia development
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Security Mechanisms For The Ipv4 To Ipv6 Transition.
Full text linkTransition from lpv4 to lpv6 has been made
possible through various transition mechanisms, categorized as
dual-stack tunneling and translation. However, period of
transition may take years to complete which both protocols will coexist due to Internet services deployed are widely in lpv4
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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