30 research outputs found
SHAKE IT OFF: ESTABLISHING A TEEN SUPPORT GROUP AT THE MUHAMMAD ALI PARKINSON'S CENTER
No full textabstract: This thesis discusses the experiences of starting and building a support group for teenagers who have a loved one with Parkinson's Disease. One of the goals of this thesis was to share our experiences with the staff at the Muhammad Ali Parkinson's Center, and the teenagers who will be taking over this group in the future. We discuss why we wanted to start the group, how it's foundation was built, and the challenges we faced and overcame. This is done by highlighting three significant group meetings, and various implications. Transportation, funding, and other issues are discussed
Nadeem Ul Haque. Looking Back: How Pakistan Became an Asian Tiger by 2050
Full text linkThe book is about development economics and, at the same time,
a work of fiction, which predicts the future of Pakistan as a developed
country. Though the book is written and conceived on a strong
theoretical basis, that is, ‘complexity analysis,’ it remains a
fictional work. Because the book is based on complexity analysis, it
would fall under the rubric of ‘speculative fiction’, as it attempts to
speculate the future development of Pakistan. As far as speculative
fiction is concerned, it is of two types, namely, dystopian and utopian.
The book is indeed a ‘utopian speculative fiction’ as it presents
Pakistan as a very developed country, contrary to current conditions
where Pakistan is striving hard for its survival. Thus, the book equates
to the likes of ‘Orwellian’ works, such as “1984”. Right at the
beginning of the book, the author argues that conventional economic
analysis has failed to yield any sound analysis of the economy that can
be employed for development economics. He further adds that both
macroeconomics and microeconomics are inherently insufficient to lead to
any meaningful policy analysis and recommendations. Thus, the author
presents complexity analysis as an alternative tool for development
economics
برصغیر میں سعدی کی اردو سوانح نگاری کا تحقیقی جائزہ
No full textShaikh Sa'di Sherazi was a great Persian Poet and prose writer of Iran. His works like "Gulistan" "Boostan" and "Diwan-e-Ghazaliat" have influenced almost all the inhabitants of this globe.But his popularity in the sub-continent has a different story.According to a research conducted by the author of these lines in 1995 A.D, 525books have been written in the Sub-continent about the life, Personality and written works, of sa'di in the form of biographies, commentaries and translations.These books have been written in almost all the prevalent languages of this land.In this article, The Urdu biographies of Sa'di Sherazi have been analyzed to determine the effects of his thoughts on the culture of our continent
Servant leadership and job satisfaction in K-12 schools: A systematic review
No full textTeachers are the most important assets for a school because their work leads to improvement in a school’s bottom line: its students’ performance. With the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002 and with its recent replacement by the Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015, schools across the United States have been under pressure to show sustained improvements in their students’ performance. At the same time the increase in teachers’ job dissatisfaction and the resulting spike in turnover rates have a negative impact on student performance, which can lead to long-term societal and economic impacts. School leadership plays a pivotal role in the employee job satisfaction in K-12 schools. Among the various types of leadership, servant leadership has been shown to have a positive correlation with employee job satisfaction in schools. However, due to a lack of consensus among management scholars on the dimensionality of servant leadership, it is difficult for practitioners to understand, implement, and train others on servant leadership. Using systematic review as the research methodology, the present research identified key servant-leadership behaviors that have the strongest correlation with employee job satisfaction in K-12 schools. The present researcher found the behavior of “values people” to have the strongest correlation with job satisfaction, whereas the behavior of “builds community” has the second strongest correlation. This research clarifies the ambiguity associated with the servant leadership construct, especially as it applies in K-12 schools. It offers K-12 school leaders a concrete plan of action to work on improving employee job satisfaction and student performance. More empirical studies and training programs are needed to further clarify the servant-leadership construct in schools.Running head: SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 1
Servant Leadership and Job Satisfaction in K-12 Schools:
A Systematic Review
By
Haroon Rasheed Baqai
Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Maryland University College, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctorate of Management
Advisory Committee
Dr. Kriesta L. Watson
Dr. Richard G. Milter
December 2017
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 2
Abstract
Teachers are the most important assets for a school because their work leads to improvement in a school’s bottom line: its students’ performance. With the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002 and with its recent replacement by Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015, schools across the United States have been under pressure to show sustained improvements in their students’ performance. At the same time the increase in teachers’ job dissatisfaction and the resulting spike in turnover rates have a negative impact on student performance, which can lead to long-term societal and economic impacts. School leadership plays a pivotal role in the employee job satisfaction in K-12 schools. Among the various types of leadership, servant leadership has been shown to have a positive correlation with employee job satisfaction in schools. However, due to a lack of consensus among management scholars on the dimensionality of servant leadership, it is difficult for practitioners to understand, implement, and train others on servant leadership. Using systematic review as the research methodology, the present research identified key servant-leadership behaviors that have the strongest correlation with employee job satisfaction in K-12 schools. The present researcher found the behavior of “values people” to have the strongest correlation with job satisfaction, whereas the behavior of “builds community” has the second strongest correlation. This research clarifies the ambiguity associated with the servant leadership construct, especially as it applies in K-12 schools. It offers K-12 school leaders a concrete plan of action to work on improving employee job satisfaction and student performance. More empirical studies and training programs are needed to further clarify the servant-leadership construct in schools.
Keywords: Servant leadership, job satisfaction, schools, motivator-hygiene theory, self-determination theory, Robert Greenleaf.
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 3
Acknowledgements I start off by thanking God (Allah) – the One Who deserves to be worshipped alone – for helping me throughout this journey. This journey was challenging at times. Without His help, I could not have finished it. I am also indebted to Him for blessing me with an amazingly supportive wife, Sajeela Yaqub, whose constant help and encouragement got me through this journey. Thank you for sacrificing so much for me always, and for being the rock of my life. To my precious daughter Maryam, who gave up her valuable childhood times so I can complete this degree. To my three sisters, Shumaila, Sumayya, and Khansa, who, although were far from me in distance, always wished me well and motivated me throughout my degree program. To my amazing parents – Rasheed Baqai and Imrana Tabassum – for their unconditional love and prayers for me to reach the finish line; thank you for your blessings and motivation. To my ever-loving and supportive in-laws – Dr. Muhammad Yaqub and Nasreen Yaqub – for their consistent encouragement and support; thank you for being there for me. To my teacher, mentor, coach, and servant leader, Safi Khan, for showing me servant leadership in action and exemplifying the behavior of the Prophet Muhammad, may peace and blessings of God be upon him. I extend my sincere gratitude to my dissertation chair, respected Dr. Kriesta Watson, whose constant encouragement helped me get through many tough times during this process. Thank you for supporting me during my difficulties and for celebrating my achievements. Many thanks to my secondary advisor, Dr. Richard Milter, for his insightful comments and feedback. I cannot thank enough two of my most respected Professors and mentors: Dr. Leslie Dinauer, my program chair, and Dr. Marcia Bouchard, SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 4
who were instrumental in providing me the encouragement and support to start the program, and to follow it through. To the members of my cohort, thank you for your constructive feedback and encouragement, always! Last but not least, to Dr. Rhonda Jones, one of my esteemed Professors in my Master’s program, whose continuous and frequent encouragement during our Statistics course sparked my interest to pursue this Doctorate degree.
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 5
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................10
Problem Statement and Significance .................................................................................10
The Role of School Leadership in Job Satisfaction .......................................................13
Study Purpose and Rationale .........................................................................................14
Importance to Management ............................................................................................14
Definitions of Key Terms ..................................................................................................15
Servant Leadership .........................................................................................................15
Job Satisfaction ..............................................................................................................17
Relevance of Variables for Dissertation.........................................................................18
Study Scope and Assumptions .......................................................................................19
Organization of Dissertation ..........................................................................................20
Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................21
General Positive Outcomes ............................................................................................22
Organizational Citizenship Behavior .............................................................................23
Organizational Commitment ..........................................................................................25
Employee Satisfaction ....................................................................................................26
Servant Leadership – Job Satisfaction Correlation in Educational Institutions .............27
Underlying Theoretical Mechanisms .................................................................................32 SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 6
Servant Leadership (Robert Greenleaf)..........................................................................33
Self-Determination Theory (Edward L. Deci and Richard Ryan) .................................36
Unexplained Aspects of Servant Leadership – Job Satisfaction Relationship ...............38
Summary ............................................................................................................................40
Chapter 3: Research Methodology.....................................................................................42
Importance of Evidence-Based Management ....................................................................42
Importance of Systematic Reviews ....................................................................................45
Justification for the Selection of Systematic Review for the Present Research ................47
Steps for Conducting the Systematic Review ....................................................................48
Engage Stakeholders ......................................................................................................49
Summary ............................................................................................................................69
Chapter 4: Findings ............................................................................................................70
Descriptive Analysis ......................................................................................................70
Results of Thematic Synthesis .......................................................................................76
Additional Themes .........................................................................................................80
Summary ............................................................................................................................80
Chapter 5: Discussion, Implications, and Conclusion .......................................................81
Cultural and Religious Contexts of Schools ......................................................................81
Servant Leader Behaviors with Strongest Correlation with Job Satisfaction ....................82
Values People .................................................................................................................82 SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 7
Builds Community .........................................................................................................83
Provides Leadership .......................................................................................................86
Shares Leadership: A Striking Result ............................................................................86
Implications for Management ............................................................................................88
Summary ............................................................................................................................89
Recommendations for Future Research .........................................................................91
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................93
References ..........................................................................................................................94
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................121
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 8
List of Tables
Table 1: Mapping of Servant Leader Characteristics and Behaviors to Laub’s (1999) Model ............................................................................................................................... 66
Table 2: Cultural Contexts of Included Studies ................................................................ 71
Table 3: Religious Affiliations of Schools in Included Studies ........................................ 72
Table 4: Servant Leadership Models Used in Included Studies ....................................... 73
Table 5: Descriptive Analysis of Included Primary Studies ............................................. 75
Table 6: Servant Leader Behaviors and their Correlation with Job Satisfaction, With References to Primary Studies (Sorted by Strongest Correlation).................................... 77
Table 7: Most Strongly Correlated Servant Leader Behaviors with Job Satisfaction (Second Round After Mapping to Laub’s Model) ............................................................ 79
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 9
List of Figures
Figure 1. The Servant Leadership Virtuous Cycle of Service ...........................................39
Figure 2. The Four Elements of EGMgt. ...........................................................................43
Figure 3. A conceptual framework based on CIMO framework. ......................................53
Figure 4. First stage of coding in NVivo. ..........................................................................60
Figure 5. Examples of the generation of nodes in stage 1 of the coding process. .............62
Figure 6. Examples of the generation of analytical themes in stage 3 of the coding process...............................................................................................................................67
SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 10
Chapter 1: Introduction
One of the biggest assets that a school has is its faculty and staff. Their satisfaction and commitment can improve the bottom line of any school, namely student performance. With the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act ("No Child Left Behind," n.d.), schools across the United States must show sustained improvements in their students’ academic performance. At the same time, the increased job dissatisfaction among school employees and the resulting spike in turnover rates have a negative effect on student performance, which can lead to long-term societal and economic impacts. Among several factors, school leadership plays a vital role in employee job satisfaction. The present researcher proposed to investigate the effect of servant leadership on employee job satisfaction in K-12 schools. In particular, this research explores specific servant leader behaviors that have the strongest positive correlation with job satisfaction.
This chapter is organized as follows. First, an introduction to the management problem and its significance to educational leaders are discussed. Next, the purpose of the study and its rationale are presented. Next, definitions of key terms in this research are reviewed. Finally, the research question guiding this study is presented and discussed. A brief discussion on the organization of this dissertation and summary conclude this chapter.
Problem Statement and Significance
Due to the demanding and challenging nature of the teaching profession, many teachers become dissatisfied with their jobs and pursue other careers. Teacher satisfaction in the United States dropped to the lowest level in 25 years in 2013, with only 39% of the teachers satisfied with their jobs (Strauss, 2013). Teacher dissatisfaction SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 11
leads to high absenteeism and turnover (Hulpia, Devos, & Rosseel, 2009). According to Donaldson and Johnson (2011), about 1,000 teachers leave their profession every day. Hudson (2009) reported that between 40 and 50 percent of the teachers leave the teaching profession after their first year. Mertler (2002) found that if given the opportunity to select a career again, 36% of the teachers said they would not choose to become a teacher again. Ingersoll (1999) noted that many teachers leave their jobs because of dissatisfaction with their jobs. Teachers play a critical role in educating and shaping the minds of the young generation. Hence, such high rates of dissatisfaction and resulting turnover pose a significant problem for educational leaders.
The high rates of dissatisfaction and the resulting high employee turnover carry substantial costs for school districts. When teachers leave, they take with them their knowledge and experience of instructional strategies, students’ learning styles, and training (Chuong, 2008). In short, “institutional memory is lost” (Ronfeldt, Loeb & Wyckoff, 2013, p. 1). The costs of turnover among teachers include time spent on exit interviews, finding temporary or long-term substitutes, recruitment of new teachers, and training and professional development (Levy, Joy, Ellis, Jablonski, & Karelitz, 2012). Employee turnover costs the U.S. upwards of 7 billion annually (NCTAF, 2011). This large amount of money takes away from what can be spent on supplemental instructional resources, building better educational facilities, hiring special education teachers, etc., all of which can improve the quality of education for students.
Teachers’ dissatisfaction with their jobs and high turnover has a negative effect on school effectiveness and students’ academic performance. According to a longitudinal SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 12
study conducted in New York, high teacher turnover rates have a negative effect on student performance (Ronfeldt et al., 2013). Guin (2004) found that schools with higher teacher turnover had lower student achievement. Moreover, Sawchuk (2012) concluded that teacher turnover is harmful to students’ performance. When teachers are dissatisfied with their jobs and leave their profession, they are often replaced with newer, less experienced teachers, and thus, the quality of instruction and student performance decreases.
On the other hand, when teachers are satisfied with their jobs, it improves the quality of instruction and student achievement. Reed (1987) found that teachers’ job satisfaction is positively related to school effectiveness and success, and leads to high academic performance and achievement among students. Teacher job satisfaction was found to be positively correlated with students’ reading growth (Banerjee, Stearns, Moller, & Mickelson, 2017). Teachers’ attitude towards their job and their morale tremendously affect the academic achievement of students (Chambliss, 2013). When teachers have high morale and are satisfied with their jobs, they pass this excitement and satisfaction on to students who, in turn, perform better in their academics.
Improved student performance can have far-reaching economic and societal effects. According to a study conducted by McKinsey and Company (2009), if existing student achievement gaps were closed, the yearly gross domestic product of the US could be improved by billions of dollars. If all students in the United States achieved at least a basic level of proficiency in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) – often known as the “Nation’s Report Card” – the national GDP of the U.S. would SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 13
increase by 32 trillion (Hanushek, Ruhose, & Woessmann, 2016). On the other hand, the existing gaps in student achievement “impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession” (McKinsey & Company, 2009, p. 5). In addition, low student achievement is correlated with an increase in delinquent behavior (Hoffmann, Erickson & Spence, 2013; Savolainen, Hughes, Mason, Hurtig, Ebeling, Moilanen, & Taanila, 2012). Improving teacher job satisfaction and decreasing turnover can improve student performance, which in turn can have long-term economic and societal effects.
The Role of School Leadership in Job Satisfaction
School leadership plays a vital role in job satisfaction. In a study involving elementary school teachers, Eldred (2010) found that the perceived leadership style of principals had a significant positive correlation with teachers’ job satisfaction. Hulpia et al. (2009) found that leader support had a strong correlation with teachers' job satisfaction. According to Ladd (2011), school leadership is the most salient dimension that results in teachers’ decision to leave schools. Moreover, Hudson (2009) conducted a meta-analysis to explore the reasons behind lack of job satisfaction and high attrition rates among teachers from 1983 to 2005. He concluded that lack of administrative support was one of the primary reasons for lack of job satisfaction among teachers. Though there are several factors that may affect job satisfaction, school leadership plays a vital role in making teachers feel satisfied or dissatisfied with their jobs. SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOLS 14
Study Purpose and Rationale
Teachers are one of the most important assets of a school. Given that they have a strong influence on student performance, it is important to ensure that good teachers remain satisfied with their jobs and continue working in their profession to shape the young minds of our society. School leadership plays a pivotal role in teachers’ satisfaction with their jobs. Of the various styles of leadership, servant leadership has been shown to have a strong and positive correlation with teachers’ job
اردوکی منتخب ادبی اصطلاحاتی کتب کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
No full textThe thesis under review consists of an analytical study of three literary term books. The first book of the thesis under review is Literary Terminology, which is authored by Dr. Haroon ul-Rashid. This book contains a total of one hundred and sixty-nine pages. It was published for the first time in March two thousand eighteen. The author has clearly admitted in the beginning of this book that this book has been compiled by me only for the guidance of students by using other literary terminology books. This book is very short in terms of length, explaining only 90 linguistic and literary terms. All the poetic or prose examples mentioned in the above book are without reference which creates many doubts about the book’s authenticity and authenticity. The second book of the comment article is Terminology written by Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Kamal. This book was published for the first time in 2017. It is a thick book containing a total of 502 pages in which the author has combined 471 common terms in alphabetical order has tried unsuccessfully to explain a few terms only with excessive brevity. Overall, this book is very useful for Urdu readers. The third book of the article under comment is Literary Terminology, the author of which is retired Professor Anwar Jamal. This book has a fundamental importance in the terminological books of Urdu literature. This is the reason why several editions of this book have been printed so far. Author has masterfully explained the meaning, connotation and background of each term with brevity and comprehensiveness in such a way that no confusion remains for the reader
: a 10‐year bibliometric study
No full textObjective: To conduct a bibliometric evaluation of the Journal of Ayub Medical College (JAMC), Abbottabad, Pakistan.Methods: The data of articles, citations and authors of JAMC from 1997 to 2006 were collected and analysed in terms of bibliometric parameters.Results: The number of articles published per year ranges between 27 and 97; most of the articles (47.2%) have 11–20 citations. Three-author contributions ranked the highest (134; 23.43%); the most prolific authors contributed seven articles; 295 (51.57%) of the authors are geographically affiliated to the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan; the most popular subject is Internal Medicine; journal self-cited references are 43; 7769 (77.94%) of the citations were from foreign journals; the most productive institution is Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.Conclusion: The number of papers published in JAMC per issue has been increasing over the last 10 years, and the core region is NWFP, Pakistan. Original articles are the main type of papers for this journal. The publication is open for all fields of medical sciences
Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Psoriatic Disease
No full textProvide enhanced digital features for this article
If you are an author of this publication and would like to provide additional
enhanced digital features for your article then please contact [email protected].
The journal offers a range of additional features designed to increase
visibility and readership. All features will be thoroughly peer reviewed to
ensure the content is of the highest scientific standard and all features are
marked as ‘peer reviewed’ to ensure readers are aware that the content has been
reviewed to the same level as the articles they are being presented alongside.
Moreover, all sponsorship and disclosure information is included to provide
complete transparency and adherence to good publication practices. This ensures
that however the content is reached the reader has a full understanding of its
origin. No fees are charged for hosting additional open access content.
Other enhanced features include, but are not limited to:
• Slide decks
• Videos and animations
• Audio abstracts
• Audio slides</p
Multi-scale and Multi-path Cascaded Convolutional Network for Semantic Segmentation of Colorectal Polyps
No full textColorectal polyps are structural abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract that can potentially become cancerous in some cases. The study introduces a novel framework for colorectal polyp segmentation named the Multi-Scale and Multi-Path Cascaded Convolution Network (MMCC-Net), aimed at addressing the limitations of existing models, such as inadequate spatial dependence representation and the absence of multi-level feature integration during the decoding stage by integrating multi-scale and multi-path cascaded convolutional techniques and enhances feature aggregation through dual attention modules, skip connections, and a feature enhancer. MMCC-Net achieves superior performance in identifying polyp areas at the pixel level. The Proposed MMCC-Net was tested across six public datasets and compared against eight SOTA models to demonstrate its efficiency in polyp segmentation. The MMCC-Net\u27s performance shows Dice scores with confidence intervals ranging between (77.08, 77.56) and (94.19, 94.71) and Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) scores with confidence intervals ranging from (72.20, 73.00) to (89.69, 90.53) on the six databases. These results highlight the model\u27s potential as a powerful tool for accurate and efficient polyp segmentation, contributing to early detection and prevention strategies in colorectal cancer
Research trends in rabies vaccine in the last three decades: a bibliometric analysis of global perspective
No full textINTRODUCTION: Rabies is an infectious zoonotic viral disease which mainly occurs in Africa and Asia. Dogs are predominantly responsible for rabies transmission contributing up to 99% of all human rabies cases. Rabies is a vaccine preventable disease in both animals and humans. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify and characterize the scientific literature and identify the top most cited studies in rabies vaccine research (RVR) from 1991 to 2020. METHODS: The data used in this study were downloaded from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database. Network visualization analysis was performed using VOSviewer software. RESULTS: A total of 1,042 papers (article: n = 986, 94.6%, review: n = 56, 5.4%) were included in this study. These have been cited 17,390 times with an average citation per paper was 16.69 times. The most frequent publication year was 2019 (n = 75, 7.2%). More than 55% studies were published from the United State of America (USA) (n = 380, 36.5%), France (n = 128, 12.3%), and China (n = 97, 9.3%). The most studied Web of Science (WoS) category was immunology (n = 344, 33%). The most prolific author in RVR was Rupprecht CE (n = 55, 5.3%). ‘Vaccine’ was the leading journal (n = 218, 20.9%). Rabies was the most widely used keyword. CONCLUSION: Abundant literature has been published on RVR in developed countries. This study might provide a reference to understand the current and future research trends in RVR. In developing countries research collaboration and co-operation among institutes and researchers needs to be strengthened with developed countries
Research Publication Trends in Library Management Journal: A Bibliometric Analysis (2013-2020)
Full text linkThe purpose of the study was to explore the research trends of the documents, authors, countries’ share, and impacts created by studies in form of citation in a scholarly journal titled Library Management from 2013 to 2020. To meet the purpose, a bibliometric analysis of 369 documents published in the Library Management was done. The findings indicate that most of the documents published in the Library Management were articles. The overall average citation per document is 3.70. The journal has been publishing 47 documents per year. Authorship patterns indicate that there were 158 documents published in the Library Management written by solo authors. The average per article author number is just below two that is 1.74 average authors per paper. Additionally, the study indicated that Library Management published the quality research from across the globe, and on diverse aspect related to the library and information management. There is no study conducted which investigated the above-mentioned aspects of Library Management during the year 2013 to 2020. Therefore, this study evaluates the research publication trends of this important journal which is put in X category (2nd best category) by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
