70 research outputs found
ནང་པའི་ཤེས་ཡོན་གཙུག་སྡེ་ཚུ་ནང་གཞུང་དང་རིག་གནས་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་པའི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་འཚོལ་ཞིབ།
No full text༉ རྩོམ་ཤོག་འདི་ནང་འབྲུག་གི་བཤད་གྲྭ་དང་། དགོན་འཛིན་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་གཞུང་དང་རིག་གནས་ཀྱི་ཆོས་ཚན་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་པའི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་སྐོར་གྲོས་བསྡུར་འབད་དེ་ཡོད། ཤེས་རིག་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་ཡོངས་གྲགས་སྦེ་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ནི་མེད་པའི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་ལེ་ཤ་ཅིག་བཤད་གྲྭ་དང་དགོན་འཛིན་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ནི་ཡོདཔ་ལས། དེ་ཚུ་ཤེས་རིག་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་རྫོང་ཁ་སྐད་ཡིག་དང་རིག་གཞུང་ཆོས་ཚན་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ནིའི་འོས་འབབ་ག་ཅི་ར་འདུག་ག་བརྟག་ཞིབ་འབད་ཐབས་ལུ་ཞིབ་འཚོལ་འབད་ཡོདཔ་ཨིན། ཁུངས་བཙན་ཐབས་ལམ་གྱི་མཁོ་ཆས་དྲི་བ་དྲིས་ལན་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་སྟེ་རྒྱུ་ཁུངས་སོ་སོ་ལས་གནས་སྡུད་བསྡུ་ལེན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ཆེས་མཐོ་བཤད་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་གཞུང་གི་ཆོས་ཚན་ལུ་གཙོ་རིམ་གཟུང་སྟེ་ལྷབ་སྦྱང་འབདཝ་ལས། ཁྱབ་ཆེ་ཤོས་ཅིག་སློབ་དཔོན་གཙོར་བཏོན་གྱི་ཐབས་ལམ་འདི་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ཨིན་མས། དགོན་འཛིན་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་གཙོ་བོ་རིག་གནས་དང་། དཀྱིལ་ཆོག་གི་ཆོས་ཚན་ཚུ་ལྷབ་སྦྱང་འབདཝ་ལས། སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་རྩ་ཚིག་བློར་གཟུང་ནི། དཔེར་བརྗོད་གསར་རྩོམ་འབད་ནི། རྩ་བ་རྒྱུགས་ཕུལ་ནི། ལག་ལེན་སྦྱང་བ་ཚུ་མངམ་འབདཝ་ལས། སློབ་ཕྲུག་གཙོ་བཏོན་གྱི་ཐབས་ལམ་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ཨིན་མས། ཤེས་རིག་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་རྫོང་ཁ་བརྡ་གཞུང་དང་། རིག་གཞུང་གི་ཆོས་ཚན་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ཕྱི་པའི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་དང་། ནང་པའི་ཐབས་ལམ་གཉིས་ཆ་ར་ཆོས་ཚན་གྱི་རང་བཞིན་དང་འཁྲིལ་ཟུང་འབྲེལ་སྦེ་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་པ་ཅིན་ཤེས་ཡོན་གྲུབ་འབྲས་དང་། ལྷབ་སྦྱང་ལས་རིམ་ཡར་རྒྱས་གཏང་ནི་ལུ་ཁེ་ཕན་འབྱུང་ནིའི་འོས་འབབ་ཡོད་པའི་སྐོར་གྲོས་བསྡུར་འབད་དེ་ཡོད
Effects of Vitamin D on Dose of Hypoglycaemic Medication in Diabetes Patients
No full textFull text is available to authenticated members of The University of Auckland only.Background: Studies have suggested that vitamin D may have a role in assisting the management of diabetes by increasing insulin secretion and decreasing insulin resistance. If so, it could decrease the dose of hypoglycaemic medication required by diabetes patients. Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation has any effect on the dose of hypoglycaemic medication prescribed to diabetes patients. Methods: The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) study is a large randomized controlled trial with the primary aim of determining whether a monthly 100,000 IU (2.5mg) dose of cholecalciferol prevents cardiovascular disease compared to placebo. Participants were recruited in 2011-2012 and were followed for a median period of about 3 years until July 2015. At the baseline interview, 624 participants reported they had diabetes. They were all linked by National Health Index (NHI) numbers to Ministry of Health data on dispensed prescriptions collected in the 6 months before randomization and during follow-up. The prescription data included name, dose and amount of each dispensed hypoglycaemic medication. From this information, medication effect scores, which estimate the decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin produced by a hypoglycaemic medication, were calculated for each medication group and summarized. Results: The mean (SD) measured serum 25(OH)D concentration for all diabetes participants was 57±27nmol/L at baseline. In participants who had repeat blood tests, after 6 months following the intervention, the serum 25(OH)D concentration increased significantly in the vitamin D group (122 nmol/), whereas in the placebo group it was similar to baseline (58nmol/L).The same pattern was maintained for the vitamin D and placebo groups throughout the study. Despite the significant increase in serum 25(OH)D in the vitamin D group, no reduction in the dose of diabetes medication was observed, as indicated by the change from baseline in the total medication effect scores of all prescribed hypoglycaemic medications by -0.03, 0.03 and 0.09 at 1, 2 and 3 years respectively, in the vitamin D group, compared to the change in the placebo group of 0.07, 0.09 and 0.27 at the same respective periods ( p-values comparing the changes in MES: 0.02, 0.28 and 0.30 at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively). Conclusion: Our study did not show that vitamin D supplementation of 100,000 IU cholecalciferol monthly for a period of about 3 years improves glycaemic control in diabetes patients
Effectiveness of Concept Map in Teaching and Learning Science in class nine: Action research
No full text<p>A total of 60 students took part in this quasi-experimental study to investigate the effectiveness of concept map (CM) as a teaching method to teach science for grade nine students. Students were grouped as control and experimental based on their performance in the pre-test, which was intended to evaluate their ability. The group of students with low scores was the experimental group, and students with high scores were the control group. All three science for the experimental groups were taught for four weeks using a concept map, whereas the control group with the traditional lecture method. The post-test was conducted using the same achievement test questions. Moreover, students' opinion on using concept map was collected through a survey questionnaire. Further, six students participated in a structured interview to collect qualitative data.</p><p>The t-test result on the means of the control and experimental group revealed a significant difference, with the experimental group outperforming the control group. Similarly, students' opinion towards using concept map as a teaching method was high, except for the satisfaction subscale. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was revealed between students' achievement test scores and their level of opinion<strong>. </strong>The qualitative data analysis also revealed that using a concept map helps improve science's academic performance. The findings of this study would be instrumental to grade nine subject teachers and school leaders in bringing positive change in students' academic performance. </p>
Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan: a preliminary finding
No full textIntroduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae cause life-threatening infections, mostly affecting children under five years in developing countries. Several countries in South Asia have incorporated a pneumococcal vaccine in their immunization schedule. Bhutan is currently considering the introduction of a vaccine, although no studies in the country to date have characterized the serotypes of S.pneumoniae to gauge the potential vaccine coverage. We, therefore, characterized pneumococcal serotypes isolated from patients in the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), Thimphu.
Methods: Four hospitals attempted to study S.pneumoniae from various clinical specimens from January 2014 to December 2015, although only the JDWNRH was able to isolate pneumococci. Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and serotyped at a reference laboratory in India.
Results: Thirtyseven isolates were preliminarily identified as S. pneumoniae at the JDWNRH. At the reference laboratory, two isolates could not be revived and 14 were identified as non-pneumococcal streptococci. From the remaining 21 isolates, 15 different serotypes were identified. The Bhutanese serotypes were more comparable to those of India than Bangladesh or Nepal. Current vaccines would cover 26.7% (Prevnar, 7-valent), 40.0% (Synflorix, 10-valent), and 53.3% (Prevnar, 13-valent and Pneumovax23, 23-valent) of these serotypes. All isolates were sensitive to penicillin, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone; 9.5% were resistant to erythromycin and 38.1% to cotrimoxazole.
Conclusions: For the first time, we characterized serotypes of S. pneumoniae in Bhutan. However, the findings need to be interpreted cautiously due to small numbers of isolates from one referral hospital. A larger study is needed to validate the findings and guide selection of an appropriate vaccine
hutan: The Role of Environment and Geographic Location
No full textBackground: Bhutan is small mountainous country bordering India and China and consists of four geographic regions, west, east, central, and south. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors associated with in Bhutan are not previously studied. The World Health Organization reported the incidence of stomach cancer to be very high in Bhutan. Aim: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroepidemiologic pattern of H. pylori among Bhutanese from the four regions with emphasis on water source and household sanitation. Methods: Between June and November 2012, blood samples from patients with complaints of dyspepsia were collected after obtaining an informed consent. Demographic information, occupation, family size living in the same household, consumption of betel nut, and aspects of household environment including type of latrines, source of drinking water were collected. All serum samples were tested for H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MAGIWELL ELISA kit from United Biotech, USA. Results: Two hundred and forty-four patients between 17 and 75 years of age participated in the study, of them, 102 were men, and the mean age was 38 (±14.2) years. The overall prevalence of H. pylori among patients was 86% with no difference between men and women (90 vs 83%, respectively, p = .12). The prevalence was almost identical among all age groups: 81% at 17–20, 84% at 20–29, 93% at 30–39, 82% at 40–49, 87% at 50–59, and 82% at ≥60 years (p = .51). H. pylori prevalence was lower in the southern region of Bhutan (78%) compared with the central region (97%) (OR = 8.6; 95% CI = 1.1–55; p = .02), eastern region (91%) (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.1–7.2, p = .004) or the western region (83%) (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8–3.1, p = .07). The prevalence of H. pylori was significantly lower among household with less than 4 persons living in the same household. Source of drinking water, type of occupation, type of latrines, or consumption of betel nut showed no association with H. pylori prevalence. Logistic regression analysis revealed that residing region was the only significant variable. Conclusions: The high prevalence of antibodies to H. pylori among patients and in all groups could contribute to the high incident rate of gastric cancer in Bhutan. Crowded living condition and the residing region contribute to the variation of the prevalence of the infection. The lowest prevalence in southern part of the country could be due to the difference in the ethnicity as most of its population is of Indian and Nepal origin. Further data regarding H. pylori in Bhutan are critical to developing surveillance and prevention strategies for gastric cancer.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1523-5378AM - Accepted Manuscrip
Peranan Dinas Kesehatan Indragiri Hilir Dalam Pengawasan Depot Air Minum Di Kecamatan Tembilahan Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir
No full textThis study aims to determine the role of the Indragiri Hilir Health Office inSupervision of Drinking Water Depots in Tembilahan District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The problem raised in this study is about the role of the Indragiri Hilir Health Office in supervising the quality of drinking water at water depots in
Indragiri Hilir. Assessment indicators in implementing the role of the Health Office used include setting measuring tools or standards, taking assessment or evaluation actions, taking corrective actions. The type of research located at the Indragiri Hilir Health Office is a descriptive survey, which prioritizes the interview list as a data collection tool and the data collected with this tool is then used as the main raw material to analyze the empirical conditions of the objectivity of the existence of research objectives at the location studied. The key informants in this research are the Head of Certain Licensing and Health, and the research informants are field officers from the Health Office, Water Depot Business Owners, and the community as drinking water depot consumers. Withdrawal technique for key informants uses a purposive sampling technique, while for informants, the author uses snowball sampling. The types and techniques of data collection used consisted of, primary data collected using the interview list technique and secondary data collected using observation and documentation techniques. While the data analysis technique used is by using Cresswell theory. Based on this analysis technique, the authors assess and conclude that the role of the Indragiri Hilir Health Service in Supervision of Drinking Water Depots in Tembilahan District, Indragiri Hilir Regency has not been implemented properly
DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL BAGI MASYARAKAT DI KECAMATAN ULUBELU KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS
No full textABSTRAK Pembangunan Infrastruktur jalan merupakan usaha
pertumbuhan dan perubahan yang dilakukan secara terencana untuk
membangun prasarana berupa jalan yang merupakan penunjang utama
terselenggaranya suatu proses pembangnan. Pembangunan
Infrastruktur jalan di Kecamatan Ulubelu Kabupaten Tanggamus
merupakan pembangunan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah rovinsi
Lampung dimana jalan yang dibangun menghubungkan anatara
Kabupaten Tanggamus dan Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Berdasarkan
permasalahan diatas penulis merumuskan beberapa rumusan masalah.
Yang pertama, bagaimana infrastruktur jalan dan kesejahteraan sosial
di Kecamatan Ulubelu ? Dan yang kedua, bagaimana dampak
Pembangunan infrastruktur jalan terhadap Kesejahteraan Sosial bagi
masyarakat ?
Metode yang digunkan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan
kualitatif dengan sifat deskriptif dan menggunakan jenis penelitian
lapangan (Field reserch). Metode pengumpulan data berupa
observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Adapun analisis data dalam
penelitian ini menggunakan metode miles dan hubberman yang terdiri
dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi
data. Pemilihan infroman dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik
purposive sampling yang terdiri dari 1 informan kunci, 4 informan
utama dan 3 informan tambahan. Teori yang digunakan untuk
menganalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah teori pembangunan
berkelanjutan yang dikemukakan oleh Rachel Carson.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Infastruktur jalan di
Kecamatan Ulubelu Kabupaten tanggamus untuk saat ini sudah baik,
dengan adanya pembangunan jalan sepanjang 40 kilometer pada tahun
2023. Kemudian untuk kesejahteraan sosial yang ada di Kecamatan
Ulubelu masih kurang baik, dengan keadaan masyarakat yang
mayoritas berpenghasilan sebagai petani kopi dan lada yang mana
panen hanya bisa dilakukan setiap satu tahun sekali dan juga karena
masyarakat disana masih banyak yang belum memiliki lahan sendiri.
Dampak dari adanya pembangunan Infrastruktur Jalan di Kecamatan
Ulubelu terhadap kesejahteraan sosial bagi masyarakat meliputi
dampak dari segi pendidikan, dengan adanya pembangunan jalan ini
menjadikan para siswa dan tena pendidik lebih mudah mengakses
kesekolah dan juga dengan adanya pembangunan jalan ini kondisi
sekolah akan lebih maju dan menjadikan sekolah-sekolah yang ada di
Kecamatan Ulubelu lebih dikenal kemudian para orang tua akanmemilih mendaftarakan anak-anaknya untuk skolah yang ada di
Kecamatan Ulubelu di bandingkan sekolah diluar. Aspek kesehatan,
dengan adanya jalan ini memudahkan untuk mengakses obat-obatan
dari kota untuk dibawa ke apotek-apotek yang ada di Kecamatan
Ulubelu, mempermudah untuk membawa pasien yang akan dirujuk
kerumah sakit. Aspek perekonomian mempermudah masyarakat
dalam membawa hasil panen dan juga dengan dibangunya jalan ini
menjadikan harga kebutuhan masyarakat menjadi sama dengan yang
ada dikota, karena akses yang mudah menjadikan pasar-pasar disana
menjadi ramai karena penjual dari liuar daerah suda banyak yang
masuk dan juga karena kases yang semakin udah Alfamart dan pom
bensin sudah ada.
Kata Kunci: Pembangunan Infrastruktur Jalan, Kesejahteraan
Sosial. ABSRACT
Road infrastructure development is a planned growth and
change effort carried out to build infrastructure in the form of roads
which are the main support for the implementation of a development
process. The development of road infrastructure in Ulubelu District,
Tanggamus Regency, is a development carried out by the Lampung
Provincial Government where the road being built connects
Tanggamus Regency and West Lampung Regency. Based on the
problems above, the author formulates several problem formulations.
Firstly, how is the road infrastructure and social welfare in Ulubelu
District? And secondly, what is the impact of road infrastructure
development on social welfare for the community?
The method used in this research uses qualitative with a
descriptive nature and uses a type of field research (Field research).
Data collection methods include observation, interviews and
documentation. The data analysis in this research uses the Miles and
Hubberman method which consists of data collection, data reduction,
data presentation and data verification. The selection of informants in
this study used a purposive sampling technique consisting of 1 key
informant, 4 main informants and 3 additional informants. The theory
used to analyze in this research is the theory of sustainable
development put forward by Rachel Carson.
The results of this study indicate that the road infrastructure
in Ulubelu District, Tanggamus Regency is currently good, with the
construction of a 40-kilometer road in 2023. Then for social welfare
in Ulubelu District is still not good, with the condition of the
community who mostly earn income as coffee and pepper farmers
where the harvest can only be done once a year and also because
many people there still do not have their own land. The impact of the
construction of Road Infrastructure in Ulubelu District on social
welfare for the community includes the impact in terms of education,
with the construction of this road, it makes it easier for students and
educators to access schools and also with the construction of this road
the condition of the school will be more advanced and make schools in
Ulubelu District better known then parents will choose to register
their children for schools in Ulubelu District compared to schools
outside. Health aspect, with this road makes it easier to access
medicines from the city to be taken to pharmacies in Ulubelu District,
makes it easier to take patients who will be referred to the hospital The economic aspect makes it easier for people to bring their crops
and also with the construction of this road makes the price of people's
needs the same as in the city, because easy access makes the markets
there crowded because many sellers from outside the area have
entered and also because of the increasing access, Alfamart and gas
stations are already available.
Keywords: Road Infrastructure Development, Social Welfare
A Descriptive Comparison of the Epidemiological Characteristics of Delta and Omicron Variant-Driven Outbreaks in Bhutan
No full textSARS-CoV-2 rapidly mutated, causing different waves of outbreaks worldwide. Bhutan experienced three major outbreaks of COVID-19 before experiencing the outbreak driven by the Omicron variant in January 2022. The data collected by the National Outbreak Investigation and Surveillance Team during the Delta variant-driven outbreak and Omicron outbreak were accessed and analyzed. The data were analyzed using R statistical software. Descriptive analysis was carried out for the entire dataset and the statistical comparison between the two outbreaks was carried out using student’s t-test and Pearson’s chi-square test. During the Delta variant-driven outbreak, a total of 1648 cases were reported, with a daily average of 13 cases. The highest one-day case number reported was 99. On the contrary, within 33 days, a total of 3788 cases were reported with a daily average of 115 cases during the Omicron outbreak. The highest one-day case number reported was 312. The median incubation period was 3 days (range = 0–18 days) and 1 day (range = 0–14 days) during the Delta and Omicron-driven outbreaks, respectively. The number of symptomatic cases was significantly higher during the Delta outbreak (p-value < 0.0001). Of the total cases reported during the Delta outbreak, 1175 (71.3%) had received a single dose of the vaccine, 79 (5%) received two doses, while 394 (24%) were unvaccinated. During the Omicron outbreak, 1957 (52%) cases had received their booster (third dose), 904 (23.8%) received two doses and only 40 (1%) received a single dose of the vaccine. The number of unvaccinated cases was 887 (23.4%), of which 375 (10%) were children below 12 years. Our findings corroborate the enhanced transmissibility of the Omicron variant as reported elsewhere. We report significantly less symptomatic cases during the Omicron outbreak. Further, our data show that the incubation period for the Omicron variant is shorter compared to the Delta variant (p-value < 0.0001)
Almanya ve Türkiye’ deki Türk lise öğrencilerinin ahlaki yargı yeteneklerinin karşılaştırılması
No full textBu araştırmada Almanya ve Türkiye'deki Türk lise öğrencilerinin ahlakî yargı yeteneklerini etkileyen faktörler karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca iki farklı kültür içinde yetişmiş olan öğrencilerin ahlakî yargı yetenekleri ve ahlakî atmosfer olarak okullarını nasıl algıladıkları karşılaştırılmıştır. Veriler Georg Lind'in Ahlakî Yargı Testi (MUT, 1977) ve Ahlakî Atmosfer Ölçeği (MAF, Lind 1986), ve ayrıca araştırmacının geliştirdiği sosyo-demografik özellikleri inceleyen anket ile toplanmıştır. Önce, kullanılan Ahlakî Yargı Testi'nin Türkçe Versiyonunun geçerliliği sağlanmıştır. Araştırmaya Hamburg, Bursa and Istanbul'daki çeşitli liselerde okuyan 15-19 yaşlarındaki 401 öğrenci katılmıştır. Veriler Binary Lojistik Regresyon analizi ve t-Test testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ahlakî Yargı Yeteneğine olan etkileri incelenen değişkenler: cinsiyet, yaş, kültür, gidilen okulun türü, kardeş sayısı, mezhep, evde din hakkında konuşulma sıklığı, başka din ve mezheplerden kişilerle arkadaşlık etmek isteği, ailenin islam dininin emirlerine uymaya zorlaması, ailenin başka din ve mezheplerden kişilerle arkadaşlığa izin verip vermemesi. Yukarıdaki faktörler arasından ailenin islam dininin emirlerine uymaya zorlaması ahlakî yargı yeteneğini negatif etkileyen bir faktör olarak tespit edilmiştir (OR= 2.52; CI % 95= 1.19 - 5.36; p<0.05). İki grup karşılaştırıldığında ailenin islam dinin emirlerine uymaya zorlaması, Türkiye'deki öğrenciler için 2.55'lik bir risk oranına sahipken bu oran Almanya'daki öğrenciler için 10.67'dir (OR= 10.67; CI % 95= 1.05 - 91.18; p<0.05). İki grubun ahlakî yargı puanları karşılaştırıldığında Almanya'daki öğrenciler lehine; kız ve erkek öğrencilerin puanları karşılaştırıldığında ise erkek öğrenciler lehine anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Ahlakî Yargı Yeteneği, Ahlakî Yargı Yeteneğinin Gelişimi, Ahlak Gelişimi ve Eğitimi, Dini Baskı ve Ahlakî Yargı Gelişimi, Kültür ve Ahlak Gelişimi, Adil Okul Cemaati, Georg Lind'in Ahlakî Yargı Testi (MUT), Ahlakî Atmosfer Ölçeği (MAF), Lawrence Kohlberg'in Bilişsel Ahlak Gelişimi Teorisi, Okulun Ahlakî Atmosferi, Almanya'daki Türk Lise Öğrencileri, Demokrasi ve Ahlak, Lawrence Kohlberg, Georg Lind.A comparision of Turkish High School Students moral judgement abilities in Germany and Turkey The present comparative study examines factors affecting Turkish students moral judgment abilities and how these students perceive the moral atmosphere in their schools and what topics they want to discuss with their teachers. The study was carried out with subjects from different High Schools in Germany and Turkey. The data were collected by applying the Moral Judgment Test by G. Lind (MUT, 1977) and the Questionnaire of Moral Atmosphere (MAF, Lind 1986), and another questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and adherence to religious principles designed by the author of the present study. The validity of the Turkish Version of the Moral Judgment Test had been confirmed in previous research. The total number of subject was N=401 students (222 girls, 179 boys) studying in Hamburg, Bursa and Istanbul between the ages of 15-19. Statistical analyses were done using t-Test and binary logistic regression analysis. The factors affecting moral judgment include: sex, age, culture, the type of school, religious denomination, the frequency of discussion of religious topics at home, the desire to have friends of different religious denomination, the pressure by the students' parents to make their children obey islamic rules and the permission to have friends of a different religious denomination. Among these factors the pressure by the student's parents to make their children obey islamic rules was found to have negative effect on moral judgment (OR= 2.52; CI % 95= 1.19 - 5.36; p<0.05). Subjects living in Germany experienced a heavier pressure by their parents to follow islamic rules (OR= 10.67; CI % 95= 1.05 - 91.18; p<0.05), however their mean score on the Moral Judgment Test was significantly higher than in the subjects from Turkey. Key Words: Moral judgement ability, the development of moral judgement ability, moral development and moral education, religious pressure and the development of moral judgement, culture and moral development, Just Community School, the Moral Judgment Test (MUT) and the Questionnaire of Moral Atmosphere (MAF) by G. Lind, cognitive-developmental theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, moral atmosphere of the school, Turkish high school students in Germany, democracy and moral, Lawrence Kohlberg, Georg Lind
Perancangan mainan konstruktif untuk membantu tumbuh kembang anak kreatif
No full textEarly age or the golden age is a time of rapid development and growth of children. Education and stimulation through children's play activities are very influential for children's physical and mental development. Play is a need for early childhood that must be met for children's cognitive and motor development. But giving too many toys to children can inhibit children's creativity, make children bored quickly, and make children's concentration decrease. Children aged 5-6 years have the characteristics of more concrete thinking, realism, and high imagination. Based on this background, the author will design a constructive toy for children aged 5-6 years that can increase children's creativity with a more varied game system for children to play to challenge their creativity. The design method used is design thinking with five stages, namely empathise, define, ideate, protoype, and test. This design produces constructive toys for children aged 5-6 years with a flexible connection system adapted to the shape of the joints of motion, with this connection system toys can be arranged and moved so that children can maximally develop their imagination.
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