12 research outputs found
Variación de diatomeas (Bacillariophyta) en un gradiente del estado de conservación de ribera del río Malacatos, Loja- Ecuador
No full textLas condiciones ecológicas de ríos Andinos son factores determinantes de la salud de estos ecosistemas y consecuentemente de la calidad de agua. En el río Malacatos del cantón Loja se llevó a cabo un estudio cuyo propósito fue determinar la influencia del estado de conservación de zonas riparias del río sobre la diversidad, riqueza y productividad de comunidades de diatomeas, organismos fitoplanctónicos bioindicadores de las condiciones ambientales. Se definieron tres zonas de estudio: un tramo con vegetación ribereña nativa, una zona con bosque de ribera intervenida (zona semiconservada) y un tramo sin vegetación riparia (zona urbana). En cada zona de estudio, se definieron transectos en donde se tomaron muestras de perifiton. Los resultados reportaron la presencia de 21 géneros de diatomeas epilíticas. Se determinó una diversidad moderada y una alta equitatividad de las comunidades de diatomeas en la zona ribereña con vegetación nativa y semiconservada, a diferencia del tramo urbano que presentó una diversidad y equitatividad baja y un ambiente acuático con una dominancia de pocos géneros (Navicula y Nitzschia). El registro de varios géneros de diatomeas en diferentes gradientes ambientales de las zonas estudiadas determinó que el estado de conservación de vegetación ribereña adyacente al curso de agua del río Malacatos podría influir sobre la riqueza, composición, diversidad y biovolumen de las comunidades de diatomeas. En general, los resultados sugieren que el estado de conservación de la vegetación ribereña y la presencia de actividades antrópicas alrededor del río influyeron en la ecología de diatomeas y en consecuencia podrían afectar la calidad de agua. En este contexto, la comunidad científica coincide en la importancia de evalución de la integridad ecológica de ecosistemas acuáticos, a partir de rasgos biológicos de organismos bioindicadores.The ecological conditions of Andean rivers determine the health of these ecosystems and, consequently, water quality. A study was carried out in the Malacatos River in Loja canton to determine the influence of the conservation state of the river’s riparian zones on the diversity, richness and productivity of diatom communities, phytoplankton organisms that are used as bioindicators of environmental conditions. Three study zones were defined: a stretch with native riparian vegetation, a zone with disturbed riparian forest (semi-conserved zone) and a stretch without riparian vegetation (urban zone). For each zone, transects were determined in the river, and periphyton samples were taken. The results reported the presence of 21 genera of epilithic diatoms. A moderate diversity and a high evenness of diatom communities was determined in the riparian zone with native and semi-conserved vegetation, in contrast to the urban section that showed a low diversity and evenness with a dominance of few genera (Navicula and Nitzschia). The record of several diatom genera in different environmental gradients determined that the conservation state of riparian vegetation adjacent to the Malacatos River watercourse may influence the richness, composition, diversity and biovolume of diatom communities. Overview, the results showed the state of conservation of riparian vegetation and the anthropogenic activities around the river influenced on diatom ecology and consequently they may affect water quality. In this context, the scientific community agrees on the importance of assessing the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems, focusing on biological traits of bioindicator organisms
“Diseño y construcción de un extractor de aceites esenciales supervisado por un HMI para el laboratorio de agroindustrias en la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial extensión Santo Domingo”.
No full textLa tesis comprende el diseño y construcción de un extractor de aceites esenciales supervisado por un HMI para el laboratorio de agroindustrias de la UTE Santo Domingo. Es una máquina que funciona como complemento del generador de vapor existente en la institución, para aprovechar el vapor que esta genera. El equipo de extracción es un prototipo semi-industrial que permite a los estudiantes de la carrera de electromecánica como de agroindustrias, fortalecer sus conocimientos mediante prácticas de laboratorio. Se lo construyo para una capacidad de 10 kg de material vegetal, en acero inoxidable 304 de 2 mm de espesor según los cálculos de diseño. Cuenta con un HMI que permite controlar el proceso de extracción de aceites esenciales y verificar sus parámetros. Posee un manual de operación de equipo para garantizar su correcto funcionamiento y operación. En la pruebas de funcionamiento, se verificó que el equipo funciona correctamente y se obtuvo resultados favorables.Introducción. Antecedentes. Título de la investigación. Problema. Planteamiento del problema. Formulación del problema. Sistematización del problema. Objetivos. Justificación de la investigación. Marco referencial. Aceites esenciales. Clasificación de los aceites esenciales. Según su consistencia. Aplicación de aceites esenciales. Métodos de extracción de los aceites esenciales. Ventajas y desventajas de los métodos de extracción. Material vegetal. Romero. Eucalipto. Manzanilla. Menta. Canela. Ciprés. Sistemas automáticos. HMI. Diseño del extractor de aceites esenciales. Selección del método de extractor. Identificación de variables. Caldero o generador de vapor. Extractor. Condensador o intercambiador de calor. Variables de refrigerante. Decantador. Vaso separador. Diseño mecánico del extractor de aceites esenciales. Diseño de extractor. Dimensiones del extractor. Diseño de los pernos de la cabeza elipsoidal. Diseño del intercambio de calor. Diseño mecánico del intercambiador. Diseño térmico. Diseño térmico. Espesor del aislamiento térmico. Cálculo del calor disipado por el cilindro. Diseño del decantador primario. Diseño eléctrico. Diseño de un sistema automático. Construcción del extractor de aceites esenciales. Proceso de construcción del extractor de aceites esenciales. Ensamblaje de partes componen el extractor de aceites esenciales. Conclusiones. Recomendaciones. Bibliografía. Anexos
Talerätt i miljömål [Elektronisk resurs] : Särskilt om vattenrättsliga ansökningsmål samt om talan rörande allmänna intressen
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to shed light on the issue of legal standing in environmental law, with a particular focus on the relationship between the status of sakägare and standing, especially where public interests are concerned.The first part of the thesis contains a survey of the development of environmental law in the history of Swedish law. The development is viewed in the light of social conditions and the political and economic ideas prevailing from time to time.In the second part the question of which, if any, prerequisites must be met to be able to participate as a party in a permit case before the Water Court is discussed and analysed. The study shows that the way in which the courtsconduct a test on standing de lege lata is not coherent with the purposes and aims that such a test is supposed to satisfy, The author therefore suggests that the institution of sakägare should no longer be of relevance to the issue of standing. In fact, the suggestion is made that there is no need for a special test on standing.The third part of the thesis deals with the issue of standing in relation to public interests. Arguments for and against free standing and a right to appeal on behalf of public interests are weighed against each other. The conclusion drawn is that it would strengthen protection of the public interest in environmental law if private citizens and their organisations were given a broader opportunity to act legally as representatives for that public interest.</p
Talerätt i miljömål : Särskilt om vattenrättsliga ansökningsmål samt om talan rörande allmänna intressen
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to shed light on the issue of legal standing in environmental law, with a particular focus on the relationship between the status of sakägare and standing, especially where public interests are concerned. The first part of the thesis contains a survey of the development of environmental law in the history of Swedish law. The development is viewed in the light of social conditions and the political and economic ideas prevailing from time to time. In the second part the question of which, if any, prerequisites must be met to be able to participate as a party in a permit case before the Water Court is discussed and analysed. The study shows that the way in which the courtsconduct a test on standing de lege lata is not coherent with the purposes and aims that such a test is supposed to satisfy, The author therefore suggests that the institution of sakägare should no longer be of relevance to the issue of standing. In fact, the suggestion is made that there is no need for a special test on standing. The third part of the thesis deals with the issue of standing in relation to public interests. Arguments for and against free standing and a right to appeal on behalf of public interests are weighed against each other. The conclusion drawn is that it would strengthen protection of the public interest in environmental law if private citizens and their organisations were given a broader opportunity to act legally as representatives for that public interest.Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p
Talerätt i miljömål : Särskilt om vattenrättsliga ansökningsmål samt om talan rörande allmänna intressen
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to shed light on the issue of legal standing in environmental law, with a particular focus on the relationship between the status of sakägare and standing, especially where public interests are concerned. The first part of the thesis contains a survey of the development of environmental law in the history of Swedish law. The development is viewed in the light of social conditions and the political and economic ideas prevailing from time to time. In the second part the question of which, if any, prerequisites must be met to be able to participate as a party in a permit case before the Water Court is discussed and analysed. The study shows that the way in which the courtsconduct a test on standing de lege lata is not coherent with the purposes and aims that such a test is supposed to satisfy, The author therefore suggests that the institution of sakägare should no longer be of relevance to the issue of standing. In fact, the suggestion is made that there is no need for a special test on standing. The third part of the thesis deals with the issue of standing in relation to public interests. Arguments for and against free standing and a right to appeal on behalf of public interests are weighed against each other. The conclusion drawn is that it would strengthen protection of the public interest in environmental law if private citizens and their organisations were given a broader opportunity to act legally as representatives for that public interest.Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p
Organismos fotosintéticos y calidad de agua en ríos amazónicos, caso de estudio Yacuambi, Zamora Chinchipe
No full textMining and livestock activities in the Yacuambi canton significantly alter the ecological conditions of aquatic bodies, particularly rivers and water sources used for human consumption. This study evaluated water quality using methods based on bioindicators, specifically phytoplankton, as a complementary approach to physicochemical assessments. Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the structure and primary production of aquatic ecosystems; therefore, analyzing their composition and structure serves as a biological indicator of water quality. In situ water samples were collected for both physicochemical analysis (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature, nitrates, and phosphates) and biological analysis (diatoms). In the laboratory, microscopy and quantification of phytoplanktonic cells were conducted, enabling the application of an index to determine water quality. The application of the General Diatom Index (GDI) revealed significant differences in water quality (p < 0.05) among the Santa Inés stream and the Yacuambi and El Salado rivers. In terms of abundance, individuals from the genera Microspora, Ulothrix, Navicula, Gomphonema, and Ulnaria were recorded. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were the variables that most differentiated the studied rivers (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed the formation of specific groups for each river, including phytoplankton organisms that serve as indicators of water quality and physicochemical variables, which together explained at least 69 % of the data variability in all cases.Las actividades mineras y la ganadería en el cantón Yacuambi alteran las condiciones ecológicas de cuerpos hídricos, especialmente de ríos y fuentes abastecedoras de agua para consumo humano. En este trabajo de investigación se evaluó la calidad del agua aplicando métodos basados en bioindicadores, específicamente fitoplancton, como mecanismo que complementa la evaluación fisicoquímica. El fitoplancton desempeña un papel importante en la estructura y producción primaria de los ecosistemas acuáticos, de manera que, estudiar su composición y estructura es un indicador biológico de la calidad del agua. In situ, se tomaron muestras de agua para el análisis fisicoquímico (pH, oxígeno disuelto, conductividad, sólidos totales disueltos, temperatura, nitratos y fosfatos) y biológico (diatomeas). A nivel de laboratorio se realizó microscopía y cuantificación de células fitoplanctónicas que permitió aplicar un índice para determinar la calidad del agua. La aplicación del Índice Diatomológico General (IDG) reveló diferencias significativas en la calidad del agua (p < 0.05) entre la quebrada Santa Inés y los ríos Yacuambi y El Salado. En cuanto a la abundancia se registraron individuos de los géneros Microspora, Ulothrix, Navicula, Gomphonema y Ulnaria. La temperatura, oxígeno disuelto y conductividad fueron las variables que más se diferenciaron entre los ríos estudiados (p < 0.05). Un análisis multivariado mostró la conformación de grupos específicos para cada uno de los ríos estudiados, grupos que incluyeron organismos fitoplanctónicos indicadores de una buena o mala calidad de agua y aspectos fisicoquímicos que, explicaron en todos los casos, al menos un 69 % de la variabilidad de la información contenida en la base de datos
THE IMPACT OF CHINA´S ACCESSION TO WTO ON THE EXPORTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
No full textUsing the "revealed competitive advantage indices" for exports and imports, the paper is devoted to the analyses of the vulnerability of selected developing countries if China´s competitive position is improved due to its entry to WTO. In contrast to the existing literature which concentrates on labour-intensive products as a group, this paper considers products at a disaggregate level since products in the same group are not often homogeneous. In labour-intensive manufactured goods, China competes mainly with South Asian* countries and a few Latin American and African countries. But it also provides them with little demand complementary effects. Nevertheless, some Latin American and African countries may benefit from the expansion of China´s imports of foods and agricultural raw materials. In the final market for capital goods China competes with Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) and Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, and in a limited number of goods with Mexico and Costa Rica. For NIEs, unlike others such competition involves complementary effects, through the import of parts and components, which will over-offset the competition effects in the short- and medium-run. As China develops its capacity to produce components, however, the "competition " effect may dominate. China´s export structure is similar to that of the Republic of Korea and Malaysia in the final market for a number of "finished" capital goods. By contrast, Thailand is vulnerable in clothing, miscellaneous household equipment and electric machinery. Indonesia has little to worry except for furniture. India concentrates mainly on undergarments, and China in outer garments. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Viet Nam and Nepal have similar export structure with China in some clothing items, but overall they, particularly Viet Nam have been aggressive in exportation of these products. Sri Lanka and Pakistan also compete with China in toys and sporting goods, but both have shown some strength in their exports. Except Mexico, Costa Rica, Haiti and to some extent Uruguay, the export structure of the Latin American countries is mostly different from that of China. Mexico has a strong competitive position vis-à-vis China in a number of clothing items, but weaker in a few assembly operation. Costa Rica´s competitive advantage has noticeably improved for a number of clothing items and a few assembly operations. Haiti competes with China in 8 products, mostly clothing. It has a strong competitive position in footwear, one clothing item and some base metal. Uruguay´s relative competitive position is weak in a number of labourintensive products. The export structure of African countries is different from that of China, except for Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Malawi. These countries have improved their competitive position in their clothing. China´s entry into the WTO will not change, for some time, its market access for textiles and clothing for it to be a threat to other developing countries. In fact, China´s growth in quota for exports to developed countries will increase far less than other developing countries. Nevertheless, if China attempts devaluation the situation could change radically. China´s devaluation is however unlikely. Over a longer-term, much depends on what policy China will pursue in its trade and industrialization. China´s attempt in increasing domestic value added in exports could lead to improvement in its competitiveness in technology/skill intensive products of interest to NIEs and the ASEAN.
DYNAMIC PRODUCTS IN WORLD EXPORTS
No full textThe values and market shares of three product categories have grown most rapidly in world exports during the period 1980–1998: electrical and electronic goods (including parts and components for such goods), goods which require high R&D expenditures, and labour-intensive products, particularly clothing. A strong geographical concentration in developing countries at both regional and country levels is discernable regarding the origin of these products. There appears to be a sustained movement in world exports towards the growing significance of a limited number of products and it would seem that there has been a rapid and sustained technological upgrading in the export composition of developing countries. However, since the involvement of developing countries is usually limited to the labour-intensive stages in the production process of technology-intensive goods in the context of international production sharing, simple measures of growth in gross export values are poor guides for an assessment of the nature of participation of developing countries in world trade.
Evaluación de las competencias ambientales en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Caso de estudio: Escuela Politécnica Nacional.
No full textLa investigación evalúa las competencias ambientales de los estudiantes de pregrado y los profesores de la
Escuela Politécnica Nacional. Se enfoca en tres objetivos: i) Identificar las competencias ambientales con las que
debe contar el profesorado y alumnado de las Instituciones de Educación Superior; ii) Diagnosticar y analizar la
situación actual de las competencias ambientales de los profesores y estudiantes de grado de la EPN y; iii)
Proponer estrategias de gestión a nivel de profesores y estudiantes para favorecer y mejorar el desarrollo y la
aplicación de competencias ambientales. En primer lugar, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con la finalidad
de conocer cueles son los tipos de competencias que deben tener los miembros de una comunidad universitaria,
esta revisión dio a conocer que son tres: i) Competencias ambientales cognitivas; ii) Competencias ambientales
actitudinales y; iii) Competencias ambientales metodológicas. Posteriormente se utilizó la encuesta propuesta
por la autora Olaya Álvarez García (2015), que fue adaptada al contexto de la EPN, la aplicación y el análisis de
la información levantada permitió conocer la situación actual de profesores y estudiantes respecto a las
competencias ambientales, la aplicación y análisis permitió conocer que los profesores tienen mejores
competencias respecto a los alumnos y que las competencias actitudinales obtuvieron mayores valores promedio
a diferencia de las otras dos competencias. Finalmente, se realizó entrevistas a docentes/investigadores expertos
en el área ambiental con la finalidad de profundizar en los resultados obtenidos y proponer estrategias de gestión
para mejorar el desarrollo y aplicación de competencias ambientales.The research evaluates the environmental competencies of students and teachers of the Escuela
Politécnica Nacional (EPN) and it is focused on three specific objectives: i) to identify the environmental
competencies that teachers and students of Higher Education Institutions must have; ii) to analyze the current
situation of the environmental competences of the teachers and students of the EPN; and iii) to propose strategies
for teachers and students to improve the development and application of environmental competencies. In a first
place, a bibliographic review was carried out to know the types of environmental competences. Students and
teachers must have three types of environmental competencies, which are: i) cognitive environmental
competencies based on environmental knowledge; ii) attitudinal environmental competencies based on attitudes,
feelings and values and iii) methodological environmental competencies based on the behaviors that individuals
have in their daily lives with respect to the environment. Subsequently, the survey proposed by the author Olaya
Álvarez García (2015) was adapted to the context of the EPN. The application and analysis of the information
collected allowed to know the current situation of teachers and students regarding environmental competencies,
determining that teachers have better competencies than students. The attitudinal competences referring to pro environmental attitudes, feelings and values obtained higher average values than the other two competences.
Finally, interviews were conducted with three expert teachers / researchers in the environmental area to deepen
the results obtained and propose management strategies to improve the development and application of
environmental competencies.Araujo Vizuete, Gabriela Fernanda, directo
