13 research outputs found
Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae in southern Benin.
No full textBACKGROUND: The emergence of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae has become a serious concern to the future success of malaria control. In Benin, the National Malaria Control Programme has recently planned to scaling up long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria prevention. It is, therefore, crucial to monitor the level and type of insecticide resistance in An. gambiae, particularly in southern Benin where reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and IRS has previously been reported. METHODS: The protocol was based on mosquito collection during both dry and rainy seasons across forty districts selected in southern Benin. Bioassay were performed on adults collected from the field to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticide-impregnated papers (permethrin 0.75%, delthamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, and bendiocarb 0.1%) following WHOPES guidelines. The species within An. gambiae complex, molecular form and presence of kdr and ace-1 mutations were determined by PCR. RESULTS: Strong resistance to permethrin and DDT was found in An. gambiae populations from southern Benin, except in Aglangandan where mosquitoes were fully susceptible (mortality 100%) to all insecticides tested. PCR showed the presence of two sub-species of An. gambiae, namely An. gambiae s.s, and Anopheles melas, with a predominance for An. gambiae s.s (98%). The molecular M form of An. gambiae was predominant in southern Benin (97%). The kdr mutation was detected in all districts at various frequency (1% to 95%) whereas the Ace-1 mutation was found at a very low frequency (<or= 5%). CONCLUSION: This study showed a widespread resistance to permethrin in An. gambiae populations from southern Benin, with a significant increase of kdr frequency compared to what was observed previously in Benin. The low frequency of Ace-1 recorded in all populations is encouraging for the use of bendiocarb as an alternative insecticide to pyrethroids for IRS in Benin
Contribution of poses screen preimpregnated (PSP) installed at openings and eaves of dwellings in the reduction of malaria transmission in the commune of aguégués in bénin
No full textAbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the contribution of poses screen pre-impregnated (PSP) installed at openings and eaves of dwellings in the reduction of malaria transmission in the commune of Aguégués in Bénin.MethodsThe PSP were manufactured from preimpregnated Olyset Net. They were installed at windows, eaves and doors of 70 dwellings. 320 children aged 6-59 months were treated and 311 children were recruited in the control zone. Variables measured are: plasmodic index (IP), gametocyte index, parasite density (PD), fever, hemoglobin, anemia.ResultsThe global IP was 16.62% with PSP and 72.20% without PSP. Gametocyte index did not differ significantly between the treated zone (27.8) and the control zone (29.1). The total geometric mean of DP was 309 in the treated zone and 600 in the control zone. Hemoglobin level is 8.7 in the control zone and 9.5 in the treated zone. We noted a predominance of anemia in the control zone compared to the treated zone.ConclusionsThe PSP have contributed to a significant reduction in morbidity in the commune of Aguégués
Exchange reform, parallel markets, and inflation in Africa : the case of Ghana
No full textThis paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the issue of exchange rate reform in the presence of parallel markets. In Ghana, which has carried out one of the most thorough structural adjustment programs in Africa, an increasingly high inflation rate has been attributed to major devaluations of the official exchange rate. The authors dispute this conclusion based on careful testing and simulations using a macroeconomic model estimated with Ghanaian data. This model also shows that there is no direct relationship between the official exchange rate and inflation. The results also show that official devaluation had a postive effect on Ghana's budget. Revenue improvements came from three channels: the higher grant aid disbursed at a more depreciated exchange rate, a reduction in the subsidies that had accrued to importers through an overvalued exchange rate, and an increase in export taxes as cocoa farmers increasingly marketed their output through official channels. The official devaluation therefore did not produce higher budget deficits, demand pressure did not spill onto the parallel market, and the exchange premium narrowed considerably. The key to the success of the program was the adequate level of foreign financing, combined with a coherent set of fiscal policies.Access to Markets,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Stabilization,Markets and Market Access
L'arche de Noé de Saint-Savin
No full textThe depiction of the ark at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe was noted mainly because of the two giant figures holding onto the roof of the ark. Similar representation can be found in the murals of the church of Saint Jean Baptist de Château-Gontier. The author shows their origin to be in Jewish legends. The distribution of the animals and humans in the ark points also to the same origins. The article compares the depiction of the ark in Saint-Savin with those of the illuminations in the manuscripts of the Caedmon poetry, wich shows angels in a somewhat similar position, with the Aelfric paraphrase, as well as the paintings by W. de Brailes, all of which show some traces of Jewish legends. The unconventional form of the sequence and continuity of the stories depicted in the vault painting in the nave of Saint-Savin and the direction of some of the depictions from right to left may point also to an earlier pictorial model of Jewish origin.La représentation de l'arche de Noé à Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe et son exceptionnelle iconographie ont retenu l'attention des chercheurs essentiellement focalisés sur les deux personnages gigantesques agrippés à la toiture de l'arche. La même représentation figure à l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Château-Gontier. L'A. en fait remonter l'origine aux légendes juives, origine qu'atteste également la distribution des animaux et des hommes aux différents points de l'arche. L'article compare la représentation de l'arche de Saint-Savin, d'une part avec celle des enluminures des manuscrits du poème de Caedmon, où les anges affectent une position quelque peu semblable, d'autre part avec celle de la paraphrase d'Aelfric et des peintures de W. de Brailes, où l'on relève aussi des traces de légendes juives. La forme non conventionnelle des séquences et le fait que la lecture de certaines images se fasse de droite à gauche renvoient aussi à un modèle pictural précoce d'origine juive.Friedman Mira. L'arche de Noé de Saint-Savin. In: Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, 40e année (n°158), Avril-juin 1997. pp. 123-143
Spårämnesdata (Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) från den bottenlevande foraminiferarten Nonionella stella, provtagen i ytsediment från Santa Barbara bassängen, USA - Trace-elemental data (Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of the benthic foraminifer Nonionella stella from core-top sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin, USA
No full textDataset of Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca of the three most-recently formed chambers (n, n-1 and n-2) of Nonionella stella (CTG-labelled) acquired by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS; Nordsim, Stockholm, Sweden). Nonionella stella specimens were collected from core-top samples of three sites over a depth-gradient in the Santa Barbara Basin, off Southern California, USA. The data set is part of a study exploring the response of foraminiferal Mn/Ca to changing bottom-water oxygenation and pore-water Mn geochemistry. The data is discussed in: Brinkmann, I., Ni, S., Schweizer, M., Oldham, V. E., Quintana Krupinski, N. B., Medjoubi, K., et al. (2021). Foraminiferal Mn/Ca as bottom-water hypoxia proxy: An assessment of Nonionella stella in the Santa Barbara Basin, USA. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36, e2020PA004167. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004167. Please contact the main author for further details ([email protected]). The northern SBB was sampled in May 2018 (cruise SP1811, R/V Robert Gordon Sproul) at site 1 (430 m; 34º 18.6’N, 119º 54.0’W), site 2 (505 m; 34º 20.8’N, 119º 59.0’W) and site 3 (567 m; 34º 19.2’N, 120º 03.4’W). Sediment cores were recovered with a Ocean Instruments MC800 multicorer. The cores were sliced into 0.5 cm sections (‘0–0.5 cm’, ‘0.5–1.0 cm’, ‘1.0–1.5 cm’ and ‘1.5–2.0 cm’; site 1 also 'fluff') and CTG-labelled to identify living foraminifera. Nonionella stella specimens were selected and bleached (NaOCl 5%) prior to epoxy-embedding. Trace element concentrations of test walls were analysed using a CAMECA ims1280 ion microprobe (Nordsim Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden); an OKA calcite crystal served as reference material.Dataset över Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca från de tre senaste bildade kamrarna (n, n-1, n-2) i skal av Nonionella stella, analyserade genom en jonmikrosond (SIMS; Nordsim, Stockholm, Sverige). Nonionella stella individer provtogs från ytsediment från tre stationer över en djupgradient i Santa Barbara bassängen, södra Kalifornien, USA. Datasetet är en del av en studie för att undersöka hur Mn/Ca kvoten i foraminiferers skal ändras med ändrad syrgaskoncentration. Publikationen där detta dataset ingår finns på https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004167. Kontakta huvudförfattaren för fler detaljer ([email protected]). För att använda datasetet måste källa anges. Norra delen av Santa Barbara bassängen provtogs i maj 2018 (expedition SP1811, R/V Robert Gordon Sproul), station 1 (430 m vattendjup; 34º 18.6’N, 119º 54.0’W), station 2 (505 m; 34º 20.8’N, 119º 59.0’W) och station 3 (567 m; 34º 19.2’N, 120º 03.4’W). Sedimenten provtogs med en Ocean Instruments MC800 multicorer. Sedimentkärnorna skivades till 0,5 cm tjocka skivor (‘0–0.5 cm’, ‘0.5–1.0 cm’, ‘1.0–1.5 cm’ and ‘1.5–2.0 cm’; station 1 även det lösa organiska ”fluffet” på överytan'). CTG tillsattes för att särskilja mellan levande och döda foraminiferer. Utvalda (nu döda) individer blektes (NaOCl 5%) innan de bäddades in i epoxy. Koncentrationerna av spårelementinnehållet i skalväggen analyserades genom att använda en CAMECA ims1280 jon mikrosond (Nordsim Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden)
Spårämnesdata (Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) från den bottenlevande foraminiferarten Nonionella stella, provtagen i ytsediment från Santa Barbara bassängen, USA
No full textDataset of Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca of the three most-recently formed chambers (n, n-1 and n-2) of Nonionella stella (CTG-labelled) acquired by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS; Nordsim, Stockholm, Sweden). Nonionella stella specimens were collected from core-top samples of three sites over a depth-gradient in the Santa Barbara Basin, off Southern California, USA. The data set is part of a study exploring the response of foraminiferal Mn/Ca to changing bottom-water oxygenation and pore-water Mn geochemistry.
The data is discussed in:
Brinkmann, I., Ni, S., Schweizer, M., Oldham, V. E., Quintana Krupinski, N. B., Medjoubi, K., et al. (2021). Foraminiferal Mn/Ca as bottom-water hypoxia proxy: An assessment of Nonionella stella in the Santa Barbara Basin, USA. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36, e2020PA004167. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004167.
Please contact the main author for further details ([email protected]).
The northern SBB was sampled in May 2018 (cruise SP1811, R/V Robert Gordon Sproul) at site 1 (430 m; 34º 18.6’N, 119º 54.0’W), site 2 (505 m; 34º 20.8’N, 119º 59.0’W) and site 3 (567 m; 34º 19.2’N, 120º 03.4’W). Sediment cores were recovered with a Ocean Instruments MC800 multicorer. The cores were sliced into 0.5 cm sections (‘0–0.5 cm’, ‘0.5–1.0 cm’, ‘1.0–1.5 cm’ and ‘1.5–2.0 cm’; site 1 also 'fluff') and CTG-labelled to identify living foraminifera. Nonionella stella specimens were selected and bleached (NaOCl 5%) prior to epoxy-embedding. Trace element concentrations of test walls were analysed using a CAMECA ims1280 ion microprobe (Nordsim Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden); an OKA calcite crystal served as reference material.Dataset över Mn/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca från de tre senaste bildade kamrarna (n, n-1, n-2) i skal av Nonionella stella, analyserade genom en jonmikrosond (SIMS; Nordsim, Stockholm, Sverige). Nonionella stella individer provtogs från ytsediment från tre stationer över en djupgradient i Santa Barbara bassängen, södra Kalifornien, USA. Datasetet är en del av en studie för att undersöka hur Mn/Ca kvoten i foraminiferers skal ändras med ändrad syrgaskoncentration. Publikationen där detta dataset ingår finns på https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004167. Kontakta huvudförfattaren för fler detaljer ([email protected]). För att använda datasetet måste källa anges.
Norra delen av Santa Barbara bassängen provtogs i maj 2018 (expedition SP1811, R/V Robert Gordon Sproul), station 1 (430 m vattendjup; 34º 18.6’N, 119º 54.0’W), station 2 (505 m; 34º 20.8’N, 119º 59.0’W) och station 3 (567 m; 34º 19.2’N, 120º 03.4’W). Sedimenten provtogs med en Ocean Instruments MC800 multicorer. Sedimentkärnorna skivades till 0,5 cm tjocka skivor (‘0–0.5 cm’, ‘0.5–1.0 cm’, ‘1.0–1.5 cm’ and ‘1.5–2.0 cm’; station 1 även det lösa organiska ”fluffet” på överytan'). CTG tillsattes för att särskilja mellan levande och döda foraminiferer. Utvalda (nu döda) individer blektes (NaOCl 5%) innan de bäddades in i epoxy. Koncentrationerna av spårelementinnehållet i skalväggen analyserades genom att använda en CAMECA ims1280 jon mikrosond (Nordsim Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden)
Average Household Size and the Eradication of Malaria
No full textEfforts to eradicate malaria during the 20th century succeeded in some parts of the world but failed in others. Malaria also disappeared spontaneously in several countries for reasons that remain an enigma. The connection between malaria and poverty has long been noted. Here we focus on a specific aspect: household size, which has hitherto received little attention. We find strong evidence that when average household size drops below four persons, the probability of malaria eradication jumps dramatically and its incidence in the population drops significantly. This effect is independent of all commonly-studied explanatory variables and was globally valid across all climate zones irrespective of counter measures, vector species, or Plasmodium species. We propose an explanation based on the dispersal mechanism of the parasite. Malaria is transmitted at night by mosquito bite. The mosquito typically spreads the Plasmodium only locally over short distances to new human victims. To survive, the Plasmodium depends on infected humans making social contacts over longer distances. When household size decreases sufficiently, these contacts cross a threshold value that changes the balance between extinctions and replacements and the Plasmodium disappears on its own. We test this interpretation by contrasting our malaria model with dengue fever, which is also poverty-related and mosquito-borne but transmitted differently, namely through daytime exposure. Household size is uncorrelated with dengue incidence, whereas an indicator of outdoor work that is insignificant in the malaria model is highly significant for dengue. We conclude that poverty-induced malaria infection risks are likely to persist, but a focus on reducing effective household size can be a feasible and promising means of its eradication.Malaria;dengue fever, household size, DDT
Attrition, physical integrity and insecticidal activity of long-lasting insecticidal nets in sub-Saharan Africa and modelling of their impact on vectorial capacity
No full textLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the primary malaria prevention and control intervention in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. While LLINs are expected to last at least 3 years under normal use conditions, they can lose effectiveness because they fall out of use, are discarded, repurposed, physically damaged, or lose insecticidal activity. The contributions of these different interrelated factors to durability of nets and their protection against malaria have been unclear.; Starting in 2009, LLIN durability studies were conducted in seven countries in Africa over 5 years. WHO-recommended measures of attrition, LLIN use, insecticidal activity, and physical integrity were recorded for eight different net brands. These data were combined with analyses of experimental hut data on feeding inhibition and killing effects of LLINs on both susceptible and pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors to estimate the protection against malaria transmission-in terms of vectorial capacity (VC)-provided by each net cohort over time. Impact on VC was then compared in hypothetical scenarios where one durability outcome measure was set at the best possible level while keeping the others at the observed levels.; There was more variability in decay of protection over time by country than by net brand for three measures of durability (ratios of variance components 4.6, 4.4, and 1.8 times for LLIN survival, use, and integrity, respectively). In some countries, LLIN attrition was slow, but use declined rapidly. Non-use of LLINs generally had more effect on LLIN impact on VC than did attrition, hole formation, or insecticide loss.; There is much more variation in LLIN durability among countries than among net brands. Low levels of use may have a larger impact on effectiveness than does variation in attrition or LLIN degradation. The estimated entomological effects of chemical decay are relatively small, with physical decay probably more important as a driver of attrition and non-use than as a direct cause of loss of effect. Efforts to maximize LLIN impact in operational settings should focus on increasing LLIN usage, including through improvements in LLIN physical integrity. Further research is needed to understand household decisions related to LLIN use, including the influence of net durability and the presence of other nets in the household
Terapêutica Experimental e Clínica na Esquistossomose mansoni
No full textFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Este trabalho sobre quimioterapia da esquistossomose mansoni foi dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro é feita uma revisão sobre as principais contribuições, no que se refere a manutenção do ciclo do Schistosoma mansoni no laboratório, técnicas e metodologia de avaliação de possíveis agentes com atividade anti-esquistossomótica e foi dado ênfase as drogas curativas (especialmente oxamniquina e praziquantel), mas também drogas com ação profilática ou supressora (isto é, que interrompem a postura do S. mansoni). No segundo, sobre terapêutica clínica na esquistossomose mansoni foram considerados os estudos clínicos com oxamnquine, praziquantel e derivados da artemisinina, isto é, drogas que estão sendo usadas atualmente em diversos países. Foram ainda discutidos importantes problemas que surgiram após o uso destas drogas, como aqueles relacionados à resistência às drogas esquistossomicidas, a. associação das mesmas e o papel importante que tem a quimioterapia específica no controle da endemia esquistossomótica. Como conclusão, embora seja reconhecida que tanto a oxamniquina como o praziquantel sejam bem tolerados e apresentam atividade terapêutica boa, os problemas relacionados a resistência ou baixa susceptibilidade de cepas de S. mansoni encontradas em muitos pacientes em diferentes regiões, indicam a necessidade urgente de investimentos para descobrimento de novos agentes esquistossomicidas. Neste sentido deve-se destacar os pesquisadores, brasileiros que junto com órgãos internacionais especialmente a Organização Mundial de Saúde, associados às indústrias farmacêuticas,. poderiam em conjunto proporcionar o encontro desses novos esquistossomicidas. Por outro lado, a intensificação do uso da quimioterapia em larga escala nas populações residentes em áreas endêmicas, que ajuda na prevenção das formas hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansoni e na dominuição da prevalência nessas áreas, associadas às medidas de saneamento básico, modificações do meio e com o auxílio da educação para a saúde das populações, podem controlar esta endemia, descoberta há 100 anos no nosso país e que ainda acomete milhões de brasileiros.This work on ch
emotherapy of sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni was divided into two
ch
apters. The first ch
apter is a review on the major co
ntributions related to the maintenance
of the life cycl
e of
Schistosoma mansoni
under laboratory co
nditions,
tech
niques and
methodology for eva
luation of possi
ble agents with antich
istoso
mal activity.
The author
underlines the cu
rative
drugs (esp
ecially oxa
mniquina and praziquantel), as well as drugs
with prophylactic or su
rpresso
r activity (i.e., drugs that interrupt
S. mansoni
egg-laying).
In the se
co
nd ch
apter, on clinica
l therapy in sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni, clinica
l
studies with oxa
mniquina, praziquantel and artemisinine deriva
tive
s,
i.e., drugs that are
cu
rrently being use
d in different co
untries are reported.
Further, important problems that arose
after the use
of those
drugs are
discu
sse
d, su
ch
as problems related to resistance
to antisch
istoso
mal drugs, asso
ciation of
these
drugs,
and the problem
of utmost
importance
co
nnected with the sp
ecific
ch
emotherapy in the co
ntrol of sch
istoso
miasis in endemic areas.
It was co
ncluded that, although it is already reco
gnize
d that oxa
mniquina, as
well as praziquantel, are well tolerated and sh
ow good therapeutic activity, the problems
related to resistance
or low su
sce
ptibility of
S. mansoni
strains detected in many patients in
different regions, indica
te the urgent need of new antisch
istoso
mal agents. In this se
nse
, it
must
be highlighted that Brazilian rese
arch
ers together with international organs,
as the
W
orld Health Organiza
tion, that asso
ciated to pharmace
utic industries co
uld proportionate
the se
arch
for new antisch
istoso
mal agents.
On the other hand, the intensifica
tion of the use
of ch
emotherapy, which
helps
in the preve
ntion of the hepatosp
lenic forms of sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni, and in the decrease
of preva
lence
in endemic areas asso
ciated to basic sa
nitation measu
res,
environmental
ch
anges and with help of health educa
tion for the populations, co
uld promote the co
ntrol of
this endemic dise
ase
, which
was disco
ve
red in our co
untry 100 ye
ars ago, but it is still
affecting millions of Brazilian individuals
Terapêutica Experimental e Clínica na Esquistossomose mansoni
No full textEste trabalho sobre quimioterapia da esquistossomose mansoni foi dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro é feita uma revisão sobre as principais contribuições, no que se refere a manutenção do ciclo do Schistosoma mansoni no laboratório, técnicas e metodologia de avaliação de possíveis agentes com atividade anti-esquistossomótica e foi dado ênfase as drogas curativas (especialmente oxamniquina e praziquantel), mas também drogas com ação profilática ou supressora (isto é, que interrompem a postura do S. mansoni). No segundo, sobre terapêutica clínica na esquistossomose mansoni foram considerados os estudos clínicos com oxamnquine, praziquantel e derivados da artemisinina, isto é, drogas que estão sendo usadas atualmente em diversos países. Foram ainda discutidos importantes problemas que surgiram após o uso destas drogas, como aqueles relacionados à resistência às drogas esquistossomicidas, a. associação das mesmas e o papel importante que tem a quimioterapia específica no controle da endemia esquistossomótica. Como conclusão, embora seja reconhecida que tanto a oxamniquina como o praziquantel sejam bem tolerados e apresentam atividade terapêutica boa, os problemas relacionados a resistência ou baixa susceptibilidade de cepas de S. mansoni encontradas em muitos pacientes em diferentes regiões, indicam a necessidade urgente de investimentos para descobrimento de novos agentes esquistossomicidas. Neste sentido deve-se destacar os pesquisadores, brasileiros que junto com órgãos internacionais especialmente a Organização Mundial de Saúde, associados às indústrias farmacêuticas,. poderiam em conjunto proporcionar o encontro desses novos esquistossomicidas. Por outro lado, a intensificação do uso da quimioterapia em larga escala nas populações residentes em áreas endêmicas, que ajuda na prevenção das formas hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansoni e na dominuição da prevalência nessas áreas, associadas às medidas de saneamento básico, modificações do meio e com o auxílio da educação para a saúde das populações, podem controlar esta endemia, descoberta há 100 anos no nosso país e que ainda acomete milhões de brasileiros.This work on ch
emotherapy of sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni was divided into two
ch
apters. The first ch
apter is a review on the major co
ntributions related to the maintenance
of the life cycl
e of
Schistosoma mansoni
under laboratory co
nditions,
tech
niques and
methodology for eva
luation of possi
ble agents with antich
istoso
mal activity.
The author
underlines the cu
rative
drugs (esp
ecially oxa
mniquina and praziquantel), as well as drugs
with prophylactic or su
rpresso
r activity (i.e., drugs that interrupt
S. mansoni
egg-laying).
In the se
co
nd ch
apter, on clinica
l therapy in sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni, clinica
l
studies with oxa
mniquina, praziquantel and artemisinine deriva
tive
s,
i.e., drugs that are
cu
rrently being use
d in different co
untries are reported.
Further, important problems that arose
after the use
of those
drugs are
discu
sse
d, su
ch
as problems related to resistance
to antisch
istoso
mal drugs, asso
ciation of
these
drugs,
and the problem
of utmost
importance
co
nnected with the sp
ecific
ch
emotherapy in the co
ntrol of sch
istoso
miasis in endemic areas.
It was co
ncluded that, although it is already reco
gnize
d that oxa
mniquina, as
well as praziquantel, are well tolerated and sh
ow good therapeutic activity, the problems
related to resistance
or low su
sce
ptibility of
S. mansoni
strains detected in many patients in
different regions, indica
te the urgent need of new antisch
istoso
mal agents. In this se
nse
, it
must
be highlighted that Brazilian rese
arch
ers together with international organs,
as the
W
orld Health Organiza
tion, that asso
ciated to pharmace
utic industries co
uld proportionate
the se
arch
for new antisch
istoso
mal agents.
On the other hand, the intensifica
tion of the use
of ch
emotherapy, which
helps
in the preve
ntion of the hepatosp
lenic forms of sch
istoso
miasis manso
ni, and in the decrease
of preva
lence
in endemic areas asso
ciated to basic sa
nitation measu
res,
environmental
ch
anges and with help of health educa
tion for the populations, co
uld promote the co
ntrol of
this endemic dise
ase
, which
was disco
ve
red in our co
untry 100 ye
ars ago, but it is still
affecting millions of Brazilian individuals
