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(22(2):155-159)THE EFFECT OF MULCHING MATERIALS ON THE OIL YIELD AND CITRONELLAL CONTENT OF CITRONELLA GRASS
No full text本試驗為探討不同覆蓋物對香茅草油產量及香茅醛含量之影響，計分4種處理，4重複。試驗結果顯示不同覆蓋物對產草影響不大，而對油分中香茅醛含量有顯著效果，尤以D處理覆蓋黑已不透明塑膠布老含量為最高。
Three kinds of mulching materials were tested on the citronella field for the of obtaining better grass growth and increasing the yield and citronellal content of oil.
Though significant differences in grass growth and oil yield were not found among all treatments tested, however, the citronellal content of oil was much increased by the mulching with black opaque plastic film
(17(4):47-50)Influence Of Mulching Materlals And Fertilizer Levels On The Oil Of Lemon Grass
No full text為測定覆蓋與施肥量對檸檬草含油率及油分中Citral含量的影響，特以盆栽的檸檬草，施以由三種施肥量和四種覆蓋物組成的十二種處理，試驗結果指出施用三要素肥料，對降低含油率的影響不大，而對增加鮮草產草則有顯著效果，對於油分中Citral含量，施多量肥有明顯的降低作用，但此種不良影響，似可藉覆蓋、尤其覆以乳白色塑膠布予以補救，此外，乳白色塑膠布並可提高含油率，比不覆蓋高0.13%。
In order to investigate the effect of mulch and fereilization on oil and citral content in Lemon grass, a complete rendomized pot experiment was conducted with replications. Four different mulch materials were combined with three levels of fertilizer to form twelve treatments. The result showed that oil content had only a little response to fertilizer app-lication but tended to be increased by mulch of with wnite polystylene. High fertilizer level depressed greatlv the citral content in oil But this advice effect was improved by mulching treatment. The higest citral content was also obtained from the treatment with white poly-stylene
(15(4):23-40)STUDIES ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF CULTURE METHOD IN CITRONELLA GRASS I. The Effects of Mulch and Fertilization on the Yield of Grass and Oil of Citronella Grass
No full text本研究目的在探討防止香茅園的水土流失，以提高香茅草的單位面積產草量及產油量，試驗係自 51 年起至 54 年，在苗栗縣四地區同時舉行，處理分四種（A）覆草施肥，(B）覆草不施肥，(C) 不覆草施肥（D）不覆草不施肥。生草每年收刈三次。
各處理的生草產量，隨年度，季節及地區而略有不同，大致施肥效果甚為明顯，在 4 年試驗中，不論覆草與否，均以施肥區最高，覆草效果則各年略有不同，第 1 年兩施肥處理比較，不覆草較覆草略優，據推測可能係覆草間接影響土壤氮的有效性所致。以後 3 年覆草處理常較不覆草者高產，第二年差異較大，第3、4年差異均不明顯。第 2 年差異較大的原因，可能與該年年初霜害有關，處理均方的 F 值測驗，除第 1 年外，各年均未達 5 %的顯著水準。
各處理的含油率也隨年度，季節及地區而互不一致。一般施肥似有降低含油率之勢，惟處理間差異問皆不大，亦即所受覆草與施肥的影響不大。故本試驗的結果，生草收草高者收油量亦高。
51 年及 52 年 8 月收刈所得的香茅油，曾行品質分析，以了解其受施肥與覆草的影響，結果發現香茅醛含量在 51 年各區甚為一致，均以覆草不施肥的含量最高，且皆在 60 %以上，較其他處理（約 40 %）高出甚多，反之，在不覆草的兩處理中，則以施肥區較高， 53 年分析結果各區部份不大一致，有兩區以覆草與施肥處理的含香茅醛量最高，其他兩區處理間差異甚小。
其他各項油的物理性質，包括比重施光度，折射率，總醇量，酒精，溶解度，經測定結果處理間的差異皆不大，各測定值，一般均合於國家所訂標準。
The objective of this study was to help raise the yield of citronella grass and to prevent the water erosion occurred in the grass field. The experiment was laid down at 5 places in Miao-li prefecture in 1962 and continued until 1965. Four treatments as (A) mulched and fertilized (B) mulched and unfertilized (C) unmuiched and fertilized (D) unmulched and unfertilized, were arranged with 3 times of harvesting per year.
The yield of fresh grass in each treatment varied with different years, seasons and places. In general, the yield of the two fertilized treatments, whether mulched or not, was greater than that of the two unfertilized treatments throughout the whole experiment. The effect of mulch differed in each year. In the first year (1862), unmulched was superior to mulched between the two fertilized treatments, this has been postulated to be the less availability of soil nitrogen which was influenced indirectly by mulched condition. In the later three years of the experiment, mulched treatments usually yielded better than unmulched, the differences was remarkable in 1963 but slight in 1964 and in 1965, the beneficial effect of mulch in 1963 could largely be due to the heavy frost occurred in spring of that year. Anyhow, the differences between treatments, with the exception in 1962, were not statistically significant at 5% level of probability for both mulch and fertilizer application.
Oil content percentage also varied with years, seasons and places. In several seasons, the oil content had the tendency to decrease, with the fertilizer application. However, the differences between treatments were small and rarely exceeded 0.1%, it seems that oil formation was affected little, at least in this experiment, by mulch and/or fertilization. Therefore, high grass yield resulted in high oil yield
While considering the qualities of the citronella oil are very important to its market price, the oils collected in August of both 1962 and 1964 were analysed to investigate the influence of mulch and fertilization. The results indicated that the citronellal content in the four treatments had a uniform relation in all the places in 1962, the treatment subjected to mulch and unfertilized resulted in a more higher content of citronellal (60% above) than those of other tregtments (ca.40%). In contrast, comparing the two unmulched treatments, the fertilized was a little higher than the unfertilized. The results from 1964, unlike that of 1962, were not agreeable among the 4 places. The mulched and fertilized treatment had a greater citronellal content in two places but no prominent differences in the other two places was founded.
Other physical characteristics including specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, total alcohol, solubility in alcohol were also determnced. All of these characteristics differed slightly among various treatments and were all conformed to the values of the Chinese National Standard
(1(4):21-32)The Influence of Different Levels of under-ground Water upon the Growth and Fiber of the Flax Plant
No full text1．本研究爲比較地下水位對亞麻的生育，收量及纖維的影響。實驗場所在是室外，使用如上述圖解的給濕體型自動灌水式苗床，及試驗區分爲地下水位5cm區，20cm區，40cm區，60cm區，及80cm區等5區。
2．亞麻生育的最適地下水位，在發芽後30日期間以20cm爲宜，以後隨生育之漸進地下水位亦漸減低至最終達收穫期之地下水位以60cm爲最適。
3．地下水位對開花之影響，認爲以地下水位低（卽乾燥）較地下水位高（卽多濕）開花爲早。
4．關于收量方面以60cm爲最適，卽莖及種子之收量均最多。若高於或低於此地下水位時，則收量減少，而高水位較低水位之減少程度有顯著差別。
5．纖維之百分率及收量以地下水位60cm左右爲最適，卽60cm區之纖維百分率及收量最多。水位之愈高於此者，卽愈多濕時其成績愈劣。
6．綜合以上結果筆者以爲亞麻栽培之最適地下水位爲60cm左右。
1. This investigation, in order to observe the growing production and fiber of the flax plant as affected by different levels of under ground water, require a seed bed in the open air provided with automatic irrigation arrangement shown in the accompanying figure.
The under ground water levels under investigation are divided into 5 parts that is, the level 5cm. 20cm. 40cm. 60cm. and 80cm.
2. The suitable level of under ground water for the growing of the flax plant is 20cm below the surface of earth.
However, as the flax grows up, the level of under ground water decreases, thus the level 60cm at the time of harvest is most suitable.
3. It has been found that the time of blooming is earlier at the low level (that is dry) than the high level of under ground water.
4. With regard to the production, the lovel 60 cm is the most suitable and stem are abundant. If it is higher or lower than that level, the products will decrease and the extent of the decrease at the high level is greater than that of the decrease at the low level.
5. The percentage and production of fiber are highest at the under ground water level 60cm.
6. In view of the above descrived fact, it is concluded that the suitable under ground water level for the flax plant is about 60cm
(16(1):42-49)SPACING EXPERIMENTS ON CITRONELLA GRASS
No full text本試驗在苗栗四地區同時進行，連續三年，目的在研究香茅草的適當行株距香茅草產草量普遍隨栽植距離之縮小而增加，在五種行株距中，以100cm × 30cm D處理產草量最高，依次為70cm × 70cm（A處理），100cm × 50cm（C處理），120cm × 50cm（E處理），以100cm × 100cm（B處理）最劣，然臨界栽植距離尚無法決定。
不同行株距對香茅草含油率之影響，各區結果頗不一致，惟第三年處理間差異較大，且大致以A處理最高，其他兩年處理間差異較小，結果收油量除第三年以A處理最高外，餘均以D處理最高，其他依次為A，C，E及B。
油分之諸理化性質中，比重、旋光度、折光率及酒精溶解度，皆合於檢驗標準，油之重要成分香茅醛量及總醇量所受行株距之影響，隨各區、各年而互異，在多數情形有B處理較高，D，E處理較低之勢，似乎密植對香茅醛量有不利影響。
To find the suitable spacing of the citronella grass, an experiment was con-ducted at four locations in Mioli from 1963 through 1965 by using five spacing treatments.
Results indicate that spacing was significantly influence the grass yield in all four locations. The grass yield of five treatments was in the order as D treatment (100cm × 30cm), A (70cm × 70cm), C (100cm × 50cm), E (120cm × 50cm) and B (100cm × 100cm), though yield differences among C,E, and B were not statistically significant.
The percent oil content of citronella grass as affected by different spacing varied with loactions, and the difference among treatments were small. Only in the the third year, a somewhat large differencs were appeared with a highest oil percent on treatment A. For this reason, the oil yield of treatment A was higher than that of D, while in the first and second year, the oil yield of five treatments were in the same manner as in the grass yield.
The citronella content of the oil of different spacings were also varied with locations and harvesting time. In some cases, the narrow spacings as treatment D and E seems have had disadvantage effect on citronella content, and the content in treatment B was high in general
(19(1):34-39)AN EXPERIMENT OF FERTILIZATION ON ANGELICA ACUTILOBA
No full text為探究N.P.K之施肥量對於當歸根之產量及品質之影響。乃舉行本試驗。供試品種為大和當歸，分九個處理。茲將試驗結果商述如下：
1. 從表四中結果看，根產量則以N2P1K0處理區為最高，顯示由於加施N肥之顯影響，而K肥對於根產量似無影響。
2. 其他處理間根產量差異不顯著，而以N0P1K2處理區為最低，表示根產量受缺N肥的影響，而K肥的加施與否對根產量之影響不大。
3. 各處理間根產量受N及P肥施量之影響較大。
The present experiment is to study the effect of N.P.K. fertilizers on the yield and quality of Angelica. Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa f. acutilioba Hikino was used as the material which was planted on the field under nine treatments.
1. The highest root yield was obtained in the treatment of N2 P1 K0 This indicated that the yield increased was primarily due to the increased application of nitrogen fertilizer. Less influence of potassium to the root yield was noticed.
2. No statically signigicant differences in the root yield among other treatment were found. However, The lowest rot yield in the N0 P2 K2 treatment was noticed, indicating that the yield decrease was due to lack of nitrogen fertilizer. Effect of potassium on the root yield seems to be not prominent, the larger effect of phosphorus on the root yield was noticed however
(21(4):280-289)THE EFFECT OF TIMING OF FERTILIZATIONS ON YIELD OF FRESH GRASS AND OIL CONTENT AND QUALITY IN CITRONELLA GRASS
No full text為探求香茅草生育期中適當的三要素肥料施用時期，以提高香茅草之含油率及油品質，舉行本試驗。自民國57年(1968)7月至60年(1971)6月，連續3年。供試材料為本省一般栽培之爪哇型香茅草（Java type citronella grass)，分5個施肥期處理。全年施肥量為N：P2O5：K2O＝120:60：60kg/ha。玆將試驗結果摘述如下：
1. 就香茅草生育特性言，其株高與分蘖數隨香茅草生育而顯著遞增。但在生育中受氣候、施肥期與肥料之影響為最。在嚴冬季節香茅草倍受影響，鮮草收量銳減。
2. 3年中鮮草收量以第2年為最多，而3年總收量（表2）則以（B）處理（N, P2O5及K2O肥料分三份在7月中旬，10月中第一割及2月中第二割後分別施用）為最高，有顯著增產之效，而以(c)處理（P2O5及K2O肥料分三份，施法同(B)，N肥以1/2施於7月中旬，餘1/2分三份，於每次收割前2個月施用）為最低，其他處理問鮮草量差異不顯著，表示鮮草量受各種不同施肥期之影響，氮肥分次在收割後立即施用較佳，而磷、鉀肥分次施用與否，對鮮草產量影響不大。
3. 各處理收油量與含油率隨年度、氣候及施肥期而互異，資料顯示3年收油量及含油率（表3、4）以（E）處理（P2O及K2O肥於7月中旬一次施用，N肥分三份，施法同（B)）為最高，(B)處理次之，而以(D)處理（N肥施法同(B)，P2O及K2O肥分三份，於收割前2個月分別施用）最低。顯示P2O5及K2O肥於每次收割前2個月施用有降低油量及含油率之趨勢。
4. 香茅油（Citronella oi1）之香茅醛（Citronellal）量之多寡與施肥期不同有關（表5)，以(E)處理最高，顯示P2O及K2O肥宜早期施用，N肥宜分次施下，均可提高香茅醛含量。
5. 各處理間香茅草之含油量及油品質受P2O及K2O肥施用時期是否適當之影響較大。
The purpose of this study was to inestigate the effects of the timing of fertilizations on the yield of fresh grass as well as oil content and quality of citronella oil. The experiments were conducted at Taipei for a period of three years, from July of 1968 to June, 1971. The variety, Java type of citronella grass was used. There were five different timing of fertilizations in this study. The total amount fertilizers of N, P2O5 K2O were 120, 60 and 60 kg/ha, respectively. The results are summarized as follows:
1. The plant height and the number of tillers of citronella grass increased with the plant growth. However, the plant growth was not only influenced by timing of fertilizations, but also by climate conditions. The yield of fresh grass was significantly decreased during the winter.
2. In the period of three years, the second year yielded the highest fresh grass. Comparing the treatments of three years average, the treatment B (split the N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizer into three parts, each part of them applicated at middle July, middle Oct. (1st harvest) and middle Feb. (2nd harvest) ) obtained the highest fresh grass, and the treatment C (applicated the P2O5 and K2O fertilizer as treatment B did, the 1/2 amount of N fertilizer applicated at middle July, split the remains into three parts, applicated each of them at two months before each harvest)harvested the lowest yield. The yields among other treatments were not significantly different. The results indicated the timing of nitrogen fertilizations affected the yield of fresh grass, the yields increased when nitrogen applied following harvesting. However, the effects of potassium and phosphorus fertilizers on fresh grass were limited.
3. The yield of oil and oil content of citronella grass varied with seasons, years and timing of fertilizations. According to the three years data, the treatment E (applicated N fertilizer as treatment B did, applicated P2O5 and K2O fertilizer at middle July once) obtained the highest yield of oil and percentage of oil content, followed by the treatment B, the treatment D (applicated N fertilizer as treatment B did, Split P2O5 and K2O fertilizer into three parts, applicated each part at two months before each harvest) yielded the lowest. The results showed fertilizers of potassium and phosphorus applied two months before harvest decreased the yield of oil and oil content.
4. The timing of fertilizations affected the content of citronellal in citronella oil. The treatment E showed the highest in citronellal content indicating that the quality of citronella oil can be irnproed by applying potassium and phosphorus fertilizers at the early stage of growth and applying nitrogen fertilizers two months before harvest.
5. The oil content of citronella grass and the quality of citronella oil was mainly influenced by the timing of potassium and phosphorus fertilizations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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