1,720,973 research outputs found
(20(4):47-52)PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE RICE SEEDLING DISEASE
No full text本年（1971）第1期稻作在彰化縣花壇鄉為配合插秧機作業的育苗箱上所發生的稻苗立枯病症，其被害程度頗嚴重，探討其病原菌以及防治方法，所得結果摘要如下：
自枯死稻苗或尚未完全枯死稻苗分離所得菌類有：Sclerotium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp.及Monilia sp.等。又自被害稻苗根部或上壤中的菌核分離結果，皆可得Sclerotium sp.。
為防治該病症，應勵行稻種消毒，及育苗箱在播種復每箱灌注Tachigaren 1,000倍稀釋液500-1,000 ml，可得良好之防治效果。
In order to pair with the operation of rice transplanter. Seedling cultivation boxes are used at Hua-tan Hsiang of Chang-hua Hsien. In the first crop of this year (1971), the rice seedling disease severely occurred in seedling cultivation box. Concerning with the pathogen and controlling methods, the results are obtained as follows.
The fungi isolated from dead tissues of the diseased seedlings or tissues not yet completely dead, were Sclerotium sp.; Helminthosporium sp.; Fusarium sp.; Alternaria sp.and Monilia sp.. On the other hand, there was same fungus Sclerotium sp. obtained from the roots of diseased seedlings and from sclerotia existed in the contaminated soil.
For the control of seedling disease, seed disinfection and application of “Tachigaren” onto the seedling cultivation box at the rate of 500~1000 ml per box at 1:1000 dilution, might give good control
(19(1):46-50)STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT OF RICE PLANT
No full text本試驗為檢討稻白葉枯病之接種方法，並行稻品種抗病雒度之測定。所得結果簡述如下：
供試70稻品種經浸水接種法與針刺接種法之結果，經t值測驗得t = 0.735< t (v=69 P=0.05)=1.994 ，即表示接兩種接種法所得結果並不顯著，故浸水接種法對於稻幼苗期行大批品種或品系測定抗病程度時為一可行之方法。
供試稻品種中均無極抗病（發病度0％）及極感病（76％以上）的品種，屬於抗病（1～15％）者有13種均屬蓬萊稻（Japonica type），屬於中抗（感）（16～35％）者有49種，當中蓬萊稻佔37品種，在來稻（Indica type）佔12品種，屬於感病（36～75％）者有8種，當中蓬萊稻僅有1品種，在來稻佔7品種，由此可知本省在來稻對白葉枯病之罹病程度較蓬萊稻為高。
The purpose of this study was to select the inoculation method and test the degree of resistance of rice varieties to bacterial leaf blight. The results could be summarized as follows:
From t test, t = 0.816/1.11 = 0.735 < t (v = 69 P = 0.05) = 1.994, the result indicated that t value was not significant, it also said that the difference between soaked inoculation method and the bundled needle inoculation method was not significant. Since the bundle needle inoculation method is a practical metod, the soaked inoculation method is also one of the most accurate and practical methods easily to induce the disease outbreak and to diagnose the difference in resistance by varieties when a large number of rice plants were inoculated during the seedling stage.
Among seventy rice varieties, so far tested, none was belong to highly resistance or highly susceptible grade. 13 varieties included in resistance grade ( degree of susceptibility 1-15%), most of the varieties belong to medium resistance grade, the degree of susceptibility were from 16-35% and 8 varieties included in susceptible grade (degree of susceptibility 36-75%). All resistance rice varieties, so far tested, belong to japonica type. Among 49 varieties, medium resistant to bacterial leaf blight, 37 were japonica varieties and 12 were indicas. Eight rice varieties included in susceptible grade, all belong to indica type, except the Kaohsiung-yu 637. Indica varieties seem to be more susceptible to bacterial leaf blight than the japonicas
(20(2):37-46)STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE BY SYSTEMATIC FUNGICIDES
No full text本試驗係為尋求系統性殺菌劑，以解決防治稻紋枯病施藥操作上之困難，所得結果簡述如下：
在室內測定各種藥劑之防治效果結果以Benfate水和劑噴射稻叢全體之效果最佳，其次為Mon乳劑，再其次為Mongare水和劑噴射區。無論Bonlate水和劑（灌注濃度和噴射方法相同時）或Mon水和劑用灌注方法施藥區之防冶效果均不理想。其原因可能為施藥時期不妥所致。另檢討Bonlate水和劑施藥時期結果，無淪噴射或隴主拖藥區，於施藥後第5、10、15天行人工接種病原茵觀察其發病狀況，第5天後接種病原菌比第2天接種時之防治效果為優，不過各處理區施藥後經過天數愈長（最長15天）其被害程度有漸次下降的傾向。Banlate水和劑據室內試驗檢討其灌注濃度結果，每盆（直徑22公分）灌注20 ml (400倍液）就可抑制其病斑進展（按此計算每公頃施藥量需13.6公斤之多），假如實際上應用此一濃度使用時，藥劑費用似嫌過高。
田間實地試驗結果，各藥劑施用區與對照區比較其防治效果有極顯著的差異，但第2期作因水稻生育後期受氣候（氣溫降下）之影響，各處理聞之差異並不顯著。在第1期作無論Benlate水和劑或Mon乳劑其施用方法以噴射區之防治效果或產量皆較灌注區為佳。在一般繁殖田未行人工接種病原菌，使其自然發病之狀況下，施用Mon粒劑（施用量每公頃40公斤）時，略有防治效果。
This experiment is aimed at searching systematic fungicides for control of rice sheath blight in order to solve the problem of the practical difficulties of using fungicides spray.
In greenhouse trials, Benlate (Wettable powder) spraying test showed the best control, Mon (Emulsion) the next and followed by mongare (Wettable powder) spray. Probably due to the improper time of application, the effect of Benlate and Mon granular were not significant. When inoculations were made at the 2nd, 5th ,10th and 15th day after application of Benlate, the effective control was observed for inoculation on the fifth-day after application. The laterthe inoculation was made after application of fungicides the lighter the disease incidence was observed (the longest was fifteen days). The development of lesions was inhibited when 20 ml of 400 dilution Benlate was added to the experimental pot (diameter 22 cm). However, the amount is equivalent to 13.6 Kg per hectare which seem to be too expensive for practical use in controlling the disease.
In field trials, it showed very significant effect of controlling the disease when fungicides application plots were compared with untreated ones. In the lst crop, Benlate or Mon Spraying plots showed less disease incidence and higher yield than that of adding plots, this would probably be due to the inoculation made earlier than the fungicides being absorbed by rice plant. Therefore, a better result may be expected if the inoculation will take place five days after fungicides application
(20(1):61-66)RE-EVALUATION OF MERCURIC FUNGICIDES FOR RICE SEED TREATMENT
No full text本試驗為重新測定Riogen片劑與Granosan M水和劑等現行推廣之有機汞劑之稻種消毒藥效而舉行。試驗分為穀粒法與綿線法。供試濃度為惟廣使用濃度。茲簡述本次試驗結果如下：
(一) 穀粒法試驗中，病原菌培養於殺菌後之穀粒上時，由於菌絲伸展至穀粒內部影響藥劑之消毒效果。因此以Riogen片劑處理8小時始完全抑制P. oryzae之生長，對於G. fujikuroi則只有96%之效果。Granosan M 水和劑略優，處理2小時即可完全殺死P. oryzae，對G. fujikuroi則需7小時始達100%之藥效。
(二) 綿線法中除Riogen片劑2,000倍處理G. fujikuroi之效果為98%外，其餘處理均有100%之殺菌效果。
(三) Riogen片劑與Granosan M水和劑之藥效，在 10~25℃之問時，溫度愈高藥效愈顯著。
(四) 總之，在供試之兩種藥劑中Granosan M水和劑對P. oryzae及G. fujikuroi之制菌力均較Riogen片劑略優，即使將Riogen片劑之濃度加倍其藥效仍較Granosan M水和劑稍差；但其差異並不顯著，故Riogen片劑仍不失為一種優良之種子消毒劑。若就病原菌言之，則兩種藥劑對於P. oryzae之殺菌效果均要比G. fujikuroi為高。
The present experiment compared the effectiveness of two organomercuric compounds, Granosan M wp. And Riogen tablet, as seed-treatment for controlling two major rice diseases, rice elongation caused by Gibberella fujikuroi. (Saw.) Wr. And blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. Two different methods, namely, the rice-grain method and cotton-string method were employed. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. Growing the test pathogens on autoclaved rice grains, the hyphae penetrated deep into the grains, and rather low percentage of kill was obtained by the rice-grain method. When reated with Riogen tablet at 1:2,000 for 8 hours growth of P. oryzae was completely inhibited while 96% inhibition only was obtained for G. fujikuroi. Granosan M wp. Had a better effect for P. oryzae which was inhibited completely with a 2-hour treatment but G. fujikuroi. needed 7 hours for some degree of control, using in both cases at 1:1,000 dilution of the test compound.
2. By the cotton-string method, all treatments gave a 100% kill, with the exception of Riogen at 1:2000 dilution for 5 minutes on G. fujikuroi. The percentage kill obtained with this treatment was 98%.
3. The killing effect of Riogen and Granosan was influenced by temperature. Whthin the temperature range of 10-25℃, the fungicides were more effective as the test temperature was higher.
4. In this experiment which was carried out in laboratory, Granosan appeared to inhibit the growth of both P. oryzae and G. fujikuroi more than Riogen at the test concentrations, but the difference was not significant. We conclude that Granosan M wp. and Riogen tablet are both valuable in rice seed-treatment for controlling P. oryzae and G. fujikuroi. Either of the two fungicides was more effective on P. oryzae than on G. fujikuroi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
(18(4):19-24)STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF SCLEROTIA OF THE RICE SHEATH BLIGHT FUNGUS, PELLICULARIA SASAKII
No full text本試驗係檢討稻紋枯病菌菌核切開小塊時之病原性是否有差異及該菌核之侵害持續時間，其結果如下︰
稻紋枯病菌菌核曾切開成為 ， ， 及 後其病原性和無切開菌核之差異不大，均維持強度的病原性。但其病斑大小愈切開呈小塊其病斑愈小。供試抽穗期的水稻，接種各葉鞘時，自上向下第2葉鞘的感病程度（病斑數，病斑長）最高，其次為劍葉，再其次為第3葉鞘。
同一菌核接種於孕穗期的稻葉鞘，經過4天形成病斑後，將該菌核取下再接種於另支葉鞘，如此連續接種者每次都可減低侵害能力，至第5次就全部失卻病原性。另如每次取下菌核並經陰乾後再接種時，其侵害能力僅維持3次。
In this experiment the pathogenicity of the cutted scierotia of rice sheath blight fungus and the invading ability continued period of the scierotia were reported. The results could be summarized as follow:
1. Comparing the pathogenicity of the sclerotia cutted in to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 pieces with the whole ones, the difference was not significant, the pathogenicity were all kept. But the size of the lesions were different, the smaller the sclerotium cutted in to, the smaller the lesion was presented. While during the booting stage, inoculation was made on every sheath of rice plant. The susceptible degree (number and length of the lesion) was highest on second sheath counted from the upper part of the rice plant, the next susceptible sheath belong to flag leaf and the third one was on third sheath.
2. Inoculating the same sclerotium on rice sheath during booting stage. After four days the lesions were formed, then took the sclerotium and transfer to another sheath. The pathogenicity was lost on the fifth time, every time the invading ability of the sclerotium decreased. While the sclerotium was put under room temperature for drying for one night before the next time transfer, the invading ability could only continued for three times
(21(3):191-202)GREENHOUSE STUDY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTATION ON THE CONTROL OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE WITH SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES
No full text本試驗係為尋求系統性殺菌劑，以解決防治稻紋枯病藥劑操作上之困難，所得結果簡述如下：
在室內測定幾種藥劑之預防及治療效果，結果以Benlate水和劑每盆400倍液灌注20ml區（每公頃13.2公斤）及10ml （每公頃6.6公斤）區之效果最佳，不過按此施藥量對紋枯病之防治固有效果，但其價格昂貴，在實用上藥劑費用似嫌過高。在預防方面，Tachigaren液劑和Mon乳劑之防治效果略相同；但治療方面 Mebenil水和劑，Tachigaren液劑和Mon乳劑等藥劑，自接種病原菌後施藥愈遲其防治效果愈差。
應用有機砷劑防治稻紋枯病時，其使用時期於水稻抽穗期10天以內似應避免施用，以及不可隨意提高使用濃度，以避免藥害之發生。
田間試驗結果，一般說來預防比治療之防治效果良好，對紋枯病之防治效果以Benlate 水和劑最佳，無論使用方法為灌注或秧田土壤處理皆有良好的效果，同時亦有防治稻小粒菌核病之功效。
This experiment is aimed at searching systemic fungicides for control of rice sheath blight in order to solve the problem of the practical difficulties of using fungicides spray.
In greenhouse trials, Benlate W.P. showed the remarkable preventive and therapeutic effect when 20 ml. of 1:400 solution (13.2 Kg/ha) or 10 ml. of 1:400 (6.6 Kg/ha) solution of Benlate were added to the pots, 22 cm in diameter, respectively. However, the application of such fungicide at the rate of 13.2 Kg/ha or 6.6 Kg/ha seems to be too expensive for practical use in controlling the disease.
In preventive effect, Tachigaren Solution and Mon Emulsion were similar in effectiveness of controlling the disease. But in case of therapeutic action, fungicides of Mebenil W.P., Tachigaren Sol. and Mon Emul. showed that the later the application after inoculation of pathogen, the less control effect to the disease.
For the prevention of phytotoxicity, the application of organo-arsenate shouldn’t less than 10 days before heading stage and the rate applied shouldn’t higher than the recommended concentration recorded in the Extension Manual.
Among the four fungicides tested in the field, Benlate W.P. was the best one in controlling the disease either by adding to the field soil or treating the seedling soil. Simultaneously, it also showed the effectiveness in controlling the disease of rice stem rot
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