288 research outputs found
QTL mapping of heading date and plant height in Barley cross “Azumamugi”x“Kanto Nakate Gold”
No full textFahimeh Shahinnia, Abdolmajid Rezai, Badraldin Ebrahim Sayed-Tabatabaei, Takao Komatsuda, Sayed Abolghasem Mohammad
Garra rezai Mousavi-Sabet & Eagderi & Saemi-Komsari & Kaya & Freyhof 2022, new species
No full textGarra rezai, new species (Figs. 2–9) Holotype. GUIC 7979, 80 mm SL; Iran: Kurdistan prov.: stream Bouein-Sofla, near Bane, 35.9378N 45.9363E. Paratypes. IMNRF-UT 1245, 3, 53–67 mm SL; FSJF 4111, 1, 59 mm SL; VMFC GRE-P5216, 2, 28–34 mm SL; same data as holotype. Additional materials. FFR 1273, 6, 50–109 mm SL; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Gümüşkanat about 3 km west of Taşboğaz, 38.4028N 41.7397E.—FFR 1302, 22, 74–117 mm SL; FFR 1344, 26, 69–114 mm SL; FFR 4019, 8, 88–119 mm SL; FFR 4023, 9, 90–127 mm SL; FSJF 3824, 7, 77–105 mm SL; Bitlis prov.: stream Çıratan at Üçadım, 38.3547N 41.7814E. Material for molecular genetic analysis. IMNRF-UT 1245 AC6, AC7; same data as holotype (Genbank accession numbers: OP184766, OP184767) — FSJF-DNA 2674; Turkey: Bitlis prov.: stream Gümüşkanat about 3 km west of Taşboğaz, 38.4028N 41.7397E (Genbank accession numbers: OP184768 and OP184769). Diagnosis. Garra rezai is distinguished from the other species of the Garra variabilis species-group by a combination of characters, none unique to the species. It is distinguished from G. variabilis by having two pairs of barbels (vs. one), 15–19 scales on the predorsal midline between the dorsal-fin origin and the nape (vs. 11–15), and 11–16 total gill rakers on the first gill arch (vs. 20–26). The new species is distinguished from G. kemali and G. klatti from Central Anatolia by having a mental disc (vs. absent), and two pairs of barbels (vs. none). It is distinguished from G. nudiventris, G. roseae, and G. rossica by having two pairs of barbels (vs. no barbels in G. roseae, one pair in G.nudiventris, and most populations of G. rossica; two pairs in some populations of G. rossica), a well-developed mental disc (vs. reduced in G. rossica; Fig. 10), the predorsal mid-line fully covered by scales (vs. naked in G. nudiventris), the belly covered by scales (vs. naked in G. nudiventris). Garra rezai is further distinguished from G. roseae by having 35–40 scales on the lateral line (vs. 42–58), 5½–6½ transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (vs. 7½–8½), 4½–5½ transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin (vs. 6½), axillary scale present at the pelvic-fin origin (vs. absent). Description. For general appearance, see Figs. 2–9; morphometric data are provided in Table 3–4. Body cylindrical, compressed laterally at caudal peduncle, body height almost equal to its width. Dorsal head profile rising gently, slightly convex. Predorsal contour slightly convex between nape and dorsal-fin origin. Ventral profile almost straight between pelvic and anal-fin origins. Body deepest at about dorsal-fin origin or about middle between nape and dorsal-fin origin, depth decreasing towards caudal-fin base. Greatest body width at about middle between pectoral- and pelvic-fin bases, decreasing towards caudal-fin base. Caudal peduncle 1.1–1.4 times longer than deep. Head moderately small, section roundish, flattened on ventral surface, slightly depressed, almost conical. Head slightly convex or flat in interorbital space. Height at nape shorter than head length. Width at nape greater than depth at nape. Head length 0.9–1.1 times in body depth. Snout length 1.0–1.3 times in postorbital length. Small tubercles scattered on transverse lobe, transverse lobe demarcated posteriorly by a shallow transverse groove. No tubercle on proboscis and lateral surface of snout. Depressed rostral surface with scattered, small tubercles, slightly or not separating transverse lobe from lateral surface. No groove between transverse lobe and lateral surface. Eyes large, its diameter 2.3–4.1 times in head depth at eye, 2.1–3.3 times in interorbital width. Two pairs of short barbels, rostral barbel antero-laterally located, shorter than eye diameter. Maxillary barbel at corner of mouth, same size as rostral barbel. Rostral cap well-developed, fimbriate, papillate on ventral surface. Upper lip present. Upper jaw usually covered by rostral cap. Gular disc elliptical, shorter than wide and narrower than head width. Papillae on anterior fold of gular disc of same size, regularly arranged. A deep and narrow groove between antero-median fold and central callous-pad. Latero-posterior flap present. Surface of central callous pad without or with sparsely arranged small papillae. Posterior margin of central callous pad extending vertically to anterior edge of eye. Nostril located immediately anterior to eye. Anterior nostril opening developed as a low, pointed and flap-like tube. Posterior nostril narrow, nostrils adjacent, posterior tip of anterior nostril reaching posterior nostril when folded down. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 7½ (54), rarely 8½ (4), branched rays, last simple ray shorter than head length. Posterior dorsal-fin margin slightly concave. Dorsal-fin origin situated at about middle between caudal-fin base and snout tip. First branched dorsal-fin ray longest, tip of last branched dorsal-fin ray reaching vertical to, or a point slightly behind of anus when folded down. Pectoral fin with one simple and 11 (21) or 12 (11) branched rays. Pectoral fin reaching 51–83% of distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin, its length equal to or slightly shorter than head length. Pelvic fin with one simple and 7 (27) or 8 (5) branched rays. Pelvic fin exceed anus, not reaching anal-fin base. Pelvic-fin origin closer to anal-fin origin than pectoral-fin origin, inserted below second or third branched dorsal-fin ray. Anal fin short, with 3 simple and 5½ (30) or 6½ (2) branched rays, first branched ray longest. Posterior anal-fin margin straight or slightly concave. Anal-fin origin at about middle between pelvic-fin origin and caudal-fin base, closer to pelvic-fin origin than to caudal-fin base in some individuals. Anal fin reaching approximately 1 / 2 to 4 / 5 of caudal peduncle when folded down. Caudal fin forked with rounded lobes and 9+8 branched rays. Length of middle caudal-fin ray 52–66% of longest branched ray in upper lobe. Total gill rakers on first branchial arch 11–16 [11(1), 12(2), 13(2), 14(1), 15(3), 16(3)]. Lateral line complete, with 35–40 [35(4), 36(3), 37(15), 38(17), 39(9), 40(3)] scales, 1–3 of them were on caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 4–6 [4(3), 5(43), 6(5)], between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3–4 [3(3), 4(22)], and 4–5 [4(33), 5(16)] between lateral line and anal-fin origin. Circumpeduncular scale rows 15–18 [15(2), 16(17), 17(3), 18(4)], 15–19 [15(2), 16(3), 17(10), 18(8), 19(2)] scales on predorsal midline between dorsal-fin origin and nape, 3–4 scales between anus and anal-fin origin. Scales on flank regularly arranged. Chest with embedded scales and belly covered by scales. A well-developed axillary scale present at pelvic-fin base. Largest known individual 127 mm SL. Coloration. In preserved individuals: background colour grey, pale- or dark-brown. Scales with a very narrow beige margin. Isolated individual or patches of dark-brown scales, darker than background, often arranged in horizontal rows. Flank above lateral line darker than below. Elongated, dark grey dots at base of dorsal-fin rays in some individuals. A blackish spot at lateral-line origin and a vertically elongated blotch at caudal-fin base in juveniles. Cheek pale plain yellowish or whitish. Mouth, chest and abdomen yellowish. All fins hyaline, grey or pale-brown, rays darker than membranes with irregularly set black spots on rays. In life: background colour pale- or dark-brown, fins beige or pale-brown, with a reddish hue in many individuals, rays darker than membranes. Isolated or patches of dark-brown scales, scale margins of some scales much darker than center of scales creating an irregular, mottled pattern. Elongated, dark grey dots at base of dorsal-fin rays. Head plain beige or greyish brown. A blackish spot at lateral-line origin and a vertically elongated blotch at caudal-fin base in juveniles. Iris silvery orange to golden with dark grey spots, internal ring without spots. Distribution. The species is currently only known from two areas in the Tigris drainage, a small stream in the Chooman drainage in Iran and the upper Yanarsu in Turkey. In the Chooman, it was found in a spring in the village Boein-e-Olia and the outflowing Boein-e-Sofla stream. The Chooman flows from Iran to Iraq and the species might also occur in this country. The Yanarsu is one of the tributaries of the Tigris in Turkey. Here, the species was found in three streams in the upper Yanarsu. Etymology. The species is named after Reza Mousavi-Sabet, father of the first author, who was injured by chemical weapons in the region of the type locality of this species. We named this taxon to respect and remember all Iranian and Iraqi victims of chemical weapons during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). Notes on habitat. In Iran, G. rezai was found in the spring in Boein-e-Olia in April 2016. The spring (Fig. 11) was about 2–3 meters wide, and the outflowing stream had a low velocity and the bed was covered by gravel. Revisiting the place in June 2021, the species could not be found anymore in the spring. We were able to collect G. rezai from the stream Boein-e-Sofla (which is fed by the spring) in June 2021. At the type locality (Boein-eOlia spring and Boein-e-Sofla stream) no G. rufa was found, but G. rufa is widespread in the Lesser Zab drainage, including the Chooman River drainage. In Turkey, all three sampling sites were shallow, with clear and swiftly flowing water and cobbles and pebbles substrate. Among the three sampling sites, Çıratan (Fig. 12) was visited several times during different seasons and G. rezai is abundant in its Turkish distribution area. The stream hosts several regionally endemic species, such as Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi, Paracobitis zabgawraensis, Glyptothorax daemon, and G. kurdistanicus (Kaya et al. 2016, Freyhof et al. 2021). In Çıratan, two adult individuals of G. rufa were found, and one half-grown individual of G. rufa was found in the stream Büyük, both in syntopy with G. rezai. Remarks. The large direct distance of 450 km between both areas of occurrence of G. rezai is very surprising. We suspect that G. rezai might be much more widespread, at least in the Tigris drainage. Indeed, it is superficially not very different from the ubiquitous G. rufa and might be misidentified as this species at many places. Garra rufa and G. elegans are two other species of Garra known from the Lesser Zab drainage. Garra rezai is distinguished from G. elegans by having the mental disc fully developed with free edges (vs. a shallow mental disc completely fused with the chin). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. rufa by having 11–16 total gill rakers (vs. 20–29), 7½ (rarely 8½) branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. usually 8½, rarely 7½ or 9½), 15–18 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 11–13), 5½ (rarely 4½ and 6½) transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (vs. 4½), and 15–19 scales on predorsal midline between dorsal-fin origin and nape (vs. 11–14). It is further distinguished from G. rufa by a minimum K2P distance of 14.9% in the mtDNA COI barcode region. We examined 11 syntypes of G. obtusa at NMW; all have 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays. We could count the gill rakers in two individuals of NMW 53257 (25, 25 total gill rakers) and one individual of NMW 53238 (26 total gill rakers). These syntypes are identified as G. rufa, and G. obtusa remains in the synonymy of G. rufa. Garra rezai is distinguished from its subterranean congeners in the Tigris and Euphrates drainage (i.e., G. lorestanensis, G. tashanensis, G. typhlops and G. widdowsoni) by having a brown or grey body (vs. whitish, orange or pink) and a fully developed eye (vs. eye externally invisible). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. amirhosseini (data based on Esmaeili et al. 2016) by having 35–40 total lateral line scales (vs. 33–36), 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 16– 20), and 15–18 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 13–14). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. gymnothorax by having 15–18 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 12–13), 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 16–21), and 15–19 scales along the predorsal midline (vs 10–12). It should be noted, that Esmaeili et al. (2016) diagnosed G. gymnothorax lacking scales on the breast, a character state confirmed in only a part of our materials and therefore not diagnostic to the species. Garra rezai is distinguished from G. hormuzensis by having 15–19 scales along the predorsal midline (vs 10–14), 5½ (rarely 4½ and 6½) transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (vs. usually 4½), and 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 16–21). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. meymehensis by having 15–19 scales along the predorsal midline (vs. 11), 5½ (rarely 4½ and 6½) transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (vs. usually 4½), and 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 16–21) (data on G. meymehensis are based on ZamaniFaradonbe et al. 2021a). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. mondica, by having 35–40 total lateral line scales (vs. 28–32), and 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 18–23). It should be noted that Sayyadzadeh et al. (2015) diagnosed G. mondica as lacking scales on the breast, the belly and the back in front of the dorsal-fin origin. However, in our materials, as the one examined by Zamani-Faradonbe et al. (2021b), the breast is covered by embedded scales, the belly is cover by non-embedded scales and there are 11–15 scales along the predorsal midline. Garra rezai is distinguished from G. persica by having 9+8 branched caudal-fin rays (vs. 8+8), and 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 17–19). Garra rezai is distinguished from G. tiam by having 35–40 total lateral line scales (vs 30–34), 11–16 gill rakers (vs. 18–22), 15–19 scales along predorsal midline (vs 9–11, or embedded), and 15–18 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 12–13) (data on G. tiam are based on Zamani-Faradonbe et al. 2021a).Published as part of Mousavi-Sabet, Hamed, Eagderi, Soheil, Saemi-Komsari, Maryam, Kaya, Cüneyt & Freyhof, Jörg, 2022, Garra rezai, a new species from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 419-436 in Zootaxa 5195 (5) on pages 423-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5195.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/722368
Garra rezai, a new species from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
No full textGarra rezai, new species, is described from the Chooman, a tributary of the Lesser Zab in Iran, and from headwaters of the Yanarsu, a tributary of the upper Tigris in Turkey. It is distinguished from its congeners in the Garra variabilis species group by having two pairs of barbels, a well-developed mental disc, 35-40 total scales along the lateral line, 15-19 scales along the predorsal midline, and 15-18 circumpeduncular scales. It is further characterised by having ten diagnostic nucleotide substitutions and the K2P genetic distances with the closest species i.e. G. klatti, G. kemali and G. variabilis as 11.9, 12.0, and 13.7%, respectively in the mtDNA COI barcode region
Investigation of crack propagation in X38CrMoV5 (AISI H11) tool steel at elevated temperatures
No full textA method is developed to evaluate the surface fatigue damage of hot forming tools (forging, HPDC) that undergo thermo mechanical loading and environmental attack. Crack propagation under fatigue loading in a hot work tool steel X38CrMoV5-47HRC is investigated using SENT (single edge notched tension) specimens of 2.5*8 mm*mm section. The effect of different testing conditions has been investigated: effect of thickness (ranging from 2.5mm – 0.10mm), effect of R value and effect of temperature are observed on crack propagation properties of the steel. Paris curves are established. Numerical simulation is performed by ABAQUS® Standard to evaluate J integral and stress intensity factor KI. A new crack driving force parameter is introduced. Mechanisms of crack propagation have been studied under different test conditions
On z◦ -ideals in C(X)
No full textAn ideal I in a commutative ring R is called a z°-ideal if I consists of zero divisors and for each a ∈ I the intersection of all minimal prime ideals containing a is contained in I. We characterize topological spaces X for which z-ideals and z°-ideals coincide in , or equivalently, the sum of any two ideals consisting entirely of zero divisors consists entirely of zero divisors. Basically disconnected spaces, extremally disconnected and P-spaces are characterized in terms of z°-ideals. Finally, we construct two topological almost P-spaces X and Y which are not P-spaces and such that in every prime z°-ideal is either a minimal prime ideal or a maximal ideal and in C(Y) there exists a prime z°-ideal which is neither a minimal prime ideal nor a maximal ideal
The Opportunity Cost of Climate Policy: A Question of Reference
No full textThe cost of climate policy depends on the no-policy alternative without which the opportunity cost of climate action cannot be determined. This reference path has to reflect the current failure in the market for carbon emissions: due to a negative externality, private
investment decisions do not consider the climate damage they entail; agents overinvest in conventional capital and underinvest in climate capital. Internalization of climate damage lowers the private return to capital; agents reduce investment in favor of mitigation and consumption. Optimal climate mitigation increases welfare of the present and
the future. Simulation of the inefficient no-policy scenario in DICE-07 confirms that this point numerically. (author's abstract
A postsynaptic signaling pathway that may account for the cognitive defect due to IL1RAPL1 mutation
No full textBackground: Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1
(IL1RAPL1) gene mutations are associated with cognitive
impairment ranging from nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation
to autism. IL1RAPL1 belongs to a novel family of Toll/IL-
1 receptors, whose expression in the brain is upregulated by
neuronal activity. Currently, very little is known about the
function of this protein. We previously showed that IL1RAPL1
interacts with the neuronal calcium sensor NCS-1 and that it
regulates voltage-gated calcium channel activity in PC12 cells.
Results: Here we show that IL1RAPL1 is present in dendritic
spine where it interacts with PSD-95, a major component
of excitatory postsynaptic compartment. Using gain- and
loss-of-function experiments in neurons, we demonstrated
that IL1RAPL1 regulates the synaptic localization of PSD-95
by controlling c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) activity and
PSD-95 phosphorylation. Mice carrying a null mutation of the
mouse Il1rapl1 gene show a reduction of both dendritic spine
density and excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
These structural abnormalities are associated with
specific deficits in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Conclusion: The interaction of IL1RAPL1 with PSD-95
discloses a novel pathophysiological mechanism of cognitive
impairment associated with alterations of the JNK pathway
leading to a mislocalization of PSD-95 and abnormal synaptic
organization and function
Cycles of Demand and Distribution and Monetary Policy in the US Economy
No full textThe role of monetary policy on the cyclical behavior of the labor share and capacity utilization in the US economy is studied empirically. Previous estimation results remain robust; the inclusion of the rate of interest does not
alter the underlying specification of the distributive demand regime. Next, the role of monetary policy on net borrowing flows for four institutional sectors are
analyzed. Interest rate effects appear most important for households. Based on this finding, implications for countercyclical stabilization policy are spelled out. (author's abstract
Erythraeus (Zaracarus) soleimanii Khanjani, Mirmoayedi, Nahad & Fayaz, 2010, sp. nov.
No full textErythraeus (Zaracarus) soleimanii sp. nov. (Figs. 1–13) Type material. Holotype and 14 paratype larvae from Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navas) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Shahanjarin, Razan (35 º 13 ΄ 22 ʺ N, 49 º 10 ΄ 16 ʺ E and altitude 1825 m a.s.l), Hamedan Province, 8 June, 2009, Aboulghasem Rezai-Nahad. Description. For measurements see table 2. Dorsum (Figs. 1–2). Prodorsal scutum with two pairs of barbed setae (AL and PL) and two pairs of barbed sensilla (AM and S). Anterior sensilla (AM) very short, situated in obliquely positioned sockets or trichobothria. Posterior sensilla (S) long and barbed. Anterolateral setae (AL) not expanded basally and acute points and posterolaterals (PL) less than half the length of AL. Scutum almost hexagonal with anterior margins straight and posterior concave (Fig. 2). Opisthosoma with 31 long, barbed setae and two pairs of unequally in diameter eyes anterolaterally (Fig. 1). Ve n t e r (Fig. 3). With a pair of setae between coxae I (1 a) and III (3 a). Opisthogaster with seven pairs of barbed setae. Ventral setae are narrower than dorsal setae. Gnathosoma (Figs. 4–6). Infracapitulum with one pair of hypostomal (Hy) 54 (52) and adoral setae (or) 38 (41) (Fig. 6). Palp five-segmented; femur and genu each with one barbed seta; tibia with three barbed setae, with tibial claw bifurcate (Fig. 4); tarsus with seven setae, one of which is longer than others (including eupathidium), one eupathidium and one solenidion (Fig. 4). Legs (Figs. 7–13). Leg setae barbed. Legs six segmented (coxae excluded) with divided femora. Tarsi terminate into two lateral claws and a claw-like empodium. Chaetotaxy of segments as follows: coxae 1 - 1 - 1; trochanters 1 - 1 - 1; basifemora 3 - 3 - 3; telofemora 5 - 5 - 5; genua 8 + 1 σ+ 1 k - 8 + 1 k - 8; tibiae 14 + 2 ϕ + 1 Cp+ 1 κ - 15 + 2 ϕ - 14 + 1 ϕ; tarsi 25 + 2 ζ+ 1 ω - 22 + 2 ζ+ 1 ω - 23 + 1 ζ. Remarks. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) soleimanii sp. nov. belongs to the species group of the subgenus Zaracarus with basifemoral setal formula 3 - 3 - 3. It is closely related to E. (Z.) aydinicus, E. (Z.) sibulginicus, E. (Z.) lancifer, E. (Z.) kastaniensis, E. (Z.) passidonicus, E. (Z.) longipedus, E. (Z.) fabiolae, E. (Z.) rajabii, E. (Z.) lancifer, E. (Z.) passidonicus and E. (Z.) kastaniensis. However, it differs from all these species by differences in measurements and numbers of setae. (Tables 4–5). Etymology. The species is named in honour of Prof. Mohammad Javad Soleimani Pari, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, for helping the senior author. Characters Holotype Mean SD Min Max DL 778 996.7 122.1 778 1145 IL 565 789.7 127.6 565 945 IW 420 617.6 117.9 420 810 L 113 112.0 6.1 100 120 W 180 179.1 13.9 170 203 AW 55 55.6 1.8 53 58 PW 135 130.9 9.9 118 150 Sba 25 25.6 3.4 23 30 SBp 20 21.0 2.6 17 25 Continued next pagePublished as part of Khanjani, Mohammad, Mirmoayedi, Ali-Naghi, Nahad, Aboulghasem Rezai & Fayaz, Bahman Asali, 2010, Two new larval species of Erythraeus (Zaracarus) (Acari: Erythraeidae) from western Iran, pp. 19-32 in Zootaxa 2537 on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19666
Analysis and evaluation of mechanical performance of reinforced sandwich structures: X-CorTM and K-CorTM
No full textX-CorTM and K-CorTM are foam based lightweight structural cores reinforced with ZFiber
® rods oriented in a truss pattern. They can generate sandwich structures which
possess strength- and stiffness-to-weight ratios such to compete with aerospace grade
honeycomb constructions. The enhanced tailoring ability to specific design needs, the
flexibility in reinforcement type and arrangement, the variety between closed cell foamfilled
or hollow core configurations for ultimate weight savings or structural
multifunctionality, while utilising manufacturing procedures similar to traditional
honeycomb sandwich structures (low cost out-of-autoclave manufacturing techniques
included) make these novel materials an attractive alternative. The process of their
implementation into current engineering practice requires a parallel comparison with
existing competitor cores and a critical evaluation of their performance, identifying
advantages and disadvantages.
This study represents one of the first attempts to create a rigorous methodology for the
analysis and evaluation of their mechanical behaviour and manufacturing sensitivities.
The balance of out-of-plane properties (shear and compression), fundamental for a
sandwich core material, has been investigated. The material energy absorption capacity
for the aforementioned loading cases, as well as for in-plane crushing was evaluated.
For this purpose, a new quasi-static test for progressive crushing of flat sandwich
laminates was designed successfully. The experimental data gathered validate proposed
analytical models which allowed further deductions on core parameters influence to be
made. Those parameters were the pin insertion angle, pin lay-out, pin density and the
role of the foam. A local-global FE modelling approach for Z-pinned sandwich cores is
also provided and validated for X-CorTM structures. Structural differences between XCorTM
and K-CorTM are at the base of a diverse mechanical response; their performance
is sensitive to the manufacturing process, as it determines the quality of the pin-skin and
pin-adhesive film interfaces. An ‘improved’ manufacturing technique designed for XCorTM
resulted in a sandwich panel able to offer the same mechanical performance of a
Nomex® honeycomb structure for a 25% of weight saving
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