736 research outputs found
sj-xlsx-2-slr-10.1177_02676583221128520 – Supplemental material for Testing the Bottleneck Hypothesis: Chinese EFL learners’ knowledge of morphology and syntax across proficiency levels
No full textSupplemental material, sj-xlsx-2-slr-10.1177_02676583221128520 for Testing the Bottleneck Hypothesis: Chinese EFL learners’ knowledge of morphology and syntax across proficiency levels by Shiyu Wu, Dilin Liu and Zan Li in Second Language Research</p
sj-docx-1-slr-10.1177_02676583221128520 – Supplemental material for Testing the Bottleneck Hypothesis: Chinese EFL learners’ knowledge of morphology and syntax across proficiency levels
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-slr-10.1177_02676583221128520 for Testing the Bottleneck Hypothesis: Chinese EFL learners’ knowledge of morphology and syntax across proficiency levels by Shiyu Wu, Dilin Liu and Zan Li in Second Language Research</p
Surveying Colocated GNSS, VLBI, and SLR Stations in China
No full textThe local tie vectors between different space geodesy instruments in colocated sites, such as the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), and satellite laser ranging (SLR), are essential for combination with the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF). This paper introduces the surveying method and data processing model for determining the tie vectors in the seven colocated sites in Shanghai, Wuhan, Kunming, Beijing, Xian, Changchun, and Urumqi, and presents the values and full variance-covariance of these local ties. The surveying methodology and data processing method of the current work are rigorously determined to guarantee the relative positional precision of reference points (RPs) of different instruments in each colocation site to be a few millimeters. This paper compares the new tie vectors with those derived from ITRF 2008 products to consider the discrepancies at tie epoch. By comparing the new results to the previous results by other organizations, the new tie vector at the Wuhan site is in good agreement, but the vertical coordinate difference of the tie vector at the Shanghai site is as large as 2.24 cm. Therefore, the tie vector at the Shanghai site may have changed about 2 cm from 2003 to 2011
The principle of Ultra Vires and the local authorities’ decisions in England
No full textThe hypothesis of this thesis is that valid administrative decisions from local authorities are guaranteed via clear and precise enabling clauses in the primary legislation. Taking examples from local government in England, the author argues that the style of drafting local authorities’ legislations influences decisions taken by local authorities - so in attempting to exercise implied powers conferred by the imprecise enabling legislation and insufficient guidance, local authorities tend to go beyond intended legal powers and as a result take unreasonable, arbitrary and invalid decisions
Exploring Consensus to Develop Global Standards in Response to Sea Level Rise (SLR): Evaluating the Standardisation Scope of SLR Adaptation Using the Delphi Technique
No full textAnthropogenic climate change has led to irreversible Sea level rise (SLR), underscoring the urgency to implement adaptation measures. With there being a series of challenges to implement SLR adaptation, international standardisation emerges out to be a solution to address these challenges. In this research, an attempt is made to identify SLR adaptation measures that could be globally standardised using a consensus-based approach. The methodology for the research is a combination of desk-research and the Delphi method – involving rounds of surveys with an expert panel to reach consensus – that run a sequential manner. The research also aims at demonstrating the Delphi method as a cost-effective and time-saving method to develop adaptation standards. The research is able to develop a synthesis of a comprehensive list of adaptation measures that are in turn posed as the candidates to be standardised. A total of six adaptation measures attain consensus that include: (1) early warning systems, (2) seawalls, (3) levees, (4) sandbags, (5) dikes and (6) breakwaters. These adaptation options are chosen based on the identified meta-criteria developed as part of the results of the Delphi study. The meta-criteria is based on the reasons to develop an adaptation measure into standard and assesses three key themes that checks if an adaptation measure: (1) is a technical measure, (2) has a pre-existing methodology or standard that could be revised or newly drafted for SLR adaptation and (3) has a global data stream that could facilitate SLR based data sharing, collection and interoperability. These identified measures help in prioritising the adaptation measures that could be globally standardised. A key theme for the opposition of standardisation found in the literature and substantiated by the expert inputs is found to be of location-specific considerations for SLR adaptation implementation. Thus, to address such an apprehension of the panellists, the study makes crucial theoretical contribution to include an explanation to the relevance of standardisation to the challenges with SLR adaptation implementation. Furthermore, to propose and demonstrate the adoption of the Delphi method as a starting point to identify suitable options that could be standardised, the research develops an understanding of consensus in standardisation vis-‘a-vis the Delphi method. The study’s main limitations arise out of the limited numbers of rounds conducted that leave room for increasing the consensus levels for adaptation options as well as the missing interactions between the panellists that could have further added to the findings. Based on the findings the study provides three actionable policy recommendations to support the process of SLR international standardisation – (1) develop a consistent global language for SLR adaptation strategies and measures, including a classification of these measures, (2) raise awareness about the significance of standardisation in SLR adaptation among the world-wide community of stakeholders in this field, (3) establish a global platform for sharing appropriate SLR information usable across various adaptation measures. The study concludes with acknowledging that SLR adaptation global standards so developed need to be flexible and adaptive in order to incorporate location-specific considerations for each of the adaptation measures.Engineering and Policy Analysi
An Evaluation of New Estimates from GPS, GRACE and Load Models compared to SLR
No full textpeer reviewedChanges in J2, resulting from past and present
changes in Earth’s climate, are traditionally observed by
Satellite Laser ranging (SLR). Assuming an elastic Earth,
it is possible to infer changes in J2 from changes in
Earth’s shape observed by GPS. We compare estimates
of non‐secular J2 changes from GPS, SLR, GRACE, and
a load model. The GPS and SLR annual signals agree
but are different (16%) to the load model. Subtraction of
the load model removes the annual variation from GPS,
SLR, and GRACE, and the semi‐annual variation in
GPS. The GPS and SLR long‐term signals are highly
correlated, but GPS is better correlated with the loading
model. Subtraction of the load model removes the 1998
anomaly from the GPS J2 series but not completely from
the SLR J2 series, suggesting that the SLR anomaly may
not be entirely due to mass re‐distribution as has been
presumed
Drafting conventions, templates and legislative precedents and their effects on the drafting process and the drafter
No full textThis dissertation examines the use of drafting conventions, templates and legislative precedents in legislative drafting and their effects on the drafter and the drafting style. The author highlights the importance of clarity and communication in drafting and draws examples from the situation in Ghana
homogeneous plate deformation as monitored by SLR networks and analysed using 3d affine transformation models
No full textThis thesis deals with plate deformation as monitored in widely spaced SLR networks and analysed using the theory of 3D affine transformations, as an alternative for the more conventional strain analysis. The study is done in the framework of the WEGENER-MEDLAS project, a project to investigate crustal motion in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean by repeated determination of a widely spaced network by satellite laser ranging (SLR). Homogeneous deformation of a continuous plate can be described mathematically by a simplified 3D affine transformation model with 12 parameters relating position vectors of the plate’s material points in two different coordinate systems. The affine transformation model is decomposed in translational, rotational and pure deformation components and expressed in both cartesian and spherical coordinates. The 12 affine transformation parameters can be solved for in a least squares adjustment if a sufficient number of points is known in both coordinate systems. Formulating specific coordinate functions, sets of transfoimation parameters can be computed separately. The selection of the coordinate functions is such that only independent combinations between points are used, to avoid singularity in the least squares adjustment due to dependency of the (derived) observations. Plate deformation is monitored by the repeated determination of a widely spaced SLR network. Baselines being the most accurate observables, the distortion of the network is expressed in terms of baseline extensions and affine transformation parameters describing pure deformation of the plate. As the network stations are situated on the surface of the plate a spherical earth with invariant radius is assumed. The horizontal distortion of the network along the surface of the plate is then expressed in terms of angular baseline extensions and affine transformation parameters describing rotation and pure deformation of the plate.Civil Engineering and Geoscience
The test-induced warm-up effect on hamstring flexibility tests
No full textBackground: Although the effect of active warm-up (WU) on acute flexibility enhancement is well documented, the test-induced WU effect in muscle length test has not been widely studied. Objective: This study aimed to verify the test-induced WU effect on hamstring flexibility tests. Methods: The active knee extension (AKE) was performed using the right leg, whereas the straight leg raise (SLR) was performed using the left leg. Ten trials of AKE or SLR were performed: two as the pre-intervention trials (Pre); six as the WU intervention; and another two trials as the post-intervention (Post). During WU, subjects in the WO-Hold group performed six trials of the AKE or SLR without hold, and those in the W-Hold group performed six trials of the AKE or SLR with a 5[Formula: see text]s hold. Results: A significant difference was noted between Pre-AKE and Post-AKE, and between Pre-SLR and Post-SLR, respectively, in both the groups. The effect of WU is clear when performing consecutive AKE or SLR without any additional hold. Conclusion: Practitioners should be cautious in interpreting the testing result to avoid overestimation of the treatment effect since the test itself may induce substantial WU effect to the target tissues
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