196,723 research outputs found
PENENTUAN CADANGAN COMMISSIONERS ASURANSI JIWA DWIGUNA MENGGUNAKAN FORMULA WOOLHOUSE
No full textAsuransi jiwa merupakan salah satu perlindungan asuransi yang dikembangkan untuk pemecahan praktis, bertujuan untuk mengatasi kekurangan finansial akibat hal-hal tidak terduga yang disebabkan oleh kematian. Salah satu jenis asuransi jiwa adalah asuransi dwiguna. Dalam mengikuti program asuransi jiwa, terdapat sejumlah uang yang harus dibayarkan setiap periode oleh pemegang polis asuransi yang disebut dengan premi. Formula Woolhouse adalah salah satu alat untuk menghitung nilai tunai anuitas dengan premi dibayarkan m kali dalam setahun. Sebagian dari premi yang dibayarkan akan digunakan sebagai cadangan. Perhitungan cadangan yang dilakukan menggunakan metode commissioners dengan formula Woolhouse. Perhitungan cadangan commissioners menggunakan formula Woolhouse (pembayaran premi m kali dalam setahun) menghasilkan nilai cadangan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan cadangan commissioners yang pembayaran premi dilakukan satu kali dalam setahun.
Kata Kunci: asuransi dwiguna, anuitas, premi, formula Woolhouse, cadangan commissioners
Penentuan Anuitas Jiwa Berjangka Individu Kasus Kontinu Menggunakan Metode Woolhouse
No full textAnuitas adalah serangkaian pembayaran dalam jumlah tertentu yang dilakukan setiap selang waktu dan jangka
waktu tertentu secara berkala. Anuitas digunakan dalam asuransi jiwa dan berbagai bentuk asuransi lainnya.
Unsur yang paling penting dalam menghitung besarnya premi dalam jangka waktu tertentu adalah anuitas.
Metode Woolhouse merupakan salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai tunai anuitas dengan
pembayaran m kali dalam setahun. Metode Woolhouse diperoleh dari pendekatan Euler-Maclaurin. Metode
Woolhouse ini memberikan pendekatan penilaian yang sesuai terhadap nilai tunai anuitas yang dibayarkan
secara tahunan. Langkah-langkah dalam penelitian ini adalah menentukan nilai tunai anuitas dengan
pembayaran sekali dalam setahun, dan menentukan nilai tunai anuitas dengan pembayaran m kali dalam
setahun. Berdasarkan kedua persamaan tersebut, dibentuk suatu persamaan nilai tunai anuitas kontinu
menggunakan metode Woolhouse. Selanjutnya persamaan tersebut digunakan untuk pendekatan penilaian
anuitas. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode Woolhouse ini dapat digunakan oleh
perusahaan asuransi untuk penilaian nilai tunai anuitas khususnya anuitas berjangka. Hal ini dikarenakan hasil
tersebut memberikan penilaian yang sesuai terhadap nilai tunai anuitas untuk pembayaran yang dilakukan
beberapa kali dalam setahun
PENENTUAN NILAI ANUITAS BERJANGKA INDIVIDU DENGAN METODE WOOLHOUSE
No full textAnuitas adalah serangkaian pembayaran dalam jumlah tertentu dan dilakukan pada setiap selang waktu tertentu secara berkala. Anuitas digunakan dalam asuransi jiwa dan berbagai bentuk asuransi lainnya. Unsur yang paling penting dalam menghitung besarnya premi dalam jangka waktu tertentu adalah anuitas. Rangkaian pembayaran yang dilakukan, selain tahunan juga mencakup pembayaran yang dilakukan secara bulanan, kuartalan dan semesteran ataupun pada waktu tertentu dengan interval yang sama. Kesulitan dalam penilaian nilai anuitas yang dibayarkan beberapa kali dalam setahun adalah menentukan peluang meninggal dari peserta asuransi, karena tingkat kematian yang disajikan dalam tabel mortalita merupakan tingkat kematian tahunan. Sehingga membutuhkan alternatif penilaian lainnya dalam menentukan nilai anuitas. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji nilai anuitas berjangka n tahun dengan pembayaran m kali dalam setahun untuk individu menggunakan metode Woolhouse dan memberikan contoh penerapannya. Penilaian nilai anuitas berdasarkan metode Woolhouse memerlukan faktor percepatan pembungaan, percepatan mortalitas dan nilai anuitas pembayaran tahunan. Penentuan nilai anuitas berjangka berdasarkan metode Woolhouse untuk pembayaran yang dilakukan m kali dalam setahun, memberikan pendekatan penilaian terhadap nilai anuitas pembayaran tahunan. Kemudian metode Woolhouse juga memberikan penilaian bahwa semakin tua usia seseorang semakin kecil juga nilai anuitasnya. Selain itu, jika semakin sering pembayaran yang dilakukan dalam setahun, maka nilai anuitas juga akan semakin berkurang. Kata Kunci: nilai anuitas, formula Euler-Maclaurin, percepatan mortalita
The predicted impact of immunosuppression upon population age-intensity profiles for schistosomiasis.
No full textThe slow development of acquired immunity is thought to be responsible for the characteristic convex age-intensity curve seen in human schistosome infection, which peaks earlier in more heavily infected populations (this is described as a peak shift). Schistosomes are able to suppress protective host responses, and it is hypothesized that this suppression is responsible for the delayed development of protective responses. A deterministic mathematical model is used to describe levels of infection and immunity in an endemic population, incorporating protective immune responses which either reduce adult worm burden or reduce superinfection. Suppression, related to current worm burden, is also included and acts against one or both protective responses. If suppression acts against the entire protective response, it is able to delay the development of protective immunity, and the peak shift is predicted to be reversed at higher infection intensities, with removal of the peaks altogether at the highest levels of infection and/or suppression. If only the anti-adult worm protective immune response is vulnerable to suppression, while the anti-reinfection response remains intact, then suppression does not remove the peak in the age-intensity curve. These findings are discussed in the light of existing field and experimental data
Molybdenum-mediated cocyclisation reactions involving prop-2-ynyl, alkyne and carbon monoxide ligands
No full textHost-parasite population genetics: a cross-sectional comparison of Bulinus globosus and Schistosoma haematobium
No full textDavies CM, Webster JP, Krüger O, Munatsi A, Ndamba J, Woolhouse MEJ. Host-parasite population genetics: a cross-sectional comparison of Bulinus globosus and Schistosoma haematobium. Parasitology. 1999;119:295-302
Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance at the livestock-human interface in an urban environment: a One Health approach
No full textLivestock have been implicated as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria that may spread to humans, with the keeping of livestock widely postulated as a risk factor for AMR in humans. However, quantitative evidence of the role of livestock in the emergence and transmission of AMR bacteria to human populations is lacking. This thesis focuses on the role of livestock keeping as a potentially high-risk interface for AMR transmission between humans and livestock in urban Nairobi. To achieve this, E. coli isolates were systematically collected from sympatric human and livestock populations in 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya. E. coli was characterised both phenotypically (through antimicrobial susceptibility testing) and genetically (through whole genome sequencing). In the first part of this thesis, I conduct a comprehensive systematic review to investigate existing evidence that food animals are responsible for transfer of resistant E. coli and their AMR determinants to humans. I demonstrate that the current evidence regarding transmission of drug resistance between food animals and humans is limited and that similarity of AMR bacteria or AMR determinants in the two populations does not, by itself, provide information on directionality of transfer. I highlight the need to use high resolution genomic analysis on human and livestock bacterial samples collected in time and space to better understand the direction and frequency of AMR transmission between these populations. Next, utilising AMR phenotypes and genotypes, I explored the variation in carriage of AMR E. coli and investigated the role of livestock ownership as a risk factor for AMR carriage in humans. First, I explored the epidemiology of clinically relevant AMR phenotypes and AMR genetic markers. I detected high rates of AMR phenotypes, with 47.6% and 21.1% of isolates displaying resistance to ≥ 3 and ≥5 antimicrobial classes respectively. Whole-genome sequencing revealed 60 acquired genes and 14 point mutations conferring AMR to 9 antimicrobial classes. sul2, strA, strB, tetA, and blaTEM-1B were the most frequently detected AMR genes conferring resistance to sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams respectively – the most commonly found phenotypes. Highest carriage of AMR genes and phenotypes was observed in humans, pigs and poultry compared to goats, rabbits and bovines. Secondly, I demonstrated that the presence of livestock in the household did not influence phenotypic or genotypic AMR carriage in humans, but the impact of keeping livestock on human AMR carriage was instead influenced by presence of animal manure in the household. Utilising high resolution sequencing data, I proceeded to investigate the patterns of bacterial relatedness and strain sharing as a proxy for transmission potential. I showed that livestock and human isolates are genetically heterogeneous, with minimal evidence of clustering by host group, and that E. coli genomes in humans did not segregate according to livestock ownership. Next, I found evidence of 91 sharing events differing by less than ten base pairs (59 involving livestock isolates only 23 human isolates only, and 9 between humans and livestock), and that most of the sharing events were confined within households with only occasional instances of spread between household. I also demonstrate that high-resolution sequence-based analysis of SNPs is more discriminatory than MLST – a widely used tool in describing transmission of E. coli. Next, I described the patterns of antimicrobial sales in humans and livestock, and the level of awareness and common behaviours related to antimicrobial prescribing amongst human and veterinary pharmacists in urban Nairobi. β- lactams, fluoroquinolones, first and second generation cephalosporins, and metronidazole were the most commonly purchased human antimicrobials while tetracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, and macrolides were the most commonly purchased veterinary antimicrobials. This finding was in line with the resistance phenotypes and genotypes described in this thesis. I found that whilst most pharmacists were knowledgeable about antimicrobial use and AMR, inappropriate prescribing practices were common and that over the counter sale of antimicrobials, without a prescription, was a common occurrence in both human and veterinary drug stores. In the final section of the thesis, I investigated the co-occurrence patterns of acquired AMR genes and the role of conjugative plasmids on the epidemiology of AMR spread. I found evidence of co-location of multiple AMR genes in both human and livestock isolates, potentially enabling acquisition and dissemination of multi-drug resistance phenotypes in a single step. I found a diversity of known plasmids and plasmid replicons that were associated with the distribution of acquired AMR genes. To conclude, I discuss the findings of this thesis in the context of the current epidemiology of AMR pathogens at the human-livestock interface and highlight future directions for research on AMR transmission, and discuss implications of my findings for public health. This thesis demonstrates how fine-scale genomic analysis explicitly embedded within an epidemiologically structured sampling framework can be utilized to track bacterial sharing and in the surveillance of AMR prevalence in a low income urban setting. The connectivity of bacteria and their AMR determinants between humans and livestock and the ultimate impacts upon human health lends strong support for a holistic ‘One Health’ perspective for AMR surveillance
Reactions of Three-electron sigma,eta2 - Prop-2-ynyl Ligands formed by deprotonation of Four-electron eta2-Alkyne Molybdenum complexes
No full textSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of treatment and immunization against schistosomiasis
No full textSchistosomiasis is a water-borne parasitic disease of great public health importance mainly
in sub-Saharan African countries. The majority of current control programmes use the
antihelminthic drug praziquantel to reduce disease burden in endemic areas. Praziquantel
treatment has been reported to accelerate the development of protective immunity against
re-infection that otherwise takes years to develop. To date, there is no licensed vaccine for
schistosomiasis in humans but an attenuated schistosome parasite vaccine has been tested in
animal models.
Employing systematic review and meta-analysis approaches, my PhD research has four main
objectives relating to attenuated schistosome vaccine and praziquantel treatment: 1) to
identify predictors that determine protection levels after treatment with attenuated
Schistosoma mansoni vaccines in the mouse model, 2) to quantify the influence of host and
schistosome parasite species on attenuated parasite vaccine efficacy, 3) to explore the
direction of change (increase/decrease) in schistosome parasite-specific antibody isotypes
after praziquantel treatment in humans, 4) to identify predictors of praziquantel efficacy in
humans.
My analyses revealed three factors that have an influence on the protection levels provided
by attenuated schistosome parasite vaccines: increasing numbers of immunizing parasites
had a positive effect on the levels of protection whereas increasing the radiation dose and the
time to challenge infection had negative effects. Analyses showed that the attenuated
schistosome vaccine has the potential to achieve protection levels as high as 79% after a
single dose in mice. Alongside this, baboon studies consistently reported protective effects of
attenuated schistosome vaccines against re-infection. These results show there is a high
potential for an attenuated schistosome parasite vaccine to be effective in humans.
A meta-analysis of the influence of praziquantel treatment on the direction of change in
schistosome-specific antibody isotypes was conducted. The analysis revealed considerable
variability in the antibodies’ direction of change among populations. The results also
demonstrated an increase of anti-worm IgA and IgE in the majority of studies. These
antibodies have been reported to have a protective effect against re-infection. The
combination of age and infection intensity, and the number of days after treatment were
identified as influential predictors for some antibody isotypes, but there was no single
predictor that consistently affected all antibody isotypes in the same way.
Praziquantel efficacy levels in humans were investigated and the analyses revealed that cure
rates for schistosomiasis increase with praziquantel dose, and were affected by the identity of
the schistosome parasite species (S. mansoni vs. S. haematobium) and the age of the
participants (children: 0-19 years old vs. adults: ≥ 20 years old). There has been no clear
efficacy level reduction over the treatment years (1979-2013) suggesting that praziquantel is
still effective in the treatment of schistosomiasis despite concerns about possible resistance.
The development of a schistosome vaccine will benefit from a closer investigation into the
mechanisms through which protection is acquired in attenuated schistosome parasite vaccine
studies showing high potential efficacy in animal models. Nevertheless, it will take time to
develop a schistosome vaccine for human use. The uptake of the vaccine will be made even
more challenging by the lack of adequate infrastructure in schistosomiasis endemic areas. In
the meantime, close monitoring of praziquantel efficacy levels is necessary to confirm the
effectiveness of schistosomiasis control in endemic areas
Reactions of co-ordinated Ligands. Part 56. Synthesis and Reactivity of [Mo{eta3,eta3-CH(Me)C(Me)CHCHC(Me)CH2}(CO)(eta-C5H5)][BF4] formed by Coupling of But-2-yne and Isoprene Ligands; Reactions of [Mo(eta2-C2H4)(eta2-MeC2Me)(CO)(eta-C5H5)][BF4]
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