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Cardinals and Their Titular Churches
No full textFormally speaking, a titular church is a church in the diocese of Rome allocated to a cardinal priest. In the Early Christian period, titular churches were private dwellings in Rome where the sacraments of baptism and penitence could be administered. This network of churches became the parish system of the Roman diocese. Most tituli originated from private donations – the Roman legal term literally referring to ownership. Other tituli originated at places connected to the martyrdom or burial of an Early Christian saint. Early modern treatises assumed that priests were permanently allocated to this church – the term used was “incardinated,” or “hinged” and this is the origin of the word “cardinal.” In this way early modern authors used the building, the “Cardo dignitatis nostrae,” to trace the function of the cardinal from its roots in the early Christian Church.The titular church was also fundamental in defining a particular cardinal’s position within the College of Cardinals. Technically only cardinal priests had titular churches: cardinal bishops were assigned to a suburbican diocese while cardinal deacons were affiliated to deaconries, originally hospices for the poor and needy. However, the differences in status between tituli and deaconries remained important for the Sacred College throughout the early modern period, as it represented prestige and income. It also meant duties, expenditure and obligations, and this explains why cardinals paid particular attention to their deaconry and titular church during their entire career
Cardinal Protectors of Religious Institutions
No full textApart from being the protector of a geographical entity – a state, nation, region,or town – a cardinal could also be protector of a religious institution. This might be an order, confraternity, orphanage, conservatory, or any other kind of organization residing under the Church’s aegis, for example a hospital. During the early modern period almost every religious order and autonomous congregation had its own protector, as De Luca noted in his treatise of 1680, so it was very common for a cardinal to invest such a position.1 This chapter describes the development of the protectorship of religious organizations and its impact on the status, influence, and networks of the early modern cardinal. Particular attention will be dedicated to religious orders, as this type constituted the example on which all other types of protectorships were modelled. Apart from the historical development of the function and its importance for the Church as a religious community – and for which it is clearly distinct from the national protectorships, whose loyalty at least in part was to a foreign sovereign – the main issue is also what was expected of a cardinal in this function
L’art pour l’art? De legitimatie van bedrijfscollecties in Nederland = L’art pour l’art? The legitimization of corporate art collections in the Netherlands
No full textThe Early Modern Historiography of Early Modern Cardinals
No full textThe historiography of the cardinal began in the form of biographical compendia, which sought to document all known cardinals in encyclopedic fashion. Early modern cardinals are distinct from their medieval counterparts in that they formed the subjects of such compendia, in many cases within their own lifetimes, which is one reason why we typically have far more reliable information about their names, backgrounds, and accomplishments than we have for their predecessors before 1400. These compendia, the earliest of which began to appear around the mid-16th century, were part of the new enterprise of constructing Sacred History. But at another level books about cardinals also reflected wider trends brought about by the proliferation of print. A fascination with who cardinals were, and what their historical identities might reveal about the Church’s legitimate traditions, is surely also an important, but perhaps underacknowledged, feature of early modern Catholicism – a concomitant to, or constituent of the growing papal role within the image of Catholicism and Catholic identity. The following chapter sets out how forms of writing about cardinals – in particular, biographical forms – developed, focusing both on key authors and on what motivated their endeavours. It explains the difference between two kinds of texts which predominate early modern accounts of cardinals’ lives: 1. those which sought comprehensiveness as a means of chronicling and validating the Church’s traditions; and 2. those with a more didactic purpose which saw the lives of particular cardinals as especially noteworthy (though not necessarily for entirely positive reasons)
Werknemersappreciatie voor bedrijfscollecties: legitimatie en realiteit = Employees' appreciation of corporate collections: legitimization and reality
No full textControversy corridor, corporate art en branch museum: een internationaal perspectief op bedrijfscollecties = Controversy corridor, corporate art and branch museum: an international perspective on corporate art collections
No full textVan luxe architectuurtraktaat tot praktische handleiding: de Nederlandse uitgaven van Scamozzi’s L’Idea della Architettura Universale
No full textThis article sets out the chronology and significance of the Dutch translations of Vincenzo Scamozzi's treatise first published in 1615
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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