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Compositionality and Concepts in Linguistics and Psychology
Full text linkcognitive science; semantics; languag
Compositionality and Concepts in Linguistics and Psychology
Full text linkcognitive science; semantics; languag
Karttunen logic for presupposition projection
Full text linkPresuppositions of complex sentences are empirically distinguished from the propositional contexts that render a sentence coherent. This distinction is at the heart of the proviso problem for presupposition projection. Here we show that Karttunen’s inference-based approach in his proposals from the early 1970s can be used to directly avoid the proviso problem. Inference-based projection is different from trivalent accounts or satisfaction-based methods in distinguishing presuppositions from admittance conditions on contexts. This distinction is used within a new propositional fragment, whose rules for updating local contexts and satisfying presuppositions are explained using the same Incrementality principle of previous accounts, but without any of the additional assumptions that have been used to tackle the proviso problem
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A characterization of monotonicity with collective quantifiers
No full textAbstractThis paper studies the monotonicity behavior of plural determiners that quantify over collections. Following previous work, we describe the collective interpretation of determiners such as all, some and most using generalized quantifiers of a higher type that are obtained systematically by applying a type shifting operator to the standard meanings of determiners in Generalized Quantifier Theory. Unlike previous proposals, one unified determiner fitting operator both captures existential quantification with plural determiners and respects their monotonicity properties. However, some previously unnoticed facts indicate that monotonicity of plural determiners is not always preserved when they apply to collective predicates. We show that the proposed operator describes this behavior correctly, and characterize the monotonicity of the collective determiners it derives. It is proved that determiner fitting always preserves monotonicity properties of determiners in their second argument, but monotonicity in the first argument of a determiner is preserved if and only if it is monotonic in the same direction in the second argument.This research was supported by grant no. 1999210 (“Extensions and Implementations of Natural Logic”) from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF), Jerusalem, Israel. The second author was also partly supported by the fund for the promotion of research at the Technion, research no. 120-042. Part of the research by the second author was curried out during a stay at the Utrecht University, which was supported by an NWO grant no. B30-541. We are indebted to Johan van Benthem for his remarks, which initiated our interest in questions of monotonicity and collectivity. Thanks also to Nissim Francez, Ed Keenan and Shuly Wintner for their comments
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
On Presupposition Projection with Trivalent Connectives
Full text linkA basic puzzle about presuppositions concerns their projection from propositional constructions. This problem has regained much attention in the last decade since many of its prominent accounts, including variants of the trivalent Strong Kleene connectives, suffer from the so-called *proviso problem*. This paper argues that basic insights of the Strong Kleene system can be used without invoking the proviso problem. It is shown that the notion of *determinant value* that underlies the definition of the Strong Kleene connectives leads to a natural generalization of the filtering conditions proposed in Karttunen\u27s article "Presuppositions of compound sentences" (LI, 1973). Incorporating this generalized condition into an incremental projection algorithm avoids the proviso problem as well as the derivation of conditional presuppositions. It is argued that the same effects that were previously modelled using conditional presuppositions may be viewed as effects of presupposition suspension and contextual inference on presupposition projection
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