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Het voorkomen, schadepotentiëel en duurzaam beheer van de rijst wortelknobbelnematode Meloidogyne graminicola op laag- en hoogland rijst in Myanmar
No full textRice cultivation is the major source of food and cash income for many small-scale farmers in Myanmar, and the most important agricultural crop of the country. It is followed by oilseed crops and pulses ranking second and third most important, respectively. Due to the high diversity of agro-climatic conditions in Myanmar, rice is cultivated in different cropping sequences using suitable cultivation practices under different agro-ecosystems. The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is an important soil-borne pathogen of rice and can cause a varying degree of yield losses under different agro-ecosystems in South and Southeast Asia. However, no detailed information is presently available on the occurrence of M. graminicola in rice-based production systems under different agro-ecosystems of Myanmar along with the damage and yield losses this nematode can cause.Therefore, in the 1st part of our study (Chapter 2), two surveys were carried out during 2009. The first survey was during the dry summer season (mid-January to mid-May) in 450 rice fields from ten regions representing the summer-irrigated lowland rice ecosystem in the lower Ayeyarwady River Delta area of Myanmar. The second survey was during the rainy (monsoon) season (mid-May to mid-October) in 102 rice fields from three regions representing the rainfed upland rice ecosystem in the northern hilly area of Myanmar. The two surveys revealed that M. graminicola is unquestionably a major pathogen of the summer-irrigated lowland rice ecosystem in Myanmar. Meloidogyne graminicola was found in 78% of 450 summer-irrigated lowland rice fields but only 9% of 102 rainfed upland rice fields. The practice of delayed irrigation and intermittent flooding is the most commonly used practice in the summer-irrigated lowland rice growing area while rainfed upland rice is cultivated in a 2-year rotation system in the northern hilly area. In lowland rice, M. graminicola was found in 87% of the delayed irrigated rice fields and 45% of the early irrigated rice fields. The rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oyzae was detected in only 15% of the summer-irrigated lowland rice fields.In the 2nd part of our study (Chapter 3), a study was undertaken from December 2009 until December 2010 in the Ayeyarwady River Delta area, the major lowland rice producing area of Myanmar, to monitor the population dynamics of M. graminicola and H. oryzae in a naturally infested field. Root samples were obtained from two rice varieties, Yatanartoe and Taungpyang, that are commonly cultivated in double rice cropping sequences in Myanmar and that represent a summer-irrigated and a rainfed lowland rice variety, respectively. The results of this study illustrated the remarkable influence of the long rice growing season on the occurrence of these two important rice nematodes. Meloidogyne graminicola could build up high population densities and induce root galling only during the summer-irrigated rice growing season while H. oryzae could build up high population densities only during the monsoon rice growing season. During the summer-irrigated rice growing season the root population density of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. graminicola showed two distinct peaks: at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants (10,056 J2/g roots) in January and at the heading stage of the rice plants (13,923 J2/g roots) in March 2010. During the rainfed monsoon rice growing season, the root population density of H. oryzae juveniles and adults showed also two distinct peaks: at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants (176/g roots) in August and at the heading stage of the rice plants (280 H. oryzae/g roots) in October 2010. In the 3rd part of our study (Chapter 4), the host response to M. graminicola infection of 15 lowland rice varieties and nine upland rice varieties, which are commonly being grown in the summer-irrigated lowland and rainfed upland rice ecosystems in Myanmar, were evaluated in two experiments under screenhouse conditions. The lowland rice experiment was carried out under intermittently flooded conditions in a clay loam soil (i.e. simulating the summer-irrigated lowland rice ecosystem) and the upland rice experiment was carried out at field capacity in a sandy loam soil (i.e. simulating the monsoon rainfed upland rice ecosystem). Based on the multiplication factors (Mf eggs) at 8 weeks after inoculation (WAI), none of the 15 lowland and nine upland rice varieties were found to be resistant to M. graminicola infection although differences in susceptibility and sensitivity were observed. Six (or 40%) out of the 15 lowland varieties examined were classified as less susceptible to M. graminicola infection, five (or 33.3%) as moderately susceptible while four (or 26.7%) as highly susceptible. One (or 11.1%) out of the nine upland varieties examined was classified as less susceptible to M. graminicola infection, three (or 33.3%) as moderately susceptible while five (or 55.6%) as highly susceptible. Five (or 33.3%) out of the 15 lowland varieties examined were classified as either less sensitive or tolerant to M. graminicola infection. One (or 11.1%) out of the nine upland varieties examined was classified as tolerant to M. graminicola infection based on plant growth variables at 8 WAI. In the 4th part of our study (Chapter 5), the damage potential and yield loss of M. graminicola infection was investigated on 15 lowland rice varieties under screenhouse conditions and in a naturally-infested farmers field in the Ayeyarwady River Delta area and on nine upland rice varieties under screenhouse conditions. The lowland rice varieties were intermittently flooded in a clay loam soil and the upland rice varieties were maintained at field capacity in a sandy loam soil. The results of these studies confirm that M. graminicola is potentially a very important constraint for rice production in Myanmar. In the screenhouse and the field experiment it reduced the yield of 15 commonly cultivated lowland rice varieties on average with 31.1 and 16.5%, respectively. In the screenhouse experiment with nine commonly cultivated upland rice varieties it caused a 44.9% yield reduction. All rice varieties examined, except one upland variety (Khaukphephan), were highly sensitive to M. graminicola. This part of our study also confirms the results of the host response study in Chapter 4 that upland rice varieties are more susceptible and sensitive to M. graminicola compared with lowland rice varieties.In the 5th part of our study (Chapter 6), two screenhouse experiments were carried out. The first to evaluate the effects of three water regimes (permanent flooding, intermittent flooding, upland) on the damage and yield loss potential of M. graminicola on a commonly cultivated lowland (Thihtatyin) and upland (Kone Myint 2) rice variety in two soil types (clay loam and sandy loam). The second to evaluate the effects of two irrigation (early irrigation and delayed irrigation) and two planting (direct seeding and transplanting) practices on the damage and yield loss potential of M. graminicola on two commonly cultivated lowland rice varieties (Thihtatyin and Yatanartoe). In the first experiment, no significant effects were observed of any of the water regimes on the population densities of M. graminicola of both rice varieties in both soil types with exception of the higher number of J2/g roots of the variety Kone Myint 2 under upland conditions compared with permanent flooding (11,013 vs 2,336 J2/g roots) in the sandy loam soil. Based on the multiplication factors (Mf eggs ), the effect of water regime on the population density of M. graminicola is influenced by the soil type in which the rice plants are grown but this effect can vary among rice varieties. Less root galling severity was observed under permanent flooding in both soil types (clay loam and sandy loam). Tolerance of both rice varieties was observed under permanent flooding in the clay loam soil. However, the grain yield of the variety Kone Myint 2 was reduced by M. graminicola in the sandy loam soil under all water regimes including permanent flooding (38.7%). Under intermittent flooding, grain yield reduction was 21.9% on the variety Thihtatyin and 45.2% on the variety Kone Myint 2 in the clay loam soil while grain yield reductions higher than 70% on both varieties were observed in the sandy loam soil. Under upland conditions, grain yield reduction was 24.1% for the variety Thihtatyin and 57.9% for the variety Kone Myint 2 in the clay loam soil while grain yield reductions higher than 90% were observed on both varieties in the sandy loam soil.In the second experiment, both rice varieties were less susceptible in direct seeded rice that had been early irrigated. For both varieties, the highest Mf eggs were observed in transplanted plants that had been delayedirrigated. For both varieties, the highest number of J2 and eggs per root unit and per root system, and on Mf eggs were observed in transplanted plants compared with direct seeded plants irrespective of irrigation practice. The highest root galling index (7.4) was observed on transplanted delayed irrigated plants of the variety Thihtatyin while the lowest root galling index (1.8) was observed on direct seeded early irrigated plants of the variety Yatanartoe. Reduction in most of the plant growth and yield variables measured caused by M. graminicola was observed in transplanted plants of both rice varieties grown under delayed irrigation. Tolerance of both rice varieties was observed in direct seeded rice that had been early irrigated. The variety Yatanartoe was more tolerant than the variety Thihtatyin. For the variety Yatanartoe, grain yield loss caused by M. graminicola was observed only in transplanted rice that had been delayed irrigated (30.8%). For the variety Thihtatyin, grain yield loss was observed in both direct seeded rice and transplanted rice (40 and 37%, respectively) under delayed irrigation and in transplanted rice (41.3%) under early irrigation.In the 6th part of our study (Chapter 7), screenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the response to M. gramnicola infection of 27 varieties belonging to 14 crops (blackgram, cabbage, cauliflower, chickpea, cowpea, garlic, ginger, greengram, groundnut, maize, potato, sesame, soybean, sunflower) which are grown in rotation with rice in both lowland and upland rice-based ecosystems in Myanmar. Our observations indicate that all 27 varieties belonging to 14 crops examined except chickpea variety Yezin 4 were poor or non-hosts of M. graminicola.In the 7th and last part of our study (Chapter 7), a microplot experiment was carried out under natural lowland rice field conditions to evaluate the effect of different rice-based crop rotation sequences on the population densities of M. graminicola and on the yield of rice. Ten treatments of cropping sequences were grown in four successive growing seasons: continuous growing of the susceptible rice variety Thihtatyin (rice-rice-rice-rice), four treatments of 1-season crop rotation sequences (rice-rice-chickpea-rice, rice-rice-blackgram-rice, rice-rice-soybean-rice, rice-rice-cowpea-rice), five treatments of 2-season crop rotation sequences (groundnut-rice-chickpea-rice, greengram-rice-balackgram-rice, cowpea-rice-soybean-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice, sunflower-rice-sesame-rice). In the 2nd season, the susceptible rice variety Thihtatyin was cultivated in all cropping sequences since rice is the only crop which can be grown under flooding during the rainy season. At the harvest of the summer-irrigated rice variety Thihtatyin in the (last) 4th season, the soil and root population densities of M. graminicola recovered from the rice plants and the nematode multiplication factors in the soil (Mf soil) in the continuous rice cropping sequence was the highestamong the ten cropping sequences. The lowest Mf soil was observed in the 2-season crop rotation sequence sunflower-rice-sesame-rice (5.9) and the highest Mf soil was observed in the 1-season crop rotation sequence rice-rice-cowpea-rice (38.2) among the nine crop rotation sequences while Mf soil in the continuous rice cropping sequence was 61.5. The root galling indices caused by M. graminicola on the roots of rice plants in the continuous rice cropping sequence were significantly higher than those of the 2-season crop rotation sequences. However, no significant difference was observed with the 1-season crop rotation sequences. All the plant growth and yield variables except % filled grain/plant and number of filled grains/panicle of summer-irrigated rice in the continuous rice cropping sequence were the lowest among the ten cropping sequences. The highest summer-rice yield (> 5 t/ha) was obtained in the 2-season crop rotation sequences greengram-rice-blackgram-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice and sunflower-rice-sesame-rice, which were about 2 times higher compared with the 1-season crop rotation sequences rice-rice-blackgram-rice and rice-rice-chickpea-rice (2.7 and 2.6 t/ha, respectively), and about 3 times higher compared with the continuous rice cropping sequence (1.7 t/ha).status: Publishe
Study on the Mechanism of Vapor Film Collapse in Film Boiling around a Vertical Finite-Length Cylinder
No full textExploring the link of service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty for Mandalay Food House
No full textIndependent Study (M.B.A. (International Business)) -- University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2023.In the intense competition of food service providers industry in Bangkok, Myanmar restaurants industry is significantly increasing with the same level of raising population of Myanmar people in Thailand. Among the Myanmar restaurants, Mandalay Food House will be focused in this research because this restaurant is famous and wellknown place with cultural influences, can access easily to get there, and have a wide variety of Myanmar cuisine. Globally, a lot of customers are facing the choice of which restaurants to enjoy their time, to have a good mood and to try the taste of cuisine. Restaurant owners are finding a way to improve their business sustainability among the market industry with focusing on service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty because business cannot survive in the food service industry by satisfying the customers anymore. Restaurant owners and managers can enhance the existing strategies by using the study’s results and the insights to attract new customers and retain the customers because the impact of the quality of service, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are the most important factors for every organization. The purpose of this research is to give recommendations to improve, and maintain the factors and to explore the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. To evaluate the quality of service, the SERVQUAL method was used, which consists of five factors (Tangible, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy). The questionnaires with two languages (Burmese and English) were distributed through social media platform via Facebook to access easily for Myanmar residence and the data were collected through an online survey and analyzed by using Excel spreadsheet. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. The study was used correlation coefficient analysis to explore the hypothesis relationships. Business background, statement of the problem, objectives, benefits, scope of the study and expected benefits were included in the part of Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, theory and related research will review based on the iterature view and research hypothesis and conceptual framework are also included. Chapter 3 will point out research design and ools, data collection and analysis. Chapter 4 will explain about the results and Chapter 5 will conclude and discuss the research and limitations and implications of the research
An Analysis of Metaphoric Symbol “Tree” in Myanmar Poem “Pyin Ma Ngote Toe” and Russian Poem “The White Birch”
Get PDFThis paper compares two poems each describing a “tree” which endured the strike of the war and revived again when an appropriate time came. Myanmar national poet Min Thu Won's poem “Pyin Ma Ngote Toe” (the Old Stump) and Russian poet Alexandrovich Vasilyev's poem (The White Birch) are selected for analysis and comparison as they are similar in a way that both were composed after World War II and, the miserable images of the war and the appearance of each tree before and after the war are perfectly described. The descriptive method is used to compare how the salient features of these two trees in the respective poems symbolize the hard time during the war and the revival of nature as they came about to life again. The students of Russian specialization can be expected to appreciate the aesthetic value of nature and life thereby being able to embrace the historic and cultural beauties of the two countries through their learning and enjoyment of such a genre of literature as poetry
Document Engineering: Building Scalable Document By Reusing Components
Get PDFBuilding a new document needs thepreparation of required information and findingthe related written parts that have alreadyidentified from existing documents. In this paper,we outline the importance of structuring documentsin order to facilitate the reuse of their content. Weshow how explicit structure representationfacilitates the understanding of the originaldocuments, identification of reusable existing partsand propose techniques to facilitate theconfiguration of the desired document. Ourapproach is based on Semantic Web Technologies,in particular, Variability Modelling reasoning withontologies, and the idea of Active Documentsextended with the adopted methods from SoftwareProduct Lines Engineering respectively
Summer Paddy Cultivation in Hlegu Township
No full textThis paper studies summer paddy cultivation in Hlegu Township. Being staple food, paddy cultivation plays an important role in Myanmar. People lived in rural areas mainly depend on agriculture and most farmers in rural areas cultivate paddy. The paper highlights weakness in summer paddy cultivation. Population has been increasing at an accelerating rate in Yangon Region and in Hlegu Township. As its chief economy is based on agriculture, it can somewhat satisfy the high food demand of Yangon City. In order to boost agricultural produces, to convert the waste land into agricultural land, to reduce the intensity and magnitude of flood over the low-lying areas, and to supply potable water to the increasing population of Yangon City, several dams were constructed within Hlegu Township after 1990. This caused an obvious change in the land cover of the township. To highlight the changes, a 25-year period (1990 and 2015) is used as a base for detailed study. Land cover data were obtained from satellite image data. To do the research work, primary and second data were collected through 5 field trips. Physical factors and human factors, data and information obtained from library, departments concerned, field surveys and interviews are organized and analyzed
Exploring the link of service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty for Mandalay Food House.
No full textIndependent Study (M.B.A. (International Business)) -- University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2023.In the intense competition of food service providers industry in Bangkok, Myanmar restaurants industry is significantly increasing with the same level of raising population of Myanmar people in Thailand. Among the Myanmar restaurants, Mandalay Food House will be focused in this research because this restaurant is famous and wellknown place with cultural influences, can access easily to get there, and have a wide variety of Myanmar cuisine. Globally, a lot of customers are facing the choice of which restaurants to enjoy their time, to have a good mood and to try the taste of cuisine. Restaurant owners are finding a way to improve their business sustainability among the market industry with focusing on service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty because business cannot survive in the food service industry by satisfying the customers anymore. Restaurant owners and managers can enhance the existing strategies by using the study’s results and the insights to attract new customers and retain the customers because the impact of the quality of service, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are the most important factors for every organization. The purpose of this research is to give recommendations to improve, and maintain the factors and to explore the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. To evaluate the quality of service, the SERVQUAL method was used, which consists of five factors (Tangible, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy). The questionnaires with two languages (Burmese and English) were distributed through social media platform via Facebook to access easily for Myanmar residence and the data were collected through an online survey and analyzed by using Excel spreadsheet. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. The study was used correlation coefficient analysis to explore the hypothesis relationships. Business background, statement of the problem, objectives, benefits, scope of the study and expected benefits were included in the part of Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, theory and related research will review based on the iterature view and research hypothesis and conceptual framework are also included. Chapter 3 will point out research design and ools, data collection and analysis. Chapter 4 will explain about the results and Chapter 5 will conclude and discuss the research and limitations and implications of the research
A Comparative Study of Loan words in Russian and Myanmar
Get PDFLoan Words in Russian and Myanmar are studied in this paper. The aim of the study is to understand the usage of loan words and the field they are used in Russian and Myanmar and the connection of loan words between different languages. English loan words which are used in Russian and Myanmar the field of loan words, substitution loan words and abbreviations and comparatively studied in this paper. It is found out that loan words from technology are used more mainly internet, laptop, online, etc
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