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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Salting a wound, building a callous, or throwing in the towel? The measurement and effects of chronic ostracism experiences
No full textReactions to ostracism—ignoring and excluding change over time. Williams\u27s (2009) temporal model of ostracism suggests that there are three response stages: the initial (Reflexive) stage, the delayed (Reflective) stage, and the prolonged (Resignation) stage. This third stage has received little empirical attention. How do individual differences for prolonged ostracism experiences affect reactions to ostracism episodes? How do chronically ostracized individuals respond initially and how do they cope with exclusionary social interactions? This dissertation involved two stages: the development of a scale assessing prolonged ostracism experience and an experiment testing participants\u27 responses to this scale and how that influenced immediate and delayed responses to a brief ostracism episode. In the first stage, I developed an Ostracism Experiences Scale consisting of 8-items (comprised of 2-Factors; 4-items for ignoring and 4 items for excluding). The sample combined participants from Howard University, a Historically Black University and participants from Purdue University, a Predominately White Institution. The demographic profile for participants in the Howard University sample included: n = 374 university students (123 men, 251 women) with a mean age of 20.74 years (SD = 9.55) and 99% self-reported as African American or a race/ethnicity of African descent. The demographic profile for participants in the Purdue University sample included: n = 1051 university students (543 men, 508 women) with a mean age of 19.59 years (SD = 1.64) and 76% self-reported as Caucasian or a race/ethnicity of European descent. Using the combined sample, the Ostracism Experiences Scales (OES) demonstrated sound internal reliability, factor correlations, and construct validity. For example, as expected in the Known-Groups test for construct validation, African Americans scored higher on ostracism experiences than Caucasians. Using a subset of the Purdue University sample (n=74), tests for convergent and discriminant validities were conducted. The results showed that regarding convergent validity, the scores on the Ostracism Experiences Scale only moderately correlated with scores on the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, r = .24 (Downey & Feldman, 1996) and the Loneliness Scale, r = .38 (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004). In relation to discriminant validity the OES scores correlated minimally with scores on the Social Monitoring Scale, r = -.01 (Snyder, 1974). These findings indicated that the Ostracism Experiences Scale was uniquely assessing the ostracism construct as well as identifying individual, plus group level differences as anticipated. In the experimental study, the participants\u27 scores on the Ostracism Experiences Scale were used as a predictor variable in assessing immediate and delayed responses to manipulations of ostracism in a computer ball toss game called Cyberball. Using the same subset of Purdue University participants as mentioned for the validity tests, the demographic profile was as follows for participants in the experimental sample. The sample n = 74 consisted of university students (38 men, 36 women) with a mean age of 19.12 years (SD = 1.87) and 76% self-reported as Caucasian, the remaining were Asian – 13.6%, African American – 2.2%, Hispanic – 2.4%, and Other – 5.0%. The results indicated that the Ostracism Experiences Scale did not predict threatened needs (immediate or delayed), but did influence post-ostracism affect. Specifically, the individuals who had higher than average ostracism experiences showed longer persistence of sadness and anger. Implications for ostracism research are that chronically ostracized individuals have an impaired response pattern when responding to acute episodes of ostracism
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Effect of Invisibility on Exploitative Behaviors
No full textInvisibility is an abstract concept captured in film, literature, and social science. It is often desired as a superpower and in fiction portrayed as something that allows self-serving behaviors otherwise prevented by visibility. However, as a social construct used to describe marginalized individuals, it is regarded as largely distressing and disadvantageous. Key to these two opposing conceptualizations is the temporariness or permanence of the invisibility—if temporary and under the control of the individual, it serves the individual’s needs and desires; if permanent, it strips the individual of a sense of meaning and worthiness. The present studies examine invisibility from both perspectives. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate the desirable aspects of temporary invisibility, but also show that people are less enamored with possessing invisibility when its occurrence is permanent or not under the control of the individual. In Study 3, employing a 3-person video telephony paradigm, I test the impact of ostracism—being ignored and excluded—for one of two motives: role prescribed, in which individuals’ roles encourage their social invisibility, and oblivious, in which status differentials render those with lower status invisible. The results show that whereas obliviously ostracized individuals take advantage of their invisibility to prematurely begin a questionnaire, they also show higher levels of personal distress. These results indicate that being unnoticed may have negative psychological impact on individuals while also affording them the opportunity to engage in self-serving, yet possibly socially undesirable, behaviors
Stealing thunder from HIV: Understanding the processes behind timing the disclosure of HIV to potential relationship partners
No full textStealing thunder is a technique used in the courtroom that involves the defendant revealing self-incriminating negative information ( thunder ) before it is revealed by the prosecution in order to reduce its potential negative impact on the jury (Williams, Bourgeois, & Croyle, 1993). The goal of the present research was to examine if stealing thunder would be useful in understanding relationship processes and address mechanisms that could account for its effectiveness. I examined whether stealing thunder with one\u27s HIV+ status could affect an individual\u27s dating potential. Responding to an online survey, 657 gay males read two online profiles, one written by an HIV+ romantic prospect (Alex) and one written by Alex\u27s friend. Participants were randomly assigned to revealer (i.e., who revealed HIV+ status: target, friend, both, or neither) and which profile (Alex\u27s or Alex\u27s friend) they read first. Results indicated that among participants reading the Alex-written profile first, stealing thunder diminished the negative impact of his HIV+ status, resulting in a greater willingness to date and the effect was mediated by Alex\u27s perceived honesty and credibility. These results support the honesty mechanism, while also contributing a real-world strategy for HIV+ males in meeting potential partners. Implications for theory and policy are discussed
Psychological impact of social pain: The pain that doesn\u27t heal
No full textThe mounting evidence of the similarities between social pain and physical pain has led theorists to argue and researchers to provide evidence that the social-pain system may have piggybacked on the brain structure that evolved earlier for physical pain. Seven studies were conducted to examine two important distinctions between social pain and physical pain: (1) people can relive and re-experience social pain more easily and more intensely than physical pain, and (2) people can pre-live and pre-experience social pain more easily and more intensely than physical pain. Studies 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 instructed participants to relive social pain (i.e., to recall a severe social-pain experience) or physical pain (i.e., to recall a severe physical-pain experience), and then compared their ongoing feelings of pain. Study 1 directly asked participants to report their levels of pain using two self-report measures, and found that thoroughly recalling social pain led to a higher level of relived (currently felt) pain than was the case for physical pain. Studies 2a, 2b, and 3 measured participants’ feelings of pain indirectly. Because pain interrupts and impairs cognition, Studies 2a and 2b indexed feelings of pain with cognitive performance, and found that social pain reliving impaired performance on cognitively demanding tasks, as compared with physical pain reliving. In addition, pain decreases sensitivity to physical pressure. Study 3, therefore indirectly assessed pain by measuring participant’s sensitivity to pressure applied to their fingers via a pressure algometer, and found that participants endured higher levels of pressure following social pain reliving than physical pain reliving. Studies 4, 5, and 6 asked participants to pre-live social pain (i.e., to imagine a social-pain experience in the future) or physical pain (i.e., to imagine a physical-pain experience in the future), and measured participants’ feelings of pain thereafter. Study 4 directly asked participants to report their pain using self-report measures, and found that social pain pre-living led to higher levels of pain than physical pain pre-living. Study 5 measured pain indirectly with cognitive performance, and found that social pain pre-living led to worse performance on cognitively demanding tasks than physical pain pre-living. Study 6 assessed participants’ sensitivity toward physical pressure, and found that participants endured more pressure following social pain pre-living than physical pain pre-living. In all, these studies provided converging evidence to support the hypothesized differences between social pain and physical pain. Implications for social psychological research and theories on pain were discussed
The Preemptive Presentation Technique: Getting your Foot in the Door without Making a Request
No full textI propose that people are more likely to comply with a request if the person issuing the request preemptively presents the target with the materials for satisfying that request. By presenting the materials before compliance has been expressed, the requester communicates that they expect compliance, making it more difficult for the target to not comply. I consider this social influence technique in relation to the foot-in-the-door-technique, which is conceptualized as increasing compliance by first gaining compliance with a small request and then asking for the intended favor. I suggest that this conceptualization be expanded to include any compliance attempt that operates by achieving incremental progression towards the target request – including the proposed preemptive-presentation technique. This phenomenon was examined in five experiments (total N = 1,407). In Study 1, participants observed a compliance attempt in which a person requested that someone complete a short survey, and either preemptively handed it to them before they responded, or waited for a response before handing them the survey. Compared to the control condition, participants perceived the requester as having gotten her foot in the door by handing the survey preemptively. Additionally, participants viewed the requester as expecting compliance when the technique was used, and expressed reluctance to use the technique themselves. Studies 2 – 5 investigated the effectiveness of this technique. In Study 2, passersby on a college campus were more likely to stop and complete a survey when the requester handed it to them directly while issuing the request. In Study 3 participants were asked to vandalize a library book as part of a joke. These participants were not more likely to comply when preemptively handed the book, however, a large percentage (82) accepted the book when it was handed to them. In Study 4, participants were asked to volunteer to take part in an uncompensated psychology study on the weekend, and were more likely to agree when the requester preemptively provided them with the signup sheet. In Study 5, I replicated the procedures of Study 4, and included a condition in which the preemptive presentation technique was used, but participants were led to believe that the requester did not expect them to comply. The preemptive presentation technique without expectation did not increase compliance. A meta-analytic synthesis of these four studies indicates a modest, and non-statistically significant effect, r = .11, 95% Confidence Interval [-.02, .23]. Together these results suggest that (1) people do not perceive preemptive presentation as a favor, but they do perceive it as a way to get one’s foot in the door (2) and that the preemptive presentation technique can be effective in gaining compliance with a favor that someone would otherwise be reluctant to perform
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