1,720,976 research outputs found
Mathematical correlations for fire suppression and extinguishment
No full textMathematical correlations for the effect of water based fires suppression systems are presened in this report. Some of the correlations are valid for solid fuels only; some are validated for liquid pool fires, but the most useful ones valid for gas phase fires do not have a large-scale experimental verification. The proposed correlations between fire scenario parameters and the characteristics of water sprays will be validated and quantified through large scale experiments, first in a 3 m diameter 8 m high cylindrical test rig, next in a room configuration with an array of spray nozzels mounted in the ceiling
Effect of deluge water on oil- and gas type fires. Final report_REV2. [Elektronisk resurs] : Results from experiments and computer simulation
No full textThis report comprises the summary of the results obtained by the project "Effect of deulge water on oil- and gas type fires". It sums up results from major experimental research projects, medium-and-large-scale dedicated experiments with typical deluge systems used in the offshore oil- and gas platforms and simulation of deluge water interacting with fires.The effect of deluge water can be described by two separate mechanisms: 1. Direct effect on heat load to structures and vessels by water hitting objects and 2. Overall effect on flame properties (temperature, radiative heat flux density) by interaction between droplets and gases. The latter effect is specially studied in experimental work and simulation carried out during this research project and in an earlier research programme. Significant overall effect on the levels of heat fluxes to objects is observed especially in situations with mixing and recirculation of combustion products into the combustion zone, so-called enclosure effects.The use of computer model to reproduce experimental results has shown strong and weak points of current-state tood, Kamelon FireEx.The main conclusion from the literature study, the experiments carried out and the smulations is that it is substantial evidence for the statement that overall heat flux densities will be significantly reduced by using ordinary deluge systems in real offshore platform fires. Exceptions may occur locally and will depend on how water penetrates into the fire zones and on droplet characteristics.</p
Parameters influencing upon the heat load of hydrocarbon fires
No full textParameters having an influence on the heat load from hydrocarbon fires subjected to water deluge are identified. These are discussed with regards to how an experimental set-up should be organized. The parameters will form the input for correlations to be produced and for planning of experimental measurements
Droplet size, velocity and area distribution : Deluge nozzels
No full textThis report represents a full ser of characteristics for medium- and high-velocity deluge nozzels used in offshore platforms. Detailed information of droplets useful for simulation is presented.Droplet size and velocity, area distribution and k-factor for typical deluge nozzels at different pressure have been examined. Tow types of Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler anemometry have been used, and area distribution has been characterised by a special apparatus (Actual Application Density Apparatus). The examined nozzels have been used in earlier medium-to-large-scale fire tests. The nozzle characteristics are used as an input in simulation of the interaction of water droplet and fire development.The used measurement technique gives a picture of deluge nozzles that produces a large amount of very small water droplets, in contrast to what is earlier reported. The reason for this discrepancy may be the better resolution of the mear´surement technique, but the presented results may also indicate uncertainties connected to the same technique
Characteristics of water spray nozzels used in deluge systems
No full textNozzels for water deluge systems are characterized by geometrical factors like spray pattern, spray angle, and by exit velocity, capacity and area coverage. In engineering calculations only the area coverage is needed to fulfil standard requirements, and the other factors are more used as a means to obtain the required application density onto protected surfaces. In assessment of the hazard of gas and liquid fires these characteristics are not sufficient to quantify the effect of water spray on the fire properties.In this report a set of factors and characteristics useful for the calculation of water-fire-interaction is described, together with the possible measurement techniques available to quantify these factors.Based on the present state-of-the-art technology and the best practice at offshore platforms in the North Sea, a set of representative nozzels have been chosen to be used in the MEdium-scalle fire tests of the project "Documentation on active fire fighting systems as a fire safety design parameter"
Characteristics of water spray nozzels used in deluge systems [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textNozzels for water deluge systems are characterized by geometrical factors like spray pattern, spray angle, and by exit velocity, capacity and area coverage. In engineering calculations only the area coverage is needed to fulfil standard requirements, and the other factors are more used as a means to obtain the required application density onto protected surfaces. In assessment of the hazard of gas and liquid fires these characteristics are not sufficient to quantify the effect of water spray on the fire properties.In this report a set of factors and characteristics useful for the calculation of water-fire-interaction is described, together with the possible measurement techniques available to quantify these factors.Based on the present state-of-the-art technology and the best practice at offshore platforms in the North Sea, a set of representative nozzels have been chosen to be used in the MEdium-scalle fire tests of the project "Documentation on active fire fighting systems as a fire safety design parameter".</p
Effect of deluge water on oil- and gas type fires. Final report_REV2. : Results from experiments and computer simulation.
No full textThis report comprises the summary of the results obtained by the project "Effect of deulge water on oil- and gas type fires". It sums up results from major experimental research projects, medium-and-large-scale dedicated experiments with typical deluge systems used in the offshore oil- and gas platforms and simulation of deluge water interacting with fires.The effect of deluge water can be described by two separate mechanisms: 1. Direct effect on heat load to structures and vessels by water hitting objects and 2. Overall effect on flame properties (temperature, radiative heat flux density) by interaction between droplets and gases. The latter effect is specially studied in experimental work and simulation carried out during this research project and in an earlier research programme. Significant overall effect on the levels of heat fluxes to objects is observed especially in situations with mixing and recirculation of combustion products into the combustion zone, so-called enclosure effects.The use of computer model to reproduce experimental results has shown strong and weak points of current-state tood, Kamelon FireEx.The main conclusion from the literature study, the experiments carried out and the smulations is that it is substantial evidence for the statement that overall heat flux densities will be significantly reduced by using ordinary deluge systems in real offshore platform fires. Exceptions may occur locally and will depend on how water penetrates into the fire zones and on droplet characteristics.This report replaces NBL F06109 dated 2007-06-18.</p
Droplet size, velocity and area distribution [Elektronisk resurs] : Deluge nozzels
No full textThis report represents a full ser of characteristics for medium- and high-velocity deluge nozzels used in offshore platforms. Detailed information of droplets useful for simulation is presented.Droplet size and velocity, area distribution and k-factor for typical deluge nozzels at different pressure have been examined. Tow types of Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler anemometry have been used, and area distribution has been characterised by a special apparatus (Actual Application Density Apparatus). The examined nozzels have been used in earlier medium-to-large-scale fire tests. The nozzle characteristics are used as an input in simulation of the interaction of water droplet and fire development.The used measurement technique gives a picture of deluge nozzles that produces a large amount of very small water droplets, in contrast to what is earlier reported. The reason for this discrepancy may be the better resolution of the mear´surement technique, but the presented results may also indicate uncertainties connected to the same technique.</p
Mathematical correlations for fire suppression and extinguishment [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textMathematical correlations for the effect of water based fires suppression systems are presened in this report. Some of the correlations are valid for solid fuels only; some are validated for liquid pool fires, but the most useful ones valid for gas phase fires do not have a large-scale experimental verification. The proposed correlations between fire scenario parameters and the characteristics of water sprays will be validated and quantified through large scale experiments, first in a 3 m diameter 8 m high cylindrical test rig, next in a room configuration with an array of spray nozzels mounted in the ceiling.</p
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