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Feministische Perspektiven in der deutschsprachigen Medizinethik: eine Bestandsaufnahme und drei Thesen
No full textDEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM: Feminist approaches to medical ethics are well established in international discourses. By contrast, in the German-speaking medical ethical discourse, they still seem to be rather marginal. In this article, we analyze which feminist perspectives are prominent in German medical ethics and suggest new approaches. ARGUMENTS: We present our results from a systematized review of the literature, in which we identify existing feminist approaches within the German-speaking medical ethics discourse as well as research gaps. Based on the review, our preliminary research and discussions in the working group “Feminist perspectives in bio and medical ethics”, we defend three hypotheses aimed at advancing the German feminist medical ethical discourse. We posit that (1) feminist medical ethics aim at (epistemic) justice, (2) feminist medical ethics are critical and context-sensitive, and (3) intersectional and postcolonial approaches within feminist medical ethics may contribute to epistemically just, critical, and context-sensitive medical ethics. CONCLUSION: We argue that feminist perspectives should be implemented as a fundamental perspective in medical ethics because they can bring together key dimensions such as epistemically just, critical, context-sensitive, intersectional, and postcolonial thinking
An Unholy Union? : Eugenic Feminism in the Nordic Countries, ca. 1890-1940
Get PDFThe interest of first-wave feminists into eugenics was widespread internationally but the Nordic countries showed an especially keen engagement with these ideals. This link between eugenics and feminism is a controversial one, since eugenics is often thought to restrict women's reproductive choices, whereas feminism empowers women's reproductive choices. This dissertation examines the engagement of Nordic feminists with eugenic ideals between 1890 and 1940. It investigates prominent feminists and feminist organizations from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. I analyse if, and to what extent, Nordic feminists believed eugenics to be an appealing ideology to support their goal of female empowerment
This study draws upon theories of the body, intersectionality and biopower to illustrate how eugenic feminists defined, middle class women as valuable, who contributed positively society with their reproductive function as opposed to questionable women from the working class and under class who were unable to contribute to the nation. Using content analysis, this dissertation examines the public writings of eugenic feminists and feminist organizations, such as medical and sexual health advice books, articles, pamphlets, lectures, and magazines. In order to demonstrate the widespread use of eugenic rhetoric by Nordic feminists.
The dissertation's main findings are that the Nordic eugenic feminists supported the notion of women as mothers in society and as such defined female civil rights around the concept of motherhood. They argued that women were not only mothers to their own children but were foremost mothers of the nation. As such, the appropriate women needed to contribute their own reproductive function responsibly, preventing degeneration, to the success and survival of the nation, understood in the context of the race struggle and nationalism.
This study paves the way for further research on eugenics and its connection to other social movements, as well as the impact of eugenic ideologies on women and welfare policy after the Second World War.Tämä tutkimus käsittelee feminististä eugeniikkaa Pohjoismaissa vuosina 1890-1940. Tutkimus tarkastelee keskeisiä pohjoismaalaisia feministejä ja feministijärjestöjä Tanskassa, Ruotsissa, Norjassa, Suomessa ja Islannissa. Tarkastelen näyttäytyikö eugeniikka pohjoismaalaisten feministien keskuudessa houkuttelevalta aatteelta naisten voimaantumisen tukemisessa, ja missä määrin. Eugeniikan ja feminismin välinen yhteys on kiistanalainen, sillä eugeniikka nähdään usein naisten lisääntymismahdollisuuksia rajoittavana suuntauksena, kun taas feministinen liike pyrki vapauttamaan näitä vaihtoehtoja. Ensimmäisen aallon feministien kiinnostus eugeniikkaa kohtaan oli kansainvälisesti laajalle levinnyttä, mutta Pohjoismaissa tämä kiinnostus oli erityisen voimakasta ja menestyksekästä.
Tutkimus tarkastelee kehollisuuden, intersektionaalisuuden ja biopolitiikan teorioiden näkökulmasta sitä, miten eugeeniset feministit arvottivat keskiluokkaisia naisia yhteiskunnan menestymisen kannalta tärkeiksi näiden lisääntymiskyvyn perusteella. Toisaalta ala- ja työväenluokkaiset naiset esitettiin arveluttavina ja tämän vuoksi kykenemättöminä osallistumaan kansakunnan rakentamiseen. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään sisällönanalyysin avulla julkisia kirjoituksia eugeenisista feministeistä ja feministijärjestöistä. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu terveyteen ja seksuaaliterveyteen liittyvistä ohjekirjoista, artikkeleista, esitteistä, luennoista ja aikakausilehdistä havainnollistaen pohjoismaalaisten feministien laajalle levinneen eugeenisen retoriikan käytön.
Tutkimus osoittaa, että pohjoismaalaiset eugeeniset feministit näkivät naiset ennen kaikkea yhteiskunnan äiteinä, ja sellaisenaan naisten kansalaisoikeudet rakentuivat äitiyden käsitteen ympärille. Eugeeniset feministit tukivat äitiyden kansallista ymmärrystä, jonka mukaan naiset eivät olleet äitejä vain omille lapsilleen vaan myös omalle rodulleen. Nationalismin ja rotutaistelun kontekstissa naisten tuli siis edistää oman lisääntymiskykynsä myötä rodun menestymistä ja selviytymistä sekä estää sen rappeutumista.
Tämä tutkimus laajentaa aikaisempaa, lähinnä eugeeniseen sterilointiin liittyynttä tutkimusta Pohjoismaissa. Samalla se viitoittaa tietä tuleville tutkimuksille sekä eugeniikan ja muiden yhteiskunnallisten liikkeiden välisistä yhteyksistä, että eugeenisten aatteiden vaikutuksista toisen maailmansodan jälkeisestä ajasta nykypäivään.ei saavutettav
Fürholzer, Katharina (2019). Das Ethos des Pathographen. Literatur- und medizinethische Dimensionen von Krankenbiographien. Universitätsverlag Winter: Heidelberg, 286 S.
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Hentilä, Marjaliisa, Seppo Hentilä: 1918 – Das deutsche Finnland. Die Rolle der Deutschen im finnischen Bürgerkrieg. Scoventa 2018, 430 S.
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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