278 research outputs found
Direct assessment of the acidity of individual surface hydroxyls_experimental dadaset
No full textThis dataset contains the raw experimental data for the article "Direct assessment of the acidity of individual surface hydroxyls" by Margareta Wagner, Bernd Meyer, Martin Setvin, Michael Schmid & Ulrike Diebold in Nature volume 592, pages722–725 (2021).This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), project V 773-N (Elise-Richter-Stelle, M.W.) and Z 250-N27 (Wittgenstein Prize, U.D.), as well as the German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Unit FOR 1878 (funCOS, B.M.). M.W. and U.D. also acknowledge funding under the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the grant agreement number 810626. M. Setvin acknowledges the support of GAUK Primus/20/SCI/009. Computational resources were provided by LRZ Garching (project pn98fa)and RRZ Erlangen
Redefining sculpture using contemporary materials
No full textU doktorskom istraživanju Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kroz teorijsko istraživanje pojašnjen je povijesni slijed, djelovanje materijala na skulpturu i posljedično mijenjanje značenja skulpture. Shvaćeni su čimbenici malih promjena u zapadnoj skulpturi, od renesanse do 20. stoljeća te se razumije da je skulptura prije 20. stoljeća uvelike bila dio arhitekture, da se predstavlja u vidu totema, spomenika, da je definirana akademizmom i zanatom, ali u 20. stoljeću skulptura se autonomizira jer skulptura proizlazi iz rekonstrukcije društva nakon industrijske revolucije poletom materijala i tehnologije te tako dobiva kompleksniju funkciju, a kipari se počinju susretati s pitanjima mjesta, forme, konstrukcije i materijala. Iz navedenoga, umjetničko istraživanje Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kreće od istraživačkih pitanja koji su to ključni momenti u povijesti u kojima je materijal utjecao na razvoj skulpture ili promjenu njene definicije, koji se novi materijali koriste od sredine 20. stoljeća do danas i koja su njihova obilježja koja omogućavaju njihovu upotrebu u skulpturi. U ovom se radu također istražuje i koji materijali imaju potencijal korištenja u budućnosti i kako se skulptura redefinirala upotrebom suvremenih materijala te kako materijal može inovirati skulpturu. Polazeći od priloženih istraživačkih pitanja, cilj je ovoga umjetničkog istraživanja razumjeti na koji način primjena suvremenih materijala redefinira pojam skulpture i širi likovne izraze kroz prošlost umjetnosti, kroz vrste i svojstva tehničkih materijala, kroz primjere hrvatskih i inozemnih umjetnica i umjetnika te kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad kao prikaz upotrebe suvremenih materijala i eksperimenta. U korelaciji istraživačkih pitanja i cilja istraživanja ustanovljena je hipoteza istraživanja da upotreba suvremenih materijala i tehnologije mijenja definiciju skulpture i otvara nove mogućnosti likovnog izražavanja što je osobito istraženo kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad autorice Margarete Lekić. Prikazanom serijom skulptura Gumeni beton autorica istražuje umjetnički eksperiment i novi kiparski materijaIn the doctoral research Redefinition of Sculpture using contemporary materials, historical moments in which material influenced the change in the definition of sculpture were clarified through theoretical research, materials used since the mid-20th century and materials that have the potential to be used in sculpture. Factors of small changes are understood in the western sculpture, from the Renaissance to the 20th century, and it is clear that before the 20th century, sculpture was largely part of the architecture, it was represented in the form of totems, monuments and defined by academism and craftsmen. However, in the 20th century, sculpture is independent because it arises from the reconstruction of society after the industrial revolution, the prosperity of materials and technology, therefore it acquires a more complex definition, and the sculptors begin to encounter issues of place, form, construction and materials. From the aforementioned, artistic research Redefinition of sculpture using contemporary materials begins with the research questions: what are the key moments in history in which material influenced the development of sculpture or the change in its definition, which new materials have been used since the mid-20th century until the present and what are the characteristics that enable their use in sculpture, or which materials have the potential to be used in the future, in what way has sculpture been redefined using modern materials and how can material innovate sculpture? Starting from the indicated research questions, the aim of this artistic research is, through the art history, the types and characteristics of technical materials, through examples of Croatian and foreign artists and through author's own artwork, as an overview of the use of modern materials and experiments, to understand how the application of modern materials redefines the concept of sculpture and expands artistic expressions. In the correlation between research questions and the research goal, a hypothesis that the use of modern materials and technology changes the definition of sculpture and opens up new possibilities of artistic expression was established. Primarily explored, in this doctoral research, is the artwork of Margareta Lekić. It is presented with Rubber Concrete series of sculptures, in which the author explores the art experiment and new sculpture material
Redefining sculpture using contemporary materials
No full textU doktorskom istraživanju Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kroz teorijsko istraživanje pojašnjen je povijesni slijed, djelovanje materijala na skulpturu i posljedično mijenjanje značenja skulpture. Shvaćeni su čimbenici malih promjena u zapadnoj skulpturi, od renesanse do 20. stoljeća te se razumije da je skulptura prije 20. stoljeća uvelike bila dio arhitekture, da se predstavlja u vidu totema, spomenika, da je definirana akademizmom i zanatom, ali u 20. stoljeću skulptura se autonomizira jer skulptura proizlazi iz rekonstrukcije društva nakon industrijske revolucije poletom materijala i tehnologije te tako dobiva kompleksniju funkciju, a kipari se počinju susretati s pitanjima mjesta, forme, konstrukcije i materijala. Iz navedenoga, umjetničko istraživanje Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kreće od istraživačkih pitanja koji su to ključni momenti u povijesti u kojima je materijal utjecao na razvoj skulpture ili promjenu njene definicije, koji se novi materijali koriste od sredine 20. stoljeća do danas i koja su njihova obilježja koja omogućavaju njihovu upotrebu u skulpturi. U ovom se radu također istražuje i koji materijali imaju potencijal korištenja u budućnosti i kako se skulptura redefinirala upotrebom suvremenih materijala te kako materijal može inovirati skulpturu. Polazeći od priloženih istraživačkih pitanja, cilj je ovoga umjetničkog istraživanja razumjeti na koji način primjena suvremenih materijala redefinira pojam skulpture i širi likovne izraze kroz prošlost umjetnosti, kroz vrste i svojstva tehničkih materijala, kroz primjere hrvatskih i inozemnih umjetnica i umjetnika te kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad kao prikaz upotrebe suvremenih materijala i eksperimenta. U korelaciji istraživačkih pitanja i cilja istraživanja ustanovljena je hipoteza istraživanja da upotreba suvremenih materijala i tehnologije mijenja definiciju skulpture i otvara nove mogućnosti likovnog izražavanja što je osobito istraženo kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad autorice Margarete Lekić. Prikazanom serijom skulptura Gumeni beton autorica istražuje umjetnički eksperiment i novi kiparski materijaIn the doctoral research Redefinition of Sculpture using contemporary materials, historical moments in which material influenced the change in the definition of sculpture were clarified through theoretical research, materials used since the mid-20th century and materials that have the potential to be used in sculpture. Factors of small changes are understood in the western sculpture, from the Renaissance to the 20th century, and it is clear that before the 20th century, sculpture was largely part of the architecture, it was represented in the form of totems, monuments and defined by academism and craftsmen. However, in the 20th century, sculpture is independent because it arises from the reconstruction of society after the industrial revolution, the prosperity of materials and technology, therefore it acquires a more complex definition, and the sculptors begin to encounter issues of place, form, construction and materials. From the aforementioned, artistic research Redefinition of sculpture using contemporary materials begins with the research questions: what are the key moments in history in which material influenced the development of sculpture or the change in its definition, which new materials have been used since the mid-20th century until the present and what are the characteristics that enable their use in sculpture, or which materials have the potential to be used in the future, in what way has sculpture been redefined using modern materials and how can material innovate sculpture? Starting from the indicated research questions, the aim of this artistic research is, through the art history, the types and characteristics of technical materials, through examples of Croatian and foreign artists and through author's own artwork, as an overview of the use of modern materials and experiments, to understand how the application of modern materials redefines the concept of sculpture and expands artistic expressions. In the correlation between research questions and the research goal, a hypothesis that the use of modern materials and technology changes the definition of sculpture and opens up new possibilities of artistic expression was established. Primarily explored, in this doctoral research, is the artwork of Margareta Lekić. It is presented with Rubber Concrete series of sculptures, in which the author explores the art experiment and new sculpture material
Redefining sculpture using contemporary materials
No full textU doktorskom istraživanju Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kroz teorijsko istraživanje pojašnjen je povijesni slijed, djelovanje materijala na skulpturu i posljedično mijenjanje značenja skulpture. Shvaćeni su čimbenici malih promjena u zapadnoj skulpturi, od renesanse do 20. stoljeća te se razumije da je skulptura prije 20. stoljeća uvelike bila dio arhitekture, da se predstavlja u vidu totema, spomenika, da je definirana akademizmom i zanatom, ali u 20. stoljeću skulptura se autonomizira jer skulptura proizlazi iz rekonstrukcije društva nakon industrijske revolucije poletom materijala i tehnologije te tako dobiva kompleksniju funkciju, a kipari se počinju susretati s pitanjima mjesta, forme, konstrukcije i materijala. Iz navedenoga, umjetničko istraživanje Redefinicija skulpture upotrebom suvremenih materijala kreće od istraživačkih pitanja koji su to ključni momenti u povijesti u kojima je materijal utjecao na razvoj skulpture ili promjenu njene definicije, koji se novi materijali koriste od sredine 20. stoljeća do danas i koja su njihova obilježja koja omogućavaju njihovu upotrebu u skulpturi. U ovom se radu također istražuje i koji materijali imaju potencijal korištenja u budućnosti i kako se skulptura redefinirala upotrebom suvremenih materijala te kako materijal može inovirati skulpturu. Polazeći od priloženih istraživačkih pitanja, cilj je ovoga umjetničkog istraživanja razumjeti na koji način primjena suvremenih materijala redefinira pojam skulpture i širi likovne izraze kroz prošlost umjetnosti, kroz vrste i svojstva tehničkih materijala, kroz primjere hrvatskih i inozemnih umjetnica i umjetnika te kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad kao prikaz upotrebe suvremenih materijala i eksperimenta. U korelaciji istraživačkih pitanja i cilja istraživanja ustanovljena je hipoteza istraživanja da upotreba suvremenih materijala i tehnologije mijenja definiciju skulpture i otvara nove mogućnosti likovnog izražavanja što je osobito istraženo kroz vlastiti umjetnički rad autorice Margarete Lekić. Prikazanom serijom skulptura Gumeni beton autorica istražuje umjetnički eksperiment i novi kiparski materijaIn the doctoral research Redefinition of Sculpture using contemporary materials, historical moments in which material influenced the change in the definition of sculpture were clarified through theoretical research, materials used since the mid-20th century and materials that have the potential to be used in sculpture. Factors of small changes are understood in the western sculpture, from the Renaissance to the 20th century, and it is clear that before the 20th century, sculpture was largely part of the architecture, it was represented in the form of totems, monuments and defined by academism and craftsmen. However, in the 20th century, sculpture is independent because it arises from the reconstruction of society after the industrial revolution, the prosperity of materials and technology, therefore it acquires a more complex definition, and the sculptors begin to encounter issues of place, form, construction and materials. From the aforementioned, artistic research Redefinition of sculpture using contemporary materials begins with the research questions: what are the key moments in history in which material influenced the development of sculpture or the change in its definition, which new materials have been used since the mid-20th century until the present and what are the characteristics that enable their use in sculpture, or which materials have the potential to be used in the future, in what way has sculpture been redefined using modern materials and how can material innovate sculpture? Starting from the indicated research questions, the aim of this artistic research is, through the art history, the types and characteristics of technical materials, through examples of Croatian and foreign artists and through author's own artwork, as an overview of the use of modern materials and experiments, to understand how the application of modern materials redefines the concept of sculpture and expands artistic expressions. In the correlation between research questions and the research goal, a hypothesis that the use of modern materials and technology changes the definition of sculpture and opens up new possibilities of artistic expression was established. Primarily explored, in this doctoral research, is the artwork of Margareta Lekić. It is presented with Rubber Concrete series of sculptures, in which the author explores the art experiment and new sculpture material
TUGAS AKHIR KARYA ILMIAH RETORIKA INFLUENCER MARGARETA VANIA DALAM MEMBANGUN PERSONAL BRANDING
No full textSeorang influencer yang sebagian besar pekerjaanya adalah
berkomunikasi dan menyampaikan pesan kepada pengikutnya, tentunya harus
memiliki kemampuan ber-retorika yang baik. Dalam hal berkomunikasi, tentu
saja personal branding-nya dapat terbentuk dari bagaimana dia berbicara.
Penelitian ini menggunakan teori retorika milik seorang filsuf Yunani
yaitu Aristoteles. Ada 3 bukti retoris dalam retorika yatu Ethos, Logos dan
Pathos. Ethos yang berarti kredibilitas seorang komunikator, logos yang berarti
sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan logika, serta pathos yaitu hubungan
emosional antara komunikator dan komunikan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik
pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan
dokumentasi. Adapun yang menjadi key informan penelitian ini adalah
Margareta Vania dan terdapat 2 informan pendukung yaitu followers Margareta
itu sendiri.
Margareta Vania selaku influencer yang memproduksi konten-konten
edukasi, menerapkan tiga bukti retoris retorika Aristoteles dalam
berkomunikasi. Margareta memiliki ethos sebagai guru dan memiliki brand
image edukatif, sedangkan logos yang dimiliki Margareta adalah kebiasaanya
mencantumkan sumber-sumber disetiap pesan yang Margareta sampaikan,
dan ethos yang dimiliki oleh Margareta merupakan menjalin hubungan baik
dengan pengikutnya, hal tersebut merupakan faktor yang membentuk dirinya
memiliki personal branding edukatif.
Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Margareta berhasil menciptakan
personal branding edukatif pada dirinya melalui rerotika yang ia gunakan
dalam berkomunikasi. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari isi konten video Tiktoknya dan
bagaiman Margareta menyampaikan pesannya.
An influencer whose job is mostly communicating and conveying messages to
his followers, of course, must have good rhetorical skills. In terms of
communicating, of course his personal branding can be formed from how he
speaks.
This study uses the rhetorical theory of a Greek philosopher, namely Aristotle.
There are 3 rhetorical evidences in rhetoric, namely Ethos, Logos and Pathos.
Ethos which means the credibility of a communicator, logos which means
something related to logic, and pathos which is the emotional relationship
between the communicator and the communicant.
This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques with in�depth interviews, observation and documentation. The key informant for this
research is Margareta Vania and there are 2 supporting informants, namely
Margareta's own followers.
Margareta Vania as an influencer who produces educational content, applies
three proofs of Aristotelian rhetoric in communication. Margareta has an ethos
as a teacher and has an educative brand image, while Margareta's logos is her
habit of including sources in every message that Margareta conveys, and
Margareta's ethos is to establish good relations with her followers, this is a
factor that makes her personal. educational branding.
The author concludes that Margareta has succeeded in creating educational
personal branding for herself through the rhetoric she uses in communicating.
This can be seen from the content of the Tiktok video and how Margareta
conveys her message
In2O3(111): Surface Structure and Adsorption of Small Molecules
No full textIndium oxide, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), is widely used in semiconductor industry but it also displays promising performance in electro- and photo catalytic reactions. As the interface is central in all these applications, understanding the fundamental properties is critical, especially when going to nanoscopic dimensions in novel device architectures.
As a model system we investigate the non-polar In2O3(111) surface[1] experimentally with low temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy (STM, AFM), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This talk gives an overview on our current investigations on In2O3(111) including the adsorption of water and the interaction with small organic molecules.
In2O3(111) has an intrinsically large unit cell composed of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic area. We test the reactivity of these areas by unravelling the interfacial water structures for the whole range of water coverages in UHV, from single dissociated molecules[2,3] to multilayers. Even at high coverages we clearly see hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity within the unit cell, both in experiments and calculations[4]. Comparison with methanol and acetylene shows common adsorption preferences.
The interaction of conjugated organic molecules with surfaces is of great fundamental interest and important in many applied areas. Surface science investigations have significantly contributed to understand the organics/metal interface, but the second electrode in such devices – the one that is optically transparent – is unknown territory. Our studies aim at closing this gap: Starting with the smallest aromatic molecule, benzene, we expand to more complex organic molecules including phthalocyanines and study the interaction with the In2O3(111) surface and the condensation into 2dim structures.
[1] M. Wagner, et al. Reducing the In2O3(111) Surface Results in Ordered Indium Adatoms. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 1, 1400289 (2014).
[2] M. Wagner, et al. Direct assessment of the acidity of individual surface hydroxyls. Nature 592, 722–725 (2021).
[3] M. Wagner, et al. Resolving the Structure of a Well-ordered Hydroxyl Overlayer on In2O3(111): Nanomanipulation and Theory. ACS Nano 11, 11531–11541 (2017).
[4] H. Chen et al. A locally hydrophobic oxide surface: In2O3(111). ACS Nano, 16, 12, 21163–21173 (2022)
Diphasia margareta
No full textDiphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841) (Figs. 4–7; Table 3) ? Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786: 55 –56, pl. VI, fig. 13B [Not Sertularia pinaster Lepechin, 1783 = Thuiaria pinaster (Lepechin, 1783)]. ? Sertularia pinastrum: Cuvier, 1830: 301 (incorrect subsequent spelling). Sertularia margareta Hassall, 1841: 284, pl. VI, figs. 3 – 4. Diphasia pinaster: Hincks, 1868: 252 –253, pl. L, fig. 1; Cornelius, 1995: 50 –53, fig. 10. Diphasia elegans G.O. Sars, 1874: 107 –108, tab.III, figs. 23–26. Diphasia margareta: Cornelius, 1979: 263 –265, fig. 11; Ramil & Vervoort, 1992: 201 –210, figs.52, 53, 54, 55, 56C–E, 57A, 58. Not Diphasia pectinata: Vervoort, 1959: 255 –256, figs. 23–24 (= Diphasia africana n. sp.) [Not Diphasia pectinata (Lamarck, 1816) = Diphasia nigra (Pallas, 1766)]. Not Diphasia pinaster: Billard, 1907: 357 –358 (= Diphasia heurteli Billard, 1924). Material examined. Morocco. MAROC-0411, stn MO09, 35º29´34"– 35º32´40"N, 7º15´13"– 7º18´25"W, 1228– 1198 m, 16-XI-2004: two colonies 29 and 77 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO14, 35º31´08"–35º29´25"N, 6º27´51"–6º27´17"W, 720–724 m, 18-XI-2004: three colonies 18–25 mm high, one attached to Polyplumaria flabellata and other attached to Nemertesia ramosa, one with two male gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO33, 34º35´12"–35º00´44"N, 7º13´58"–7º15´16"W, 1248– 1236 m, 24-XI-2004: single colony 21 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO34, 35º10´11"–35º10´03"N, 6º32´35"–6º32´30"W, 762–763 m, 25-XI-2004: two colonies 41 and 69 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO35, 35º08´45"–35º06´45"N, 6º27´21"–6º27´11"W, 583–598 m, 25-XI-2004: single colony 60 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO43, 34º14´52"–34º16´40"N, 7º01´56"–7º01´26"W, 936– 929 m, 28-XI-2004: single colony 26 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO44, 34º20´09"–34º19´22"N, 7º07´11"–7º07´45"W, 1426– 1414 m, 28-XI-2004: single colony 86 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO48, 34º11´55"–34º11´22"N, 7º15´25"–7º17´21"W, 841–842 m, 29-XI-2004: single colony 119 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO63, 33º12´05"–33º10´18"N, 9º09´59"–9º09´30"W, 577–620 m, 5-XII-2004: one fragment 24 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO72, 31º32´56"–31º33´53"N, 10º08´07"–10º08´46"W, 516–553 m, 7-XII-2004: twenty one colonies 15–130 mm high, one colony attached to Acryptolaria conferta minor and other attached to a fishing line, three colonies with female gonothecae and one with male gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO74, 31º20´16"–31º18´35"N, 10º09´00"–10º09´13"W, 644–666 m, 8-XII-2004: single colony 23 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0411, stn MO78, 31º11´51"–31º11´49"N, 10º18´10"–10º16´07"W, 578– 500 m, 9-XII-2004: single colony 29 mm high, with male gonothecae. MAROC-0511, stn MO148, 27º52´56"–27º50´39"N, 13º26´43"–13º28´15"W, 704–744 m, 1-XII-2005: three colonies 54–82 mm high, no gonothecae. Western Sahara. MAROC-0611, stn MO189, 21º09´04"– 21º12´24"N, 17º42´06"– 17º42´18"W, 564– 556 m, 14-XI-2006: four colonies 16–80 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO201, 21º39´26"–21º42´13"N, 17º33´09"–17º31´25"W, 736– 734 m, 18-XI-2006: single colony 30 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO205, 21º50´30"–21º53´17"N, 17º26´12"–17º24´20"W, 311–358 m, 19-XI-2006: two colonies 30 and 102 mm high, one colony with female gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO213, 22º08´22"–22º10´10"N, 17º32´33"– 17º30´09"W, 919– 893 m, 21-XI-2006: single colony 82 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO214, 22º05´32"–22º08´22"N, 17º27´32"–17º26´20"W, 596– 583 m, 21-XI-2006: single colony 34 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO222, 22º39´35"–22º43´05"N, 17º13´19"–17º12´35"W, 410–414 m, 23-XI-2006: two colonies 22 and 41 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO225, 22º43´25"–22º45´24"N, 17º16´13"–17º13´24"W, 698– 604 m, 24-XI-2006: two colonies 20 and 39 mm high, no gonothecae. MAROC-0611, stn MO253, 23º50´31"–23º54´19"N, 16º50´27"–16º48´34"W, 463– 459 m, 3-XII-2006: single colony 73 mm high, no gonothecae. Mauritania. MAURIT-0811, stn MU128, 16º33´15"– 16º31´09"N, 16º48´07" –16º48´27"W, 218–404 m, 1- XII-2008: four colonies 49–143 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU130, 16º44´31"–16º47´12"N, 16º46´48"–16º47´01"W, 252–362 m, 2-XII-2008: single colony 109 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU131, 17º00´55"–17º03´33"N, 16º43´21"–16º41´50"W, 102–104 m, 2-XII-2008: seven colonies 56–187 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU142, 18º09´13"–18º12´29"N, 16º28´17"–16º28´34"W, 109–112 m, 5-XII-2008: single colony 77 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU145, 18º26´47"–18º29´45"N, 16º36´14"–16º36´42"W, 232– 230 m, 5-XII-2008: single colony 38 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU147, 18º41´01–18º38´04"N, 16º34´31"–16º33´14"W, 134–139 m, 6-XII-2008: single colony 75 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU148, 18º42´02"–18º39´56"N, 16º36´28"–16º38´29"W, 215–245 m, 6-XII-2008: single colony 96 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU151, 18º49´50"–18º52´17"N, 16º38´03"–16º39´59"W, 110–134 m, 7-XII-2008: seven colonies 62–132 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU152, 18º50´25"–18º53´35"N, 16º48´58"–16º49´03"W, 381– 316 m, 7-XII-2008: single colony 65 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0811, stn MU159, 17º37´55"–17º41´01"N, 16º34´30"–16º34´24"W, 224–229 m, 9-XII-2008: single colony 46 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU184, 19º29´44"–19º28´06"N, 17º01´19"–17º00´43"W, 213– 202 m, 18-XI-2009: two colonies, 125 and 130 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV08, 20º44´50"–20º45´03"N, 17º38´47"–17º38´37"W, 174– 168 m, 26-XI-2009: three colonies 88–99 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV14, 16º46´02"–16º45´49"N, 16º47´36"–16º47´33"W, 300– 281 m, 3-XII-2009: five colonies 15–18 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU219, 16º12´13"–16º13´35"N, 16º50´28"–16º50´01"W, 125–129 m, 6-XII-2009: single colony 66 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV19, 18º27´35"–18º27´22"N, 16º38´02"–16º37´58"W, 306 m, 11-XII-2009: nine colonies 21–130 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MUBV20, 18º28´16"–18º28´02"N, 16º32´37"–16º32´32"W, 155 m, 12-XII-2009: four colonies 83–115 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU233, 18º44´26"–18º43´50"N, 16º37´12"–16º38´48"W, 165–189 m, 13-XII-2009: 64 colonies 49–275 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-0911, stn MU235, 19º01´34"–19º00´00"N, 16º41´55"–16º42´04"W, 123 m, 14-XII-2009: five colonies 65–145 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MU290, 18º16´53"–18º18´44"N, 16º35´23"–16º35´35"W, 311 m, 14-XII-2010: 21 colonies 22–131 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MUDR11, 19º38´25"N, 17º06´52"W, 322 m, 26-XI-2010: 64 colonies 23–54 mm high, no gonothecae. MAURIT-1011, stn MUDR14, 19º36´53"N, 17º04´15"W, 243 m, 27-XI-2010: two colonies 50 mm high, no gonothecae. Cape Verde Islands. CCLME-2011, stn SL-6, 23º06´6"N, 15º51´88"W, 107 m, 11-VI-2011: one colony 18 mm high, no gonothecae. Guinea Bissau. BISSAU-0810, stn BS132, 11º31´33"N, 17º14´07"W, 23-X-2008: four colonies 39–60 mm high, three colonies attached to worm tubes, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS133, 11º29´17"–11º28´26"N, 17º15´14"–17º15´14"W, 733–734 m, 23-X-2008: seven colonies 29–63 mm high, one colony attached to a scleractinian coral, six colonies attached to worm tubes; no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS134, 11º28´17"–11º29´11"N, 17º13´12"–17º13´22"W, 385– 374 m, 23-X-2008: three colonies 65–115 mm high, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS147, 11º08´35"–11º08´27"N, 17º11´31"–17º10´37"W, 306– 186 m, 26-X-2008: six colonies 44–83 mm high, no gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS152, 10º31´12"–10º30´19"N, 17º12´34"–17º12´32"W, 300–305 m, 27-X-2008: 223 colonies 15–119 mm high, 22 colonies attached to Lytocarpia myriophyllum, one colony attached to Nemertesia ventriculiformis one colony attached to Nemertesia sp., one colony attached to a worm tube; 37 colonies with female gonothecae and 25 colonies with male gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS157, 10º19´36"–10º18´44"N, 17º10´29"–17º10´12"W, 304–308 m, 28-X-2008: five colonies 45–78 mm high, two colonies attached to worm tubes, one colony with male gonothecae. BISSAU-0810, stn BS173, 10º04´52"–10º04´17"N, 16º34´12"–16º33´30"W, 278– 277 m, 31-X-2008: two colonies 67– 50 mm high, no gonothecae. Josephine Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW37, 36º42.0´N, 14º17.7´W, 255–270 m, 4-X-1987: four colonies 32– 65 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW38, 36º41.5´N, 14º17.0´W, 235–245 m, 4-X-1987: five colonies 25–62 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP40, 36º38.6´N, 14º15.9´W, 215–221 m, 4-X-1987: three colonies 29–53 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW41, 36º40.1´N, 14º14.9´W, 200 m, 4-X-1987: single colony 84 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW60, 36º43.1´N, 14º17.3´W, 240–255 m, 7-X-1987: single colony 45 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW61, 36º40.2´N, 14º16.0´W, 200–205 m, 7-X-1987: single colony 37 mm high, no gonothecae. Gorringe Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW06, 36º30.2´N, 11º37.9´W, 250 m, 22-IX-1987: two colonies 36–61 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP11, 36º26.4´N, 11º40.2´W, 805–830 m, 23-IX-1987: single colony 34 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW15, 36º33.4´N, 11º28.8´W, 300–330 m, 24-IX-1987: seven colonies 52–86 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE20, 36º33.7´N, 11º30.1´W, 305–320 m, 24-IX-1987: six colonies 53–110 mm high, two colonies with male gonothecae, one colony with female gonothecae attached to Aglaophenia tubulifera. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW21, 36º34.9´N, 11º28.4´W, 460–480 m, 24-IX-1987: single colony 61 mm high, attached to Nemertesia sp., no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW34, 36º31.2´N, 11º32.2´W, 80–110 m, 3-X-1987: three colonies 50–93 mm high, no gonothecae. Ampère Bank. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP93, 35º03.7´N, 12º54.0´W, 140–230 m, 11-X-1987: nine colonies 24– 64 mm high, one attached to Nemertesia perrieri, one with male gonothecae, one with female gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE95, 35º04.6´N, 12º55.3´W, 197–210 m, 11-X-1987: single colony 63 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DW97, 35º05.5´N, 12º54.1´W, 204–250 m, 12-X-1987: three colonies 28–51 mm high, no gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn DE98, 35º03.2´N, 12º55.4´W, 300–325 m, 12-X-1987: ten colonies 34–63 mm high, one colony with male gonothecae, one with female gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP99, 35º03.8´N, 12º55.4´W, 225–280 m, 12-X-1987: 16 colonies 19–85 mm high, two colonies with female gonothecae and one with male gonothecae. SEAMOUNT-1, stn CP100, 35º03.6´N, 12º55.3´W, 182–207 m, 12-X-1987: twenty four colonies 15–84 mm high, one colony attached to Diphasia alata and two colonies attached to Aglaophenia tubulifera; six colonies with male gonothecae, four colonies with female gonothecae. Additional material. Norway. Møre og Romsdall, UMB Nr. 349, Prof. G.O. Sars, loc: Kristiansund (no further information provided in the label): two colonies 35–70 mm high, one of them attached to stone. Hordaland. UMB Nr.259, loc. Mosterhamn Bømlo, Jul. 1887 (no further information provided in the label): one colony 30 mm high, attached to stone. Hordaland, UMB Nr.301, Jul. 1887 (no further information provided in the label): two colonies 56–67 mm high, one with male gonothecae. Spain. Galicia, Bares, 43º46´19´´N, 7º40´11´´W, March. One colony 11 mm high, without gonothecae stranded on beach. Morocco. LMZ-109, BALGIM expedition, stn CP09, 36º47.6´N, 09º28´W, 1163 m, 29-V-1984: one slide with hydrocladia of 17 mm high. LMZ-111, BALGIM expedition, stn CP26, 36º45.5´N, 07º08.4´W, 392 m, 31-V-1984: two slides, one with a fragment of 7 mm high and the other with a fragment of 12 mm high from the basal part of the colony, both without gonothecae. Biology. This species was found on Sertularella cylindritheca (Vervoort 1959); Nemertesia sp.; Streptocaulus pulcherrimus Allman, 1883; bryozoans; worm tubes; shells; small stones; rooted in the sediment by the hydrorhiza and as an epibiont on big and old colonies of D. margareta (Medel & Vervoort 1988). Our material was growing on Acryptolaria conferta minor Ramil & Vervoort, 1992; Aglaophenia tubulifera (Hincks, 1861); Lytocarpia myriophyllum (Linnaeus, 1758); Nemertesia ventriculiformis (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890); Nemertesia sp.; D. alata; scleractinians; worms tubes and fishing lines. Fertile colonies were reported in March and May–September (Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1979, 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1988). We found colonies with gonothecae between September and December. Distribution. Diphasia margareta is widely distributed along the Northeastern Atlantic, from Norway to Guinea-Bissau, including the Mediterranean Sea (Ramil & Vervoort 1992). The species has also been reported in Azores, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Medel & Vervoort 1998). The material identified as Diphasia pinaster (= D. margareta) from Mozambique by Billard (1907) was described later by the same author (Billard 1924) as a new species: Diphasia heurteli Billard, 1924. Stechow (1925) also reported the presence of D. margareta [as Nigelastrum (Diphasia) pinaster] in the Mozambique Channel; however, the origin of the data is unclear. We assume that his record is based on Billard (1907) because D. margareta was never found again in those waters. Our material comes from Norway, Galicia (Northwest Spain), Josephine, Gorringe and Ampère banks, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Cape Verde Islands and Guinea-Bissau. Its bathymetric range extends from 24 (Medel & Vervoort 1998) to 1318 m (Ramil & Vervoort 1992). The present material was collected between 80 and 1426 m. Description. Hydrorhiza composed of a network of perisarcal tubes adhering the colony to the substratum. Colonies composed of an erect and monosiphonic axis provided with pairs of opposite hydrothecae and lateral branches (hydrocladia), pinnately disposed and slightly directed to the frontal side of the colony. Axes are a little wider than the hydrocladia and may be divided into segments of different lengths by transverse nodes. Hydrocladia are inserted under an axial hydrotheca (fig. 4F) and separated, consecutively, by one and two pairs of hydrothecae; thus, between two consecutive hydrocladia on the same side, three hydrothecae are present. Hydrocladial hydrothecae disposed in subopposite pairs at the basal part but opposite distally. Hydrothecae tubular and located laterally on the axes and hydrocladia, adnate by one-third to half of the total length, and curved outwards. Free part of the adcauline wall long, straight or slightly concave distally, and usually with striae along its length; adnate part slightly concave. Abcauline wall with an internal perisarcal ledge of very variable development; beyond this ledge, the abcauline wall is curved upwards. Hydrothecal rim smooth, semicircular and closed by a single operculum attached to the adcauline sinus. Aperture of the hydrothecae directed upwards and almost perpendicular to the hydrocladia (figs. 4B, 5A). Female and male gonothecae borne on the axes or hydrocladia of different colonies under a pair of hydrothecae; female bigger than male. Female gonotheca pear-shaped with apical part rounded and narrowing basally. Gonothecal wall with four longitudinal ribs along almost its entire length; each rib with two to six welldeveloped spines on the distal part. Inner apical part of the gonotheca with a well-developed marsupium communicated with the proximal gonothecal cavity by a circular aperture; two lateral funnels originating from both sides of the marsupium reach the gonothecal wall and form a pair of lateral openings (figs. 4C, 5B, 6B). The larvae develop inside the marsupium and leave the gonothecae through these holes. Male gonothecae disposed perpendicular to the axis or hydrocladia. They are narrow at the base, widening towards the distal part, where they are quadrangular in the cross-section and provided with four spines, one at each corner, surrounding a central aperture located at the end of a conical elevation (figs. 4D–E, 5C–D, 6C). In both female and male gonothecae, the spines are very variable in morphology and length. Remarks. Diphasia margareta is currently considered a highly variable species characterized by the morphology of its gonothecae: the female provided with four external longitudinal ridges with a variable number of spines on each ridge and the male, quadrangular in the cross-section with one distal spine on each corner, surrounding a central aperture located at end of a conical elevation. Its variations were described in detail by Ramil & Vervoort (1992) and arranged in four major groups. All material studied by us is consistent with the second group: a more tubular hydrothecae provided with striae on the lateral walls and the female gonothecae showing always well-developed longitudinal ridges, each with spines oscillating between two and six. We found the same degree of variation described by Ramil & Vervoort (1992) in the materials studied in this report, and, therefore, we included it in D. margareta. The nomenclature of the species was the subject of extensive discussions, and several names were proposed for it during the last century. Diphasia margareta was described by Hassall (1841) after collecting colonies from Ireland. In the original description, Hassall (1841) pointed out the resemblance of D. margareta with Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786; but differences in the morphology of the gonothecae led him to consider it a different species. It should be noted that the gonothecae described by Ellis & Solander (1786) were female and those described by Hassall (1841) were male. Hincks (1868) concluded that D. margareta is the female colony of S. pinaster and included it as its synonym. Hincks’s opinion was widely shared in the 20th century (references in Medel & Vervoort 1998: 15–16). Nevertheless, Vervoort (1959) indicated that Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 is an invalid junior homonym of Sertularia pinaster Lepechin, 1781 [= Thuiaria pinaster (Lepechin, 1781)] and included the Ellis & Solander species under the name Diphasia pectinata (Lamarck, 1816), which was considered by Bedot (1901: 442, 503) as a synonym of D. pinaster and, consequently, the first available name for D. margareta. However, the holotype of D. pectinata was reviewed by Billard (1907) and later by Cornelius (1979), and both concurred that this material is referable to Diphasia nigra (Pallas, 1766). Cornelius (1979) proposed the earliest available name for this species: Diphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841). This proposition was followed virtually by all later authors but not by Cornelius (1995); he used the combination “ Diphasia pinaster sensu Hincks, 1868,” which is not recognized under provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Finally, Schuchert (2012), for the sake of nomenclatural stability, proposed Diphasia margareta (Hassall, 1841) as a valid name, considering Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 as a questionable synonym of D. margareta; we share his opinion. The name Sertularia pinastrum Cuvier, 1830 was regarded as a new name for Sertularia pinaster Ellis & Solander, 1786 (Cornelius 1979, 1995; Schuchert 2012); however, it in fact only represents an incorrect subsequent spelling of Sertularia pinaster (see Cuvier 1830: 301, footnote 5) and, therefore, it is not an available name. Material examined. Western Sahara. CCLME-1110, stn BT205, 25º10´01"– 25º11´17"N, 14º51´53"– 14º52´07"W, 43–45 m, 27-XI-2011: three colonies 43–130 mm high, two with male gonothecae and one with female gonothecae. One colony 110 mm high with male gonothecae is the holotype (MNCN 2.03/677); remaining colonies are paratypes (MNCN 2.03/678; LZM-04473). CCLME-1110, stn BT199, 24º52´21"–24º50´43"N, 14º58´20"–14º58´03"W, 30–31 m, 26-XI-2011: single colony 110 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratype (CFM-IEOMA-6215). CCLME-1110, stn BT208, 25º49´42"–25º49´04"N, 15º27´28"–15º29´07"W, 350–355 m, 27-XI-2011: two colonies 80–120 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratypes (MNHN-IK- 2014-2197, LZM-02003). CCLME-1110, stn BT213, 26º15´53"–26º14´42"N, 14º50´21"–14º51´30"W, 371– 363 m, 28-XI-2011: single colony 85 mm high, with male gonothecae; paratype (RMNH.COEL.42266). Etymology. The specific name leonisae was chosen as a tribute to Mrs. Leonisa González, grandmother of the first author. Biology. The material was collected from muddy bottoms. All fertile colonies were recorded in November. Distribution. This species was recorded in only four localities off Western Sahara between 30 and 371 m. Description. Hydrorhiza formed by a bundle of intertwining tubules adhering to soft sediments and supporting an erect and branched axis. Main axis monosiphonic, with sympodial growth and the subsidiary branches directed alternatively right and left, resulting in a scorpioid sympodium; thus, the main (or “false”) axis is composed of the basal parts of the successive branches (fig. 8A). Each branch originates from the preceding one and arises frontally between a pair of axial hydrothecae, starting at a short internode carrying a pair of hydrothecae. Rest of the branch composed of internodes of quite different lengths separated by transverse nodes more conspicuous in the distal part. The internodes support a variable number of hydrothecal pairs disposed strictly opposed in both the axis and branches. The hydrocladia, inserted under a pair of hydrothecae, are long and pinnately arranged in the same plane as the “false axis” or branches. One and two pairs of axial hydrothecae between two successive hydrocladia, resulting in the separation of three pairs of hydrothecae between the hydrocladia on the same side (fig. 9B). In some colonies, we observed
Integration von transparenten Leitern und Optik in mikrofabrizierten Ionenfallen
No full textIntegrating photonics into ion traps remains an inevitable hurdle that needs to be overcome in order to allow scaling of trapped ion quantum computers. This thesis aims to enhance trapped ion quantum computing by tackling the challenges posed by the integration of dielectrics into the next generation of trapped ion quantum computers in the form of optical components. Dielectrics have been found to adversely affect ion stability, resulting in reduced fidelity and coherence times. To mitigate these effects, this study explores novel materials such as transparent conducting oxides such as Al:ZnO and innovative combinations of existing materials in the form of dielectric (Al2O3)-metal (Au) stacks. An array of analytical techniques is employed to evaluate the effectiveness and composition of these materials. Beyond typical transmission and sheet resistance measurements, we delve deeper into the effects of annealing and cryogenic temperatures on sheet resistance which become relevant in the fabrication and operation steps of ion traps. Moreover, comprehensive evaluations are conducted, utilising AFM, SEM, TEM and KPFM, to investigate film quality and growth characteristics. Our findings show that Al:ZnO and gold-Al2O3 films demonstrate the highest potential as shielding layers, effectively safeguarding trapped ions from disruptive dielectric charges while preserving optical access.Die Integration von Photonik in Ionenfallen stellt nach wie vor eine unvermeidliche Hürde dar, die überwunden werden muss, um die Skalierung von Ionen-basierten Quantencomputern zu ermöglichen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, Ionenfallen zu verbessern, indem die Probleme gelöst werden, die sich aus der Integration von Dielektrika in Form von photonischen Bauteilen entstehen. Es wurde experimentell sowie theoretisch festgestellt, dass Dielektrika die Ionenstabilität beeinträchtigen. Um die hervorgerufenen Effekte zu verhindern, werden in dieser Arbeit neuartige Materialien wie transparente leitfähige Oxide wie Al:ZnO sowie neue Kombinationen bestehender Materialien in Form von dielektrischen (Al2O3)-Metall (Au)-Stacks untersucht. Zur Beurteilung der Effiktivität und Zusammensetzung dieser Materialien werden verschiedene analytische Techniken angewendet. Neben den herkömmlichen Transmissions- und Schichtwiderstandsmessungen werden auch die Auswirkungen von Hoch- und Tieftemperaturen auf den Schichtwiderstand untersucht, da diese für die Herstellung und den Betrieb von Ionenfallen von Bedeutung sind. Darüber hinaus erfolgen umfassende Auswertungen mittels AFM, SEM, TEM und KPFM, um die Schichtqualität und Wachstumseigenschaften zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Al:ZnO und Al2O3-Gold Filme das größte Potenzial als Abschirmungsschichten aufweisen um die eingefangene Ionen effektiv vor störenden dielektrischen Ladungen zu schützen und gleichzeitig den optischen Zugang bewahren
Kelvin Sonden Mikroskopie Analyse von mikrofabrizierten Ionenfallen
No full textOberflächenbedingtes Rauschen ist nach wie vor ein Hindernis für skalierbares Quantencomputing mit Ionenfallen. Motiviert durch die immer noch unklaren Ursachen des Rauschens wird in dieser Arbeit eine Analyse der Oberflächeneigenschaften von industriell gefertigten Ionenfallen mittels Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) vorgestellt. Dabei KPFM wird als ortsaufgelöste Methode eingesetzt, um die Potenzialverteilung auf Aluminium- und Siliziumdioxidoberflächen zu untersuchen. Auf den Aluminiumoberflächen werden verschiedene statische Unregelmäßigkeiten im Potenzial beobachtet, darunter erwartete Merkmale wie Korngrenzen. Interessanterweise werden unerwartet große Abweichungen von bis zu 790 mV entdeckt, deren Ursachen jedoch nicht klar sind. Um die Auswirkungen dieser Potenzialabweichungen besser zu verstehen, werden Simulationen des statischen elektrischen Feldes anhand von Daten aus KPFM-Messungen durchgeführt, die mögliche Auswirkungen auf eingeschlossene Ionen aufzeigen. Außerdem werden Laserexperimente an einer Aluminiumelektrode beschrieben, bei denen während der KPFM- Messungen abwechselnd mit einem 405-nm-Laser beleuchtet und abgedunkelt wird. Diese Experimente ergaben jedoch keine signifikanten Ergebnisse. Zusätzlich zu den Untersuchungen an Metalloberflächen zeigt die Studie, dass mit dem verwendeten Versuchsaufbau eine Auflösung im Nanometerbereich auf einer Siliziumdioxidoberfläche erreicht werden kann. Das für diese Experimente verwendete Instrument ist ein Park NX20 Rasterkraftmikroskop (AFM), das bei Raumtemperatur in einer Luftumgebung betrieben wird.Surface related noise still remains an obstacle for scalable quantum computing with ion traps. Motivated by the still unclear origins of the noise this thesis presents an analysis of the surface properties of industrially fabricated ion traps using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). KPFM is employed as a spatially resolved method to assess the potential distribution across aluminium and silica surfaces. Various static irregularities in the potential are observed on the aluminium surfaces, including anticipated features such as grain boundaries. Interestingly, unexpectedly large deviations of up to 790 mV are discovered, the underlying causes of them remain elusive. To further understand the impact of these potential deviations, simulations on the static electrical field are conducted using data obtained from KPFM measurements, revealing potential implications on trapped ions. Furthermore, laser experiments on an aluminium electrode are described, involving alternate illumination and darkening with a 405 nm laser during KPFM measurements. However, no significant results are obtained from these experiments. In addition to the investigations on metal surfaces, the study demonstrates that the experimental setup employed can achieve nanometer-scale resolution on a silica surface. The instrument utilized for these experiments is a Park NX20 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), operated at room temperature in an air environment
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