45 research outputs found
Pollen morphology of Pieris D. Don (Lyonieae, Ericaceae) and its taxonomic significance
No full textPollen morphology of 6 species in the genus Pieris was examined using light and scanning electron microscopes. Judd’s infrageneric classification of Pieris was reexamined in the light of new palynological characters. The genus Pieris is stenopalynous in having 3-colporate and oblate pollen tetrads. However, a continuous and serial variation in the exine sculpture, tetrad diameter, polar and equatorial length of pollen and apocolpial exine thickness was revealed within the genus. Pieris nana is characterized by having the smallest pollen and the smallest rugulae in the rugulate sculpture. Considering other distinct morphological characters, we confirm the recognition of monotypic subgenus Arcterica based on this species. Within the other subgenus, Pieris, members of the sections Pieris and Phillyreoides can be distinguished by subtle differences in colpus width, septum thickness and ratio of colpus length to tetrad diameter. Pieris formosa is distinguished by its psilate exine with clear secondary striate sculpture. Pieris japonica and P. cubensis are not well differentiated in the palynological characters, and act as a bridge between sect. Pieris and sect. Phillyreoides. On the basis of palynological characters a dichotomous key of these taxa was also prepared
Assessing risks and benefits of floral supplements in conservation biological control
No full textThe use of flowering field margins is often proposed as a method to support biological control in agro-ecosystems. In addition to beneficial insects, many herbivores depend on floral food as well. The indiscriminate use of flowering species in field margins can therefore lead to higher pest numbers. Based on results from field observations and laboratory experiments we assessed risks as well as benefits associated with the provision of nectar plants in field margins, using Brussels sprouts as a model system. Results show that Brussels sprouts bordered by nectar plants suitable for the cabbage white Pieris rapae L., suffered higher infestation levels by this herbivore. In contrast, nectar plants providing accessible nectar for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L., did not raise densities of P. xylostella larvae in the Brassica crop. Margins with Anethum graveolens L., selected on the basis of its suitability as nectar plant for parasitoids, significantly increased the number of adult Diadegma semiclausum Hellen in the crop. This didn't translate into enhanced parasitism rates, as parasitism of P. xylostella by D. semiclausum exceeded 65 % in all treatments, irrespective of the plants in the field margin. Our findings emphasize the importance of taking a multitrophic approach when choosing flowering field margin plants for biocontrol or other ecosystem service
Pieris daplidice subsp. nitida Verity 1908
No full textPieris daplidice race nitida Verity, 1908 (Rhop. Pal., p. 132; also cited as a “forme” both on this same page and on Pl. XXX, Fig. 9) LT: Asia Minor: Fanaraki, and [Spain]: Andalusia: Malaga (TD: MZUF, Syntypes 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: Kudrna 1983). This taxon was listed as a synonym of either Pontia edusa (e.g. Hesselbarth et al. 1995, 1: 426) or of P. daplidice (García-Barros et al. 2013, p. 960), respectively for the fauna of Turkey and for that of Spain. Kudrna (1983: 58), Wagener (1988: 35) and Hesselbarth et al. (1995: 426) regarded “nitida” Verity, 1908 as an unavailable infrasubspecific name. However, Art. 45.6.4 states that [the rank denoted by a species-group name following a binomen] “is subspecific if first published before 1961 and its author expressly used one of the terms “variety” or “form” …, unless its author also expressly gave it infrasubspecific rank, or the content of the work unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity …”. Verity wrote: “[dans les régions] qui semblent être surtout les plus arides (telles que l’Espagne, l’Algérie et l’Asie Mineure) [Pieris daplidice] semble avoir une tendance à être plus petit, à avoir les ailes plus larges, le limbe externe plus convexe, les dessins d’un noir plus profond et à contours plus arrêtés …”. The name Pieris daplidice race nitida Verity, 1908 is therefore available. The originally designated syntypes probably belong to two separate species, but no lectotype was validly designated by any of the preceding authors under Art. 74. Both Pontia daplidice and P. edusa may possibly co-occur in parts of Turkey (see Geiger et al. 1988, Hesselbarth et al. 1995 and John et al. 2013), while only P. daplidice is known to occur in Spain. We therefore designate the ♂ Syntype in MZUF from: [Spanien]: Andalusien: Malaga, C. Ribbe [legit], as Lec- totype of Pieris daplidice race nitida Verity, 1908 (see Fig. 1A). Consequently, the latter name becomes fixed as a junior subjective synonym of Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758.Published as part of Balletto, Emilio, Barbero, Francesca, Bonelli, Simona, Casacci, Luca P. & Dapporto, Leonardo, 2020, Stabilisation of some names of European butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in their prevailing usage, pp. 387-395 in Zootaxa 4780 (2) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/384245
The special skill of Pieris rapae crucivora climbing flight
No full textWe add one author and modify original title.In this work, we conduct a free-flight test to explore the climbing motion of a butterfly species (Pieris rapae crucivora) and find its excellent flapping skills in this maneuver. In regular flight, the downstroke of wing flapping generates most of the required lift force, while the upstroke results in less or negative lift. To produce continuous lift, however, the butterfly alters its attitude from supination to pronation in upstroke mode and turns it into a lift-generating stroke. The wingbeat kinematics and the associated flow field are visualized using a digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) system. With the movie and the measured flow data, the velocity vector and the corresponding vorticity field near the flapping wing are analyzed in-depth. These results demonstrate an effective use of various vortical wakes and manifest the sophisticated wingbeat kinematics as well as lift-generating mechanisms in the climbing flight of the Pieris rapae crucivora
Impacts of belowground herbivory on oviposition decisions in two congeneric butterfly species
No full textRoot-feeding insects can affect the performance of aboveground insect herbivores when they are forced to feed on the same host plant. Here we explored whether the oviposition behaviour of two closely related herbivorous species (cabbage butterflies; Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is influenced by root-feeding insects, when they are given the chance to choose between host plants with and without root herbivores. Considering that egg load is an important physiological factor influencing the foraging behaviour of insects, we also examined whether root-feeding insects differentially influence oviposition preference in butterflies with low and high egg loads. Oviposition preference in both butterfly species with low and high egg loads was monitored using host plants with and without root herbivores. To ascertain the status of butterfly age with low and high egg loads, the oviducts of a separate group of butterflies was dissected to record the number of immature and mature eggs in butterflies of various ages. Pieris brassicae L. butterflies with low egg loads preferred plants without root herbivores over plants with root herbivores, and laid more egg clutches on the leaves of plants that were not attacked by root herbivores. Butterflies with comparatively high egg loads also selected a larger proportion of plants without root herbivores, but laid a similar number of egg clutches on the plant shoots independent of the presence or absence of root herbivores belowground. Independent of the age and egg load, Pieris rapae L. butterflies selected a larger proportion of plants not attacked by root herbivores to lay eggs, but the number of eggs laid was similar in plants with and without root herbivores. This study shows that belowground insects can influence behavioural decisions of aboveground insect herbivores. Interestingly, the strength of these interactions depends on the physiological state of the insects which is probably correlated with their perception of environmental quality.
Polistes wasps as natural enemies of agricultural and forest pests. III (Studies on the social Hymenoptera of Japan. XII)
No full textIt is necessary to know exactly the hunting ability of the Polistes-wasp, an important natural enemy of agricultural and forest pests, for the purpose of establishing an ideal method of the utilization of the wasp. To solve the problem experimentally the author settled the wire cages in the farm for controlling the Pieris-larvae by Polistes chinensis antennalis, and obtained the following results. 1. One colony of Polistes hunts 26 larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora per day during the season under consideration. This figure coincides fairly well with that of the author\u27s observation made in the field condition. 2. One female hunts 2 to 4 Pieris-larvae per day when the prey population is high. 3. In case five Pieris-larvae are found on one cabbage plant and one hundred cabbages are planted in the farm during the period between the end of June and the middle of August, one colony of Polistes is enough to control all the Pieris-larvae
アシナガバチ類についての応用昆虫学的研究III(日本産社会性蜂類の研究XII)
No full textIt is necessary to know exactly the hunting ability of the Polistes-wasp, an important natural enemy of agricultural and forest pests, for the purpose of establishing an ideal method of the utilization of the wasp. To solve the problem experimentally the author settled the wire cages in the farm for controlling the Pieris-larvae by Polistes chinensis antennalis, and obtained the following results. 1. One colony of Polistes hunts 26 larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora per day during the season under consideration. This figure coincides fairly well with that of the author's observation made in the field condition. 2. One female hunts 2 to 4 Pieris-larvae per day when the prey population is high. 3. In case five Pieris-larvae are found on one cabbage plant and one hundred cabbages are planted in the farm during the period between the end of June and the middle of August, one colony of Polistes is enough to control all the Pieris-larvae
Galleria mellonella (L.) (Pyralidae) und Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae): Wirkungsunterschiede zwischen XenTari® (Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai), NeemAzal T/S® und ihren Kombinationen
No full textBoth, G. mellonella and S. exigua, are most important pests in tropical countries. G. mellonella has five to six generations per year (Abid et al. 1997; Ali 1996), there, and feeding in bee combs they find, besides wax, residues of honey, insect skin and pollen (Hachiro & Knox 2000). Li et al. (1987) have shown the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai against G. mellonella. It is registered in the EU as Mellonex for its control, but NeemAzal T/S may also be active, and will have some advantages (Leymann et al. 2000, Melathopoulos et al. 2000). Therefore we conducted new studies here, on the results we shall report. S. exigua is an important polyphagous pest of crops in tropical areas (Brown & Dewhurst 1975). By repeated control with synthetic insecticides, especially by illiterate farmers (Armes et al. 1992; Aggarwal et al. 2006a) resistance to a lot of those insecticides has been built up, making plant protection very difficult. Therefore the need is pronounced for microbial and botanical pesticides (Nagarkatti 1982; Rao et al. 1990), which have different modes of action than synthetic insecticides. Aggarwal et al. (2006b) have started to test such ingredients, but the time of observation was too short (3 days), since the effects of Neem products occur later than those of synthetic insecticides (Basedow et al. 2002). So we conducted new, longer lasting experiments (with 5 to 30 days), on which we give a report here. The experiments were conducted during guest stays of the three co-authors (from Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from Nazreth, Ethiopia, and from Khartoum, Sudan) at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology at Giessen Univerity.Im Labor wurden die Larven mit trockenem Futter versorgt, das vorher für 20 Sek. in die Testlösung getaucht war. Die Testlösungen, auch in der Kontrolle, wurden mit dem anionischen Detergens Triton X 100 versetzt (10%, davon 0.1 ml). XenTari wurde mit 0.5, 1 und 2 mg/l getestet, NeemAzal mit 2, 4 und 8 mg/l. Bei G. mellonella war die höchste korrigierte Mortalität bei XenTari nach 4 Wochen 77%, bei NeemAzal T/S 100%. So wird letzteres empfohlen. Bei Spodoptera exigua im zweiten Larvenstadium bewirkte XenTari nach 3 Wochen eine maximale Wirkung von 95.6%, während NeemAzal T/S bereits nach 7 Tagen 100% erreichte. Im vierten Larvenstadium erreichte NeemAzal TS eine Mortalität von 46%. Wurden aber beide Präparate bei halber Dosis nacheinander appliziert, war die Wirkung nach 5 Tagen 73% (XenTari zuerst) bzw. 98.8% (NeemAzal T/S zuerst). Letztere Kombination wird für den Bauwollanbau in den Tropen empfohlen, um durch deren Zwischenschaltung die Resistenzbildung gegenüber synthetischen Insektiziden zu vermindern
A simulation model for the functional response of Orius sauteri on eggplant leaves with Thrips palmi: Implications for biological control.
No full textThe predation capability of the anthocorid predatory bug Orius sauteri (Poppius) determines its effectiveness for suppressing Thrips palmi Karny on greenhouse eggplants. For quantifying the daily impact of one predator on its prey, we use its patch leaving behaviour on eggplant leaves with different prey numbers and scale up to the larger spatiotemporal scale of the greenhouse and one foraging day, using literature data on the distribution of T. palmi over eggplant leaves. The simulation result is a type-II functional response of O. sauteri as function of average T. palmi density: around the economic injury level of T. palmi, i.e., 0.55 individuals per leaf, O. sauteri can find and eat approximately 10 prey per day. The sensitivity analysis showed that the baseline leaving tendency, the presence of and the encounter rate with prey have a relatively large effect on the daily mean number of prey eaten per O. sauteri predator, i.e., its predation capability
Political Party and People’s Suffrage in Electoral Process
No full textThe purpose of this research is to determine political parties' positions on people's
constitutional rights from the standpoint of justice. The author focuses on the role of political
parties in selecting representatives or leaders in accordance with the c
onstitutional rights
guaranteed by the constitution. The research question is: What is the position of political parties
on people's constitutional rights in terms of justice? Is the fulfillment of the people's
constitutional rights by the Leader elected i
n a General Election in accordance with the aspect of
justice? As trustworthy resources, the author employs secondary data in the form of documents
gathered through library research. This study highlights the positions of political parties that
disregard t
he constitutional rights of the people, which are in conflict with the rights of the
people as the owners of the right to be elected and vote.
Keywords:
constitutional rights;
election; political part
