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(22(1):25-36)STUDIES ON SOME GROWTH INHIBITING FACTORS OF LATOSOLIC PADDIES NEWLY CONVERTED FROM TEA PLANTATION IN SHIEH-MUN DAM IRRIGATION AREAS
No full text本試驗為究明石門水庫灌溉區內，經由紅壤茶園改作之新開田低產原因，並冀求得提高單位面積產量之肥培改善措施。於民國59年及60年辦理田問試驗，以探討肥料效應，土壤及無機養分吸收特性。玆將所得結果橋要如下：
1. 供試田土壤係強酸性之磚紅化紅壤，地力概屬貧瘠，置換能量在12me/100g soil，鹽基含量少，對磷酸之比較吸收力特強，所施之磷肥易被吸收固定，其土壤磷酸之蓄積型態則結合能較大的Fe型磷與Occluded型等之難溶磷佔絕大部分，故Bray第一法所得之有效性磷量在低級標準而屬於缺磷。醋酸緩衝液可溶提之有效態矽酸含量在4mg Sio2/100g soil以下，亦屬於缺矽。
2. 茶園轉作田之水稻生育，在生育初期即呈衰弱狀，株高較矮，分蘗少，莖葉細狹，葉身呈濃綠色而有較硬感，且似缺乏彈性。至生殖生長期後，其一穗粒數之形成與稔實受阻，穀粒較小且硬，多呈棕褐色，千粒重較輕。
3. 水稻之磷素含量與施磷增產效果間之關係，供試田無磷區之藥稈磷素含量皆在臨界濃度以下，介於0.046％至0.076％間，磷肥慣用量之加倍施用即150公斤P2O5/ha.，能大幅增加含磷量而得極顯著的增產；59年第一期作平均得57%，第二期作平均得46％之增產。施磷量增多至250公斤並行分施時，藁稈含磷量之增加有限而未能得預期的增產效果。
4. 矽酸鈣之加施，能增加藥稈之矽酸含量而得極顯著的增產；59年第一、二期作比對照區平均各得11.8%及10.7%之增產；60年第一、二期作亦平均各得13.0%及9.8%之增產。其增產效果乃為一穗粒數、稔實率及千粒重等收量構成要素之顯著增進使然。
5. 堆肥之加施，亦得很顯著的增產效應；59年第一期作比對照區得4％至18%，第二期作平均得4%之增產；60年第一、二期作平均各得3.2%及4.6%之增產。由無機養分含量觀之，堆肥之施用顯然可增加藥稈矽酸含量。
6. 矽酸鈣與堆肥之併用，增產效果更顯著；59年第一、二期作比對照區平均各得23.5%及14.1%之增產，60年第一、二期作平均各得21.1%及16.7％之增產。故茶園轉作田之肥培改善措施，除施用多量磷肥（150公斤P2O5/ha.）之外，矽酸鈣及堆肥之加施，更能提高其單位面積產量。
In attempt to clear the cause of low productivity and find out the efficient fertilization of latosolic paddies newly converted from tea plantation in Shieh-Mun Dam irrigation areas, field trials were carried out during the crop seasons of 1970 and 1971. The results obtained are as follows:
1. The tested paddy soils recently converted from upland conditions are reddish brown latosols which are strongly acidic and relatively low in fertility. It is characterized by large capacity of fixation of phosphorous and quick transition of applied phosphorous to firmly combined compounds, of which insoluble-P and Fe-P occupy more than 90 per cent. Consequently the available amount of soil phosphorous is extremely low. Silica content extractable with pH 4.0 acetate-buffer solution is also very low, being below 4 mg SiO/l00g soil.
2. The rice plants grown in this soil are showing short plant height, few tillers, and narrow dark green leaves. At the reproductive stage the formation of spikelets per ear and maturity are apparently inhibited. The spikelets are rather small and mostly in dark brown color, thus resulting in low 1,000 grain weight.
3. The poor growth of paddies in this soil is primarily due to extreme defficiency of phosphorous; P content in straw ranged from 0.046% to 0.076%. Application of phosphorous at the rate of 150 kg P2O5/ha. markedly raised the P content in straw and gave remarkable grain yield increase; the increases of grain yield in average were 57% in the first crop and 46% in the second crop in 1970. However, at the rate of P2O5 250kg/ha. with split application gave no increase in yield.
4. Additional supply of calcium silicate gave a substantial increases of grain yield, primarily due to marked increase in panicle weight and 1,000 grain weight. The increases were 11.8% and 10.7% in the first and second crops in 1970, and were 13.0% and 9.8% respectively in 1971.
5. Application of compost was also beneficial, giving consistent yield increase of 3% to 4% than that of check in both 1970 and 1971. It seemed that compost was an important source of silica supply.
6. The additional use of calcium silicate with compost showed marked effect on grain production; comparing with check, increases were 23.5% and 14.1% respectively in the first and second crops in 1970, and they were 21.1% and 16.7% respectively in the two crops of 1971
(15(4):41-48)A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME RICE VARIETIES OF TAIWAN WITH REGARD TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE (PART II)
No full text1. 本試驗採用五種本省主要水稻品種，乃新竹 56 號、臺中 65 號、嘉農 242 號、矮腳尖及臺中在來 1 號，民國 54 年一、二期作於羅東、桃園、彰化三處設置田間試驗，以究明不同品種對三要素肥料之產量效應及養分吸收特性。
2. 品種間谷及藁之產量有顯著的差異而高產量之品種，其谷藁比亦概為大。各品種稻谷產量之高低順序依次為矮腳尖＞臺中在來 1 號＞嘉農 242 號 ＞ 新竹 56 號 ＞ 臺中 65 號。
3. 氮肥對各品種之增產效果極為顯著而以一期作較二期作為大。一期作矮腳尖及臺中在來 1 號之稻谷產量隨氮肥增施而遞高，但嘉農 242 號、新竹 56 號及臺中 65 號卻以每公頃 90 公斤氮得最高而增施至 120 公斤氮時反有減產之趨勢。由於品種與氮肥之間有顯著的交感作用而需肥量有差，故決定施肥量時品種因素似亦有考慮必要。
4. 各品種之谷藁比，隨氮肥之增施而遞減，但在一期作氮肥反應較大之矮腳尖及臺中在來 1 號，其谷藁比之遞減程度較為小。
5. 磷肥及鉀肥對各品種之肥效，本試驗均不顯著。
6. 供試品種之要素含量，矮腳尖及臺中在來 1 號稻谷中之含氮量較高但藁稈中之要素含量差異較小，故品種之稻谷產量高低與要素含量似無直接相關。
7. 矮腳尖及臺中在來 1 號兩高產量品種之三要素吸收量遠較三種供試蓬萊品種為大。因其需肥量大，宜多施肥料以提高產量。
Three ponlai and two native rice varieties of Taiwan, including Hsinchu 56, Taichung 65, Chianung 242, Aichiaochien and Taichung Native 1, were selected for comparison of their response to N,P,K fertilizers and nutrient uptake. The combinations of five rice varieties and eight fertilizer treatments were laid out in a split plot desin at each site of Lotung, Taoyuan and Chunghwa for the two crop seasons of 1965. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The differences of the yield among the testing varieties were very signi-ficant. The order of grain production was as follows: Aichiaochien>Taichung Native 1>Chianung 242>Hsinchu 56>Taichung 65. High yielding variety has a fairly great ratio of grain-straw in the 1st crop, but there is no such a relationship in the 2nd crop.
2. Application of nitrogen has a substantial increase in the yield of each variety. The effect is greater in the 1st crop than in the 2nd crop. In the 1st crop, the increments of grain yield of Aichiaochien and Taichung Native 1 follow with increase of nitrogen, while those of the three ponlai varieties are the highest at 90 kg N per ha. and tend to decrease at 120 kg N per ha. The marked interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and the varieties in the 1st crop (Table 2 and 3) indicates the importance of varietal factor on fertilization problem.
3. The grain-straw ratio of each variety decreases with increase of nitrogen. However the degree of declining is smaller with those varieties which have greater incremet of grain yield in the 1st crop.
4. The response of the varieties to P and K fertilizers at three localities was not distinct.
5. There is no significant difference in N,P and K content of straw among the testing varieties, though N content of Aichiaochien and Taichung Native 1 in dry grain is rather higher. The yield of each variety is apparently not differenciated by nutrient content of the rice plants.
6. The big variation of the production among the varieties may be attributed to their magnitude in the absorbing capacity of the elements. Two native varieties of Aichiaochien and Taichung Native 1 have notable amount of N,P and K in the harvested materials. This indicates that high yielding variety needs mLch fertilizers to produce more
(19(3):26-41)STUDIES ON THE TECHNIQUES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF RICE PLANTS (PART 1) EFFECT OF THE LATE TOP-DRESSING OF NITROGEN ON THE YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF RICE PLANTS
No full text使用兩個水稻品種，新竹56號及矮腳尖於羅東、桃園、樹林三處不同土壤進行田間肥料試驗，探求水稻氮素營養與產量之關係而闡明氮肥之晚期施用效果。此氮肥之晚施處理為全部之氮肥用量之百分之六十做為基肥及第一次追肥另百分之四十施用於水稻幼穗形成期以後即生殖生長期中施用。本試驗使用兩品種，三處試驗地，57年第一期作及第二期作，即共有十二個之田間試驗所得之結果如下：
1.同量氮肥N100公斤/公頃施用之下，晚施區比較對照區之慣行施肥可得稻谷增產4%。多氮配合晚施即N120公斤/公頃時可得6%增產，而N140公斤/公頃時可得9%增產。使用晚期施肥技術可能提高原來之氮肥施用適量而得增產。
2.兩品種對多氮晚施都表現顯著的稻谷增產效果。第一期作新竹56號得增產12%，矮腳尖6%，但第二期作新竹56號6%，矮腳尖11％。平均稻谷產量兩品種間差異甚微，即新竹56號5.00公噸/公頃，矮腳尖4.93公噸/公頃。
3.同量氮肥N140公斤/公頃施用之下，比較硫安與尿素之效果時，硫安區之谷產量為5.22公噸/公頃，尿素區為5.11公噸/公頃，相差2%。
4.同量氮肥N100公斤/公頃施用之下，比較硫銨與磷銨系複合肥料（日製15-15-10）及尿素系複合肥料（臺製16-8-12）之肥效，其稻谷產量指數硫安為100時，磷銨系複合肥料102，尿素複合肥料97。
5.稻谷產量高的氮肥晚施區之水稻在生育前期之稻竟濃度比對照區者為低，但生育後期變高。氮肥晚施方法，使水稻在營養生長與生殖生長之中問降低氮濃度，即引起氮缺乏，而生殖生長期問中，一直保持氮高濃度。此種水稻氮營養狀態，似可得稻谷增產。
6.氮肥之晚施及多施使水稻氮吸收量增加之外，藁谷鉀濃度亦增加，即促進水稻對鉀的吸收。
7.矮腳尖對三要素之吸收比新竹56號為強，尤其矮腳尖稻谷之氮含量較高，即蛋白質含量較高。
Two rice varieties, Hsinchu 56, Japonica type and Aichiawchien, Indica type, were used in the field fertilizer experiments at three sites, Lotung sate alluvial soil, Taoyunan latosol, Shulin sandstone shale alluvial soil, in order to investigate the relationship between the plant nitrogen status and the yield of rice. Sepcial emphasis was laid on the effect of the late top-dressing of nitrogen that is 40% of total amount of nitrogen was applied after the stage of the panicle primodial formation. The results obtained from twelve experiments including two varieties, three sites, two crops were as follows:
1.The grain yield of the nitrogen late top-dressing plot was increased 4% as compared with that of the control plot under the same amount of nitrogen application, N 100 kg/ha. The grain increment of the late top-dressing was 6% ant N 120 kg/ha plot and 9% at N 140 kg/ha plot. The optimum nitrogen requirement will be increased and the better yield will be obtained if the nitrogen late top-dressing method is used in paddy fields.
2.Significant effectiveness of the high nitrogen late top-dressing on grain yield was observed for both varieties. In the first crop, 12% of grain increment was obtained for Hsinchu 56 and 6% for Aichiawchien, while in the second crop, 6% for Hsinchu 56 and 11% for Aichiawchien. The averagegrain yield of the two varieties was quite close, that in 5.00 ton/ha for Hsinchu 56 and 4.93 ton/ha for Aichiawchien.
3.In comparison of ammonium sulfate and urea under the N 140 kg/ha application, the grain yield of the ammonium sulfate plot was 5.22 ton/ha while that of the urea plot was 5.11 ton/ha showing 2% difference in grain yield.
4.Taking the grain yield of ammonium slufate as 100 under the same amount of nitrogen N 100 kg/ha application, that of the compound fertilizer of ammonium phosphate type (grade 15-15-10) was 102 and the compound fertilizer of urea type (grade 16-8-12) was 97.
5.The nitrogen content of rice straw of the high nitrogen late top-dressing plot which hand the highest yield was lower at the early growing stage, however, the nitrogen content became higher at the later growing stage as compared with that of the control plot. The late top-pressing method induced the lower nitrogen content of straw showing nitrogen deficient status at the middle stage of rice growing period, and after that the nitrogen content became higher than that of the control plants through reproductive stage. This nitrogen status seems to be better for rice to produce higher yield.
6.The nitrogen late top-dressing or high nitrogen application had rice plants increase nitrogen content as well as potassium content. The increase of nitrogen absorption seemed to promote potassium absorption.
7.More absorption of three elements by Aichiawchien than by Hsinchu 56 was observed. Higher nitrogen content, presumably higher protein content, was found especially in grains of Aichiawchien
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
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Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
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use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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