1,720,998 research outputs found
Respiratory insufficiency
No full textKisik je važan element koji je prijeko potreban za funkcioniranje organizma, odnosno za održavanje na životu. Važan je za svaku stanicu jer bi bez njega, nakon 5 do 10 minuta, propale. Glavna je zadaća sustava za disanje opskrba organizma kisikom, odnosno dovođenje zraka u pluća, a tamo se proces nastavlja tako što se u plućima izmjenjuju plinovi (kisik i ugljični dioksid). Respiracijska insuficijencija, odnosno poremećaji disanja, uglavnom nastaju radi smanjenje funkcije pluća do koje dolazi zbog nepravilne izmjene plinova između pluća i krvi ili zbog nepravilne ventilacije u pluća i iz njih. Također prisutna su i hipoksija i hiperkapnija. One mogu biti posljedica ili nekakvog mehaničkog nedostatka ili ukoliko je došlo do abnormalnosti odnosno neuravnoteženosti energetskih zaliha ili ako se organizam, tj. centralni regulatori ne prilagode. Ukoliko dođe do hiperkapnije, ona može biti akutna ili kronična ako se ugljični dioksid duže vrijeme zadržava u arterijskoj krvi. Zbog toga se patofiziološki smanjuje alveolarna ventilacija daljnje proizvodnje ugljičnog dioksida. Kod akutne je hiperkapnije problem u mehaničkom nedostatku prsnog koša, dišni mišići su oslabljeni te je oštećen živčano-mišićni prijenos. Liječenje se može podijeliti u tri skupine. Prva skupina bi bila tzv. etiološko liječenje jer se odnosi na liječenje pojedinih bolesti koje su dovele do respiracijske insuficijencije. U drugu skupinu pripada liječenje prisutne hiperkapnije i hipoksije terapijom kisika dok je treća skupina bazirana na prevenciji dodatnih komplikacija do kojih bi moglo doći uslijed respiracijske insuficijencije ili ako je do njih već došlo onda se adekvatno saniraju. Što se tiče prognoze kod akutne respiracijske insuficijencije, ona ovisi o uzroku nastanka, dok prognoza kod kronične respiracijske insuficijencije ovisi o težini bolesti koja je dovela do kronične respiracijske insuficijencije.Oxygen is an important element that is essential for the functioning of the organism, for keeping it alive. It is important for every cell in human body because without it they would fail after 5 to 10 minutes. The main task of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen, that is to bring air into the lungs and the process continues by exchanging gases in lungs (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Respiratory insufficiency or respiratory disorders are mainly caused by a decrease in lung function due to improper exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood or due to improper ventilation into and out of the lungs. Hypoxia and hypercapnia are also present. They can be the result of either some mechanical defect or if there is an abnormality or imbalance of energy supplies or if the central regulators do not adapt. If hypercapnia occurs, it can be acute or chronic if carbon dioxide stays in arterial blood for a long time. Therefore, alveolar ventilation of further carbon dioxide production is pathophysiologically reduced. In acute hypercapnia, the problem is a mechanical deficiency of the chest, the respiratory muscles are weakened and the neuromuscular transmission is impaired. The treatment can be divided into 3 groups. The first group would be etiological treatment because it refers to the treatment of certain diseases that have led to respiratory insufficiency. The second group includes the treatment of hypercapnia and hypoxia with oxygen therapy, while the third group is based on the prevention of additional complications that could occur due to respiratory insufficiency or if they have already occurred, then they are adequately remedied. As for the prognosis in acute respiratory insufficiency, it depends on the cause, while the prognosis in chronic respiratory insufficiency depends on the severity of the disease that led to chronic respiratory disease
Biology and function of lungs
No full textČovjek bez pluća ne bi mogao živjeti jer naše tijelo ne može preživjeti bez kisika duže od pet do deset minuta. Pluća su organ koji se sastoji od dva plućna krila, koja su u zdravog odraslog čovjeka blijedo-ružičaste. Njihov anatomski oblik podsjeća na stablo koje je puno plodova, a plodovi su male vrećice koje nazivamo alveole i one „donose“ plod, tj. u njima se događa izmjena plinova, kisik ulazi u naše tijelo i ugljikov dioksid se izbacuje iz našeg tijela procesom difuzije. Zrak dišnim putevima otrese prašinu i štetne tvari prije nego dođe do pluća. U procesu disanja sudjeluje mnogo mišića. Dijafragma je najveći dišni mišić i izuzetno važnu ulogu ima pri pravilnom načinu disanja. Dijafragmalno disanje je najefektivnije, najekonomičnije i najzdravije. Disanje kontrolira produžena moždina i most (pons). Živčani sustav održava metabolizam u balansu prije, tijekom i za vrijeme mišićnog rada i sinkronizira rad svih sustava u tijelu. Plućni volumeni i kapaciteti služe za postavljanje dijagnoza u pulmologiji. Jedna od mnogih dijagnostičkih metoda koje se koriste u pulmologiji je spirometrija. Spirometrija je ukratko mjerenje daha i funkcije pluća. U sportu je jako bitno da su osobe koje upravljaju trenažnim procesima educirane o fiziologiji disanja općenito pa onda i o tome što se događa s našim tijelom, a posebno s dišnim sustavom za vrijeme rada mišića, odnosno trenažnog procesa.Without lungs, a person could not live because our body cannot survive without oxygen for more than five to ten minutes. The lungs are an organ consisting of two lung wings. They are pale pink in color in a healthy adult. Anatomically, their shape resembles a tree that is full of fruits. These fruits are small bags that we call alveoli and they "bear" fruit, i.e. gas exchange takes place in them: oxygen enters our body and carbon dioxide is expelled from our body through a process called diffusion. The air passing through the respiratory tract gets rid of dust and harmful substances before it reaches the lungs. Many muscles are involved in the breathing process. The diaphragm is the largest respiratory muscle and plays an extremely important role in proper breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing is the most effective, the most economical and the healthiest. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and the pons. The nervous system keeps the metabolism in balance before and during muscle work and synchronizes the work of all systems in the body. Lung volumes and capacities are used to make diagnoses in pulmonology. One of the many diagnostic methods used in pulmonology is spirometry. Spirometry is simply the measurement of breath and lung function. In sports, it is very important that people who manage training processes are educated about the physiology of breathing in general, and what happens to our body, and especially to the respiratory system, during muscle work, that is, during the training process
Respiratory insufficiency
No full textKisik je važan element koji je prijeko potreban za funkcioniranje organizma, odnosno za održavanje na životu. Važan je za svaku stanicu jer bi bez njega, nakon 5 do 10 minuta, propale. Glavna je zadaća sustava za disanje opskrba organizma kisikom, odnosno dovođenje zraka u pluća, a tamo se proces nastavlja tako što se u plućima izmjenjuju plinovi (kisik i ugljični dioksid). Respiracijska insuficijencija, odnosno poremećaji disanja, uglavnom nastaju radi smanjenje funkcije pluća do koje dolazi zbog nepravilne izmjene plinova između pluća i krvi ili zbog nepravilne ventilacije u pluća i iz njih. Također prisutna su i hipoksija i hiperkapnija. One mogu biti posljedica ili nekakvog mehaničkog nedostatka ili ukoliko je došlo do abnormalnosti odnosno neuravnoteženosti energetskih zaliha ili ako se organizam, tj. centralni regulatori ne prilagode. Ukoliko dođe do hiperkapnije, ona može biti akutna ili kronična ako se ugljični dioksid duže vrijeme zadržava u arterijskoj krvi. Zbog toga se patofiziološki smanjuje alveolarna ventilacija daljnje proizvodnje ugljičnog dioksida. Kod akutne je hiperkapnije problem u mehaničkom nedostatku prsnog koša, dišni mišići su oslabljeni te je oštećen živčano-mišićni prijenos. Liječenje se može podijeliti u tri skupine. Prva skupina bi bila tzv. etiološko liječenje jer se odnosi na liječenje pojedinih bolesti koje su dovele do respiracijske insuficijencije. U drugu skupinu pripada liječenje prisutne hiperkapnije i hipoksije terapijom kisika dok je treća skupina bazirana na prevenciji dodatnih komplikacija do kojih bi moglo doći uslijed respiracijske insuficijencije ili ako je do njih već došlo onda se adekvatno saniraju. Što se tiče prognoze kod akutne respiracijske insuficijencije, ona ovisi o uzroku nastanka, dok prognoza kod kronične respiracijske insuficijencije ovisi o težini bolesti koja je dovela do kronične respiracijske insuficijencije.Oxygen is an important element that is essential for the functioning of the organism, for keeping it alive. It is important for every cell in human body because without it they would fail after 5 to 10 minutes. The main task of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen, that is to bring air into the lungs and the process continues by exchanging gases in lungs (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Respiratory insufficiency or respiratory disorders are mainly caused by a decrease in lung function due to improper exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood or due to improper ventilation into and out of the lungs. Hypoxia and hypercapnia are also present. They can be the result of either some mechanical defect or if there is an abnormality or imbalance of energy supplies or if the central regulators do not adapt. If hypercapnia occurs, it can be acute or chronic if carbon dioxide stays in arterial blood for a long time. Therefore, alveolar ventilation of further carbon dioxide production is pathophysiologically reduced. In acute hypercapnia, the problem is a mechanical deficiency of the chest, the respiratory muscles are weakened and the neuromuscular transmission is impaired. The treatment can be divided into 3 groups. The first group would be etiological treatment because it refers to the treatment of certain diseases that have led to respiratory insufficiency. The second group includes the treatment of hypercapnia and hypoxia with oxygen therapy, while the third group is based on the prevention of additional complications that could occur due to respiratory insufficiency or if they have already occurred, then they are adequately remedied. As for the prognosis in acute respiratory insufficiency, it depends on the cause, while the prognosis in chronic respiratory insufficiency depends on the severity of the disease that led to chronic respiratory disease
Biology and function of lungs
Get PDFČovjek bez pluća ne bi mogao živjeti jer naše tijelo ne može preživjeti bez kisika duže od pet do deset minuta. Pluća su organ koji se sastoji od dva plućna krila, koja su u zdravog odraslog čovjeka blijedo-ružičaste. Njihov anatomski oblik podsjeća na stablo koje je puno plodova, a plodovi su male vrećice koje nazivamo alveole i one „donose“ plod, tj. u njima se događa izmjena plinova, kisik ulazi u naše tijelo i ugljikov dioksid se izbacuje iz našeg tijela procesom difuzije. Zrak dišnim putevima otrese prašinu i štetne tvari prije nego dođe do pluća. U procesu disanja sudjeluje mnogo mišića. Dijafragma je najveći dišni mišić i izuzetno važnu ulogu ima pri pravilnom načinu disanja. Dijafragmalno disanje je najefektivnije, najekonomičnije i najzdravije. Disanje kontrolira produžena moždina i most (pons). Živčani sustav održava metabolizam u balansu prije, tijekom i za vrijeme mišićnog rada i sinkronizira rad svih sustava u tijelu. Plućni volumeni i kapaciteti služe za postavljanje dijagnoza u pulmologiji. Jedna od mnogih dijagnostičkih metoda koje se koriste u pulmologiji je spirometrija. Spirometrija je ukratko mjerenje daha i funkcije pluća. U sportu je jako bitno da su osobe koje upravljaju trenažnim procesima educirane o fiziologiji disanja općenito pa onda i o tome što se događa s našim tijelom, a posebno s dišnim sustavom za vrijeme rada mišića, odnosno trenažnog procesa.Without lungs, a person could not live because our body cannot survive without oxygen for more than five to ten minutes. The lungs are an organ consisting of two lung wings. They are pale pink in color in a healthy adult. Anatomically, their shape resembles a tree that is full of fruits. These fruits are small bags that we call alveoli and they "bear" fruit, i.e. gas exchange takes place in them: oxygen enters our body and carbon dioxide is expelled from our body through a process called diffusion. The air passing through the respiratory tract gets rid of dust and harmful substances before it reaches the lungs. Many muscles are involved in the breathing process. The diaphragm is the largest respiratory muscle and plays an extremely important role in proper breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing is the most effective, the most economical and the healthiest. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and the pons. The nervous system keeps the metabolism in balance before and during muscle work and synchronizes the work of all systems in the body. Lung volumes and capacities are used to make diagnoses in pulmonology. One of the many diagnostic methods used in pulmonology is spirometry. Spirometry is simply the measurement of breath and lung function. In sports, it is very important that people who manage training processes are educated about the physiology of breathing in general, and what happens to our body, and especially to the respiratory system, during muscle work, that is, during the training process
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
