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Analysis of the Process of Resocialization of Homeless People on the example of Tartu Shelter
No full textKodutus on kõige äärmuslikum sotsiaalse tõrjutuse ja vaesuse vorm, mis mõjutab negatiivselt inimeste tervist ja heaolu ning avaldab suurt mõju majandusele ja ühiskonnale. Kodutuse probleem püsib aktuaalne ka Eestis. Kodutute taasühiskonnastamine on väheefektiivne ja keeruline protsess ning vajab tähelepanu. Oluline on ka mõista, kui keeruline on endistel kodututel taas iseseisvalt ühiskonnas hakkama saada ja millised tegurid ja protsessid on toetavad ja millised on takistavateks asjaoludeks kodutusest väljumisel. Lisaks kodutute individuaalsetele väljakutsetele mõjutab oluliselt nende taasühiskonnastamist ka ühiskond, mis sageli ei soodusta kodutute naasmist tavaellu. Stigmatiseerimine ja diskrimineerimine muudavad selle protsessi kodututele veel raskemaks. Uuringu eesmärk oli analüüsida kodutute resotsialiseerimise protsessi Tartu Varjupaiga näitel. Töö teoreetilises osas käsitleti kodutuse mõistet ja selle esinemist Eestis ja Euroopas ning anti ülevaade Eesti hoolekandesüsteemist ja kodututele sobivatest sotsiaalteenustest kohalike omavalitsuste tasandil. Töö empiirilises osas analüüsiti resotsialiseerimise protsessi Tartu Varjupaiga näitel. Autor viis uuringu läbi kombineeritud meetodiga. Kvantitatiivsed andmed teenuste kasutamise arvudest ja kodutute liikumisest erinevate teenuste vahel Tartu Varjupaigas aastatel 2014-2022 analüüsiti, kasutades statistilise analüüsi meetodit. Kvalitatiivse meetodina viidi läbi kuus intervjuud isikutega, kes on Tartu Varjupaigas läbinud kõik resotsialiseerimise etapid. Tulemused analüüsiti ja seostati Bronfenbrenneri ökoloogilise süsteemiteooria ja kodutute subkultuuri teooriaga.
Kvantitatiivsest analüüsist ilmnes, et vähenenud varjupaigateenuste kasutamine ja suurenenud liikumine majutusteenusele näitavad resotsialiseerimisprotsessi tõhusust, kuid väljakutsed, nagu sotsiaalmajutusteenuse pikendused ja sotsiaaleluruumidest tagasiliikumised, osutavad raskustele kodutute taasühiskonnastamisel. Intervjuudest selgus, et kodutuse põhjusteks olid peamiselt alkoholi- ja terviseprobleemid, töötus ning keerulised suhted lähedastega. Varjupaigas osutus keeruliseks sisse elamine ja alkoholist loobumine, mida sageli tarvitati tegevusetusest, sest päevaks pidi varjupaigaruumidest lahkuma. Puudus nii toidust kui ka privaatsusest tekitas stressi, samuti oli keeruline aru saada dokumentidest ja abiprotsessidest. Positiivse aspektina tõsteti esile sotsiaaltöötaja abi ning toetust töötukassast ja võlanõustamisest.
Sotsiaalmajutusteenusel olid probleemideks privaatsuse puudumine ja sobimatus toanaabritega, kes polnud harjunud enda järel koristama. Uusi sõprussuhteid oli keeruline luua ning suhtlus toanaabritega oli pealiskaudne. Sotsiaaltöötajate pakutud abist toodi välja toiduabi ning muud igapäevaelu ja majapidamisega seonduvat abi, väga oluliseks peeti võlgadega tegelemist, abi töövõime hindamisel ja dokumentide vormistamisel. Reeglid ja struktuur pakkusid tuge ja olid abiks korra hoidmisel ning eneseabi grupid olid suureks toeks eneseteadlikkuse tõstmisel.
Sotsiaaleluruumi saamist nimetasid kõik kliendid suurimaks abiks. Puudust tunti mööblist. Probleemideks olid alkoholi tarvitavad naabrid, kes joovad, varastavad, lärmavad, aga ka kehvad olmetingimused, mustus, hallitus ja prussakad. Endised kodutud püüavad mitte tarvitada alkoholi, aga sageli neil see ei õnnestu. Inimesed leidsid omale sõpru ja tekkisid kogukonnad, kus üksteist toetati. Sotsiaaltöötajate poole pöördutakse seoses toimetuleku- või ravimitoetuse taotlemisega ning sotsiaaleluruumi teenuse pikendamiseks, kuid üldiselt püütakse ise hakkama saada.
Endistel kodututel on olnud kodutusest väljumise teel nii paremaid kui ka halvemaid aegu. Kaks respondenti kirjeldasid seda keerulise ja raske protsessina, millest polegi väljapääsu. Soovitati lõpetada suhtlemine vanade sõpradega, kellega koos tarvitatakse alkoholi ning ainult üks vastaja kirjeldas protsessi, kuidas teha sügavat eneseanalüüsi, seada eesmärke, tegeleda võlgadega ja võtta vastutus oma elu eest.
Autor leiab, et pikaajaline alkoholisõltuvus, vaimse tervise probleemid ja kodutute piiratud ressursid on viinud olukorrani, kus nad leiavad, et neil puudub kontroll oma elu üle, nad on väsinud ja emotsionaalselt kurnatud. Inimesed on muutunud passiivseks ja nende motivatsioon on kadunud. Lühiajalise leevenduse saamiseks pöördutakse taas alkoholi poole, välditakse probleemide lahendamisi ja süvendatakse käitumismustreid, mis raskendab kodutusest väljumist.
Kodutute subkultuuri ja süsteemiteooria mõistmine näitab, kuidas negatiivsed käitumismustrid ja uskumused võivad muutuda takistuseks resotsialiseerumisel ning kuidas välise toetuse puudumine või ebapiisavus võib tugevdada tunnet, et nad ei suuda oma elu ise kontrollida või muuta. Seega on autori arvates oluline, et resotsialiseerimisprotsessis kaasataks mitmekülgseid toetusmeetmeid, mis arvestavad nii individuaalseid vajadusi kui ka süsteemset mõju, ning et pidevalt hinnataks ja kohandataks pakutavaid teenuseid vastavalt muutuvatele oludele ja kodutute vajadustele. Samuti on oluline luua teenuseid ja programme, mis on kättesaadavad ja vastavad kodutute vajadustele ning pakuvad neile turvalist keskkonda ja tuge. Lähenemine peaks olema individuaalne ja arvestama iga inimese vajadusi ja eluteed. Oluline on pakkuda tuge ja abi, et aidata neil taastada usk endasse ja valmisolek oma olukorda parandada. See peaks sisaldama endas emotsionaalset tuge, praktilist abi ja vahendeid ning pikaajalist toetust nende vajaduste rahuldamiseks.
Bronfenbrenneri süsteemiteooria kaudu saab näha kodutuse põhjuseid ja tagajärgi erinevatel süsteemitasanditel, ning see aitab paremini mõista olukorra komplekssust. Kodutute subkultuur, mis kujuneb välja vastuseks nende erilistele väljakutsetele ja keskkonnale, võib pakkuda nii toetust kui ka takistusi kodutusest väljumisel.
Tulenevalt uuringust, on autoril järgmised soovitused olukorra parendamiseks:
• Luua hindamisinstrument, mille abil hinnata kodututele pakutavate teenuste tulemuslikkust Tartu Varjupaigas;
• Koolitada varjupaiga personali teadlikkuse tõstmiseks ja kvaliteetsema teenuse tagamiseks;
• Arendada välja teenus, mis pakuks kodututele psühholoogilist või terapeutilist tuge nende vaimse tervise toetamiseks ja resotsialiseerumisprotsessi edendamiseks, kaasates kogemusnõustajaid, tugigruppe ning sõltuvusravi.
Uurimistöö eesmärk ja ülesanded said täidetud, kuid kodutute resotsialiseerimise protsess vajab põhjalikumat uurimist, sest antud tulemuste pealt ei saa teha mastaapsemaid üldistusi. Autori hinnangul andis töö väärtusliku sissevaate kodutute elu-olmesse ja sellest tulenevalt on võimalik parendada juba olemasolevaid teenuseid. Tasub uurida ka heade praktikate näiteid Eesti teistes linnades ja otsida võimalusi nende kohandamisel Tartu linna võimalustega.Homelessness is the most extreme form of social exclusion and poverty, which negatively affects people's health and well-being and has a major impact on the economy and society. The problem of homelessness remains relevant in Estonia as well.
Resocialization of the homeless is an inefficient and complex process and needs attention. It is also important to understand how difficult it is for former homeless people to manage independently in society again, and which factors and processes are supportive and which are hindering circumstances when leaving homelessness. In addition to the individual challenges of the homeless, their reintegration is also greatly influenced by society, which often does not encourage the homeless to return to normal life. Stigma and discrimination make this process even more difficult for the homeless.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the process of resocialization of the homeless using the Tartu Homeless Shelter as an example. In the theoretical part of the work, the concept of homelessness and its occurrence in Estonia and Europe was discussed, and an overview of the Estonian Welfare System and Social Services suitable for the homeless at the level of local governments was given. In the empirical part of the work, the process of resocialization was analyzed using the example of the Tartu Homeless Shelter. The author conducted the study using a combined method. Quantitative data on the number of services used and the movement of homeless people between different services in the Tartu Homeless Shelter in the years 2014-2022 were analyzed using the statistical analysis method. As a qualitative method, six interviews were conducted with persons who have gone through all stages of resocialization in the Tartu Homeless Shelter. The results were analyzed and related to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and homeless subculture theory.
The quantitative analysis revealed that the reduced use of shelter services and the increased movement to the accommodation service show the effectiveness of the resocialization process, but challenges such as extensions of the social accommodation service and returns from social housing indicate difficulties in the resocialization of the homeless.
The interviews revealed that the causes of homelessness were mainly alcohol and health problems, unemployment and difficult relationships with relatives.
Residents of the Homeless Shelter had difficulty adjusting and giving up alcohol, which was consumed due to inactivity. Stress was caused by the lack of both food and privacy, and misunderstandings with documents and aid processes. The help of a social worker and support from the Employment Department and debt counseling were noted as positive.
Users of the social accommodation service experienced problems of privacy and unsuitable roommates, as well as difficulties in establishing new friendships. Social workers provided important daily life and household support as well as dealing with debts and documents.
Getting social housing was a big help, but there were problems with neighbors who drink alcohol and poor living conditions. Former homeless people found support from each other and from social workers, but tended to turn to alcohol again.
The author believes that homeless people should be offered multifaceted support, taking into account their individual needs and life paths, and create services and programs that meet their needs and provide a safe environment and support.
Bronfenbrenner's systems theory helps to understand the causes and consequences of homelessness at different levels, and the homeless subculture can provide both support and barriers to exiting homelessness.
Based on the research, the author has the following recommendations for improving the situation:
• Create an evaluation instrument, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the services offered to the homeless in the Tartu Shelter;
• Train Homeless Shelter staff to raise awareness and ensure better quality service;
• Develop a service that would provide psychological or therapeutic support to the homeless to support their mental health and promote the resocialization process, involving experienced counselors, support groups and addiction treatment.
The purpose and tasks of the research work were fulfilled, but the process of resocialization of the homeless needs a more in-depth study, because larger-scale generalizations cannot be made from the given results. According to the author, the work provided a valuable insight into the life of the homeless, and as a result, it is possible to improve existing services. It is also worth studying examples of good practices in other Estonian cities and looking for ways to adapt them to the possibilities of the city of Tartu
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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