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Latvians in the “The Forest of the Gods” and “The Forest of the Gods” in Latvia
No full textStraipsnyje analizuojama, koks imagoantropologinis Štuthofo konclagerio latvių tautinės bendruomenės vaizdinys iškyla Balio Sruogos Dievų miške. Aiškinamasi, kaip subjektyvūs ar objektyvūs latvių bruožai susiejami su konkrečiomis asmenybėmis, kurios asmenybės nutylimos ar išskaitomos „tarp eilučių“, kokios yra to aprašymo ar nutylėjimo intencijos, potekstės, kontekstai. Aptariama, kiek ir kokio pobūdžio informacijos Latvijos skaitytojai turėjo apie Dievų mišką ir 1968 m. Rygoje pasirodžiusį jo vertimą į latvių kalbą (Dievu mežs). Atkreipiamas dėmesys, kad latviškame vertime, orientuojantis į rusiškąjį, yra praleistas sakinys, kuris daugiausia apibendrina knygoje esantį imagoantropologinį latvių aprašymą, bet gali būti suprastas kaip ne visai korektiškas. Pateikiama informacija, kaip Sruogos knygą ir joje esantį latvių vaizdinį 1968–1969 m. ir vėliau vertino Latvijoje gyvenę buvę Štuthofo konclagerio kaliniai, koks jų santykis su Dievų miške aprašytais konkrečiais įvykiais ir faktais. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Balys Sruoga; "Dievų miškas"; Latviai; Imagoantropologinis vaizdinys; Recepcija; Balys Sruoga; "Forest of the Gods"; Latvians; Imagoanthropological image; ReceptionA memoir, Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), by the Lithuanian writer Balys Sruoga (1896-1947) written in 1945, after the author returned to Lithuania from Stutthof concentration camp, depicts various national, sociocultural, professional and other groups of people and portrays typical, outstanding or memorable representatives of the afore-mentioned groups. Among other things, the author writes about the community of Latvians, which was large and diverse at the concentration camp, as well as its individual members, named and unnamed. The first part of the article deals with an imagoanthropological image of the Latvian community and explores its most important features, subjective or objective. The article attempts to answer how these characteristics are related to particular Latvians; what personalities are concealed but can be easily identified and what intentions, subtexts and contexts of such characterization or lack of them are present in the text. For instance: 1) how are the death and funeral of a famous Latvian academic and political activist, Konstantīns Čakste (1901-1945), described and why and 2) how, despite not being mentioned directly, is Čakste’s comrade, the famous Latvian politician Bruno Kalniņš (1899-1990), related to The Forest of the Gods? The second part of the article analyses the extent and the nature of information available to Latvian readers about The Forest of the Gods and its translation into Latvian (Dievu mežs, translated by Harijs Gāliņš). It shows that the Latvian translation published in 1968, follows the Russian translation and omits a sentence that generalizes the imagoanthropological image of the Latvians in the book, even though it may be perceived as slightly rude. The article also explores what the former prisoners of Stutthof concentration camp living in Latvia in 1968‑1969 and onwards, thought about Sruoga’s book and the image of Latvians
Balio Sruogos Dievų miškas kaip (savita) antropologinė studija | “The forest of gods“ by Balys Sruoga as a (distinctive) anthropological study
No full textThe beginning of the article shortly overlooks the diversity of literary and anthropological relations. Afterwards, focus is made on some general methodological principles of socio-cultural anthropology revealed in Clifford Geertz’s, James Clifford’s, Harvey Russell Bernard’s, Vytis Čiubrinskas’s and other anthropologists’ works that are applicable for analysis of “The Forest of Gods” by Balys Sruoga.Furthermore, the article analyses “The Forest of Gods” by Balys Sruoga as a non-ordinary, specific anthropological study. Sruoga is introduced as a distinctive anthropologically-oriented observer who is “involved” in a forced procedure of participant observation. “The Forest of Gods” is compared to ethnographic texts written in a thick description manner. In conclusion the author of “The Forest of Gods” is both “a native” (a prisoner of the concentration camp experiencing all the hardships) and “an anthropologist” (who acts as an outside observer, a curious collector of information). He reflects the so-called anthropological emic viewpoint (seeing the world as an informant) as well as the etic viewpoint (having the anthropologist’s point of view). “The Forest of Gods” is an example demonstrating that, according to Paul Rabinow, the science of anthropology and fiction are to be considered not contradictory but complementary means of analysis
Comparative Studies of Rainis’ Works in Lithuania and its New Perspectives: Parallels between Rainis’ "The End and the Beginning" and Putinas’ "Between Two Dawns"
No full textStraipsnyje remiamasi tipologinės komparatyvistikos metodologiniais principais, kurie yra pristatyti komparatyvistų Alexandru’o Dimos, Dionýzo Ďurišino ir Peterio V. Zimos veikaluose. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje trumpai referuojama ir aptariama lyginamosios baltistinės rainistikos istorija: Janio Rainio (Jānis Rainis) kūrybos aspektinis ar bendresnis lyginimas su lietuvių rašytojų Juliaus Janonio, Vydūno, Vinco Krėvės-Mickevičiaus, Maironio kūryba. Tokius tyrimus yra atlikę Kazys Umbrasas, Silvestras Gaižiūnas, Aurelija Mykolaitytė ir kiti lietuvių literatūrologai. Antra straipsnio dalis skirta lyginamuoju būdu analizuoti latvių literatūros istorijai svarbų Rainio eilėraščių rinkinį „Galas ir pradžia“ (1912) ir lietuvių literatūros istorijai svarbų Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino rinkinį „Tarp dviejų aušrų“ (1927). Atskleidžiamas šių dviejų knygų tipologinis bendrumas: panaši simbolistinė poetika, artima žmogaus, jo santykio su pasauliu ir universumu koncepcija, panašūs asmenybės savasties ieškojimo, savirefleksijos keliai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Baltistika; Janis Rainis; Lyginamoji rainistika; Tipologinė komparatyvistika; Tipologinė komparatyvistika, baltistika, lyginamoji rainistika, Janis Rainis, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas; Vinas Mykolaitis-Putinas; Baltic Studies; Comparative Studies of Rainis' works; Janis Rainis; Typological comparativistics; Typological comparativistics, Baltic Studies, Comparative studies of Rainis works, Janis Rainis, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas; Vinas Mykolaitis-PutinasThe article uses the methodological principles of typological comparativistics introduced in the works of Alexandru Dima, Dionýz Ďurišin and Peter V. Zima. The first part of the article, presents the history of comparative studies of Latvian author, Jānis Rainis, i.e. the aspectual or more general comparison of his works with the works of Lithuanian writers: Julius Janonis, Vydūnas, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, and Maironis. Kazys Umbrasas, Silvestras Gaižiūnas, Aurelija Mykolaitytė and other Lithuanian literature science specialists applied this approach in their research. The second part of the article analyses and compares the important collection of poems by Rainis, "The End and the Beginning" (Gals un sākums, 1912), and a significant collection of poems by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, "Between Two Dawns" (Tarp dviejų aušrų, 1927). The typological generality of both works is being noted, for example, similar symbolist poetics, concept of a human and his close relation to the world and universe, similar ways of searching for self-identity, and self-reflection
Lithuania and Lithuanians in Imants and Rimants Ziedonis’ Book Leišmalīte
Get PDFThe book of cultural journalism and essays, Leišmalīte (‘Latvian–Lithuanian Borderland’) (2012), by one of the most outstanding Latvian writers Imants Ziedonis (1933–2013) and his son Rimants Ziedonis (b. 1962) is dedicated to a specific Latvian region that lies at the border stretching for 600 km, named by a Latvian word leišmale (‘Latvian–Lithuanian borderland’). In Latvia, this word is much more frequently used and is more functional than its Lithuanian analogues meant to name the borderland on this side: “palatvijys”, “palatvė” (‘Lithuanian–Latvian borderland’).
Inevitably, the book under analysis focuses on Lithuanians, Lithuania and diverse relationships between both ethno-linguistically kin nations of the Balts, i.e. both states. The article grounds on the classical principle of comparative literary imagology as a methodological approach to analyse an image of one country or its several elements reflected in literature, art, culture of another country. Referring to this principle, images of Lithuania and Lithuanians are explored in the book Palietuvėlė: both the images which are seen and assessed from the viewpoint of the Latvian–Lithuanian borderland region (leišmale), i.e. through the eyes of Latvian borderland inhabitants who became the “characters” of the book, and the images which are seen and assessed through the prism of the Latvian–Lithuanian borderland region, i.e. through the eyes of the authors of the book, the narrators.
Attention is paid not only to the images but also to the story of their formation, functioning, dynamics of changes, their emotional or other kind of evaluation, their highly diverse contexts: historical, political, economic, commercial, cultural, administrative, even elementary domestic or criminal ones. The “communicating” variants are briefly characterised as specific instances: various situational and more stable connections of images based on the characteristic features of the Balts, their kin languages.
The images of Lithuanians, Lithuania are being regularly formed in the book Palietuvėlė in the imagological manner based on comparison, when own, Latvian, realia are assessed at the background of analogous Lithuanian realia. Some stereotypical images of a Lithuanian person established in the historical-cultural memory of Latvians are being broken by substituting them with the images bearing an opposite meaning. In general, idealisation of the image of Lithuanians, Lithuania based on subjective experiences, personal imagination prevails in the book, even though there is also a mocking, critical point of view present
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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