81 research outputs found
BIS and BAS correlates with psychophysiological and cortical response systems during aversive and appetitive emotional stimuli processing
No full textThe present research intended first to confirm psychophysiological and cortical responses to valence- and arousal-manipulated stimuli and second to show how the BIS and BAS (Behavioural Inhibition and Activation System) personality characteristics correlated with these psychophysiological and cortical responses. Multiple measures were recorded, such as psychophysiological (skin conductance response, heart rate, and electromyography) and ERPs (event-related potentials) responses, during viewing IAPS figures, that varied in terms of pleasantness (appetitive vs. aversive) and arousing power (high vs. low intensity). Autonomic variables and two ERP positive deflections (P3 and LPP ERP effects) were found to be modulated by valence and arousal rating, with an increased response for high arousing and negative or positive stimuli in comparison with low arousing and neutral stimuli. Moreover, high BAS subjects were more responsive to positive than negative emotions, whereas high BIS subjects responded in greater measure to negative and arousing emotions. Findings were discussed in light of biphasic model of emotion comprehension
User-interface and operators: Evolution in the perception of computed tomography (CT)
No full textComputed tomography (CT) is the most used clinical examination to produce cross-sectional images of the body. The main objective of the study reported here is to analyze the CT operators’ perceptions in relation to the evolution of the technology they use, with a specific focus on the usability of the user interface. The study is based on the consideration that the performance of the whole man–machine system is strictly dependent on the perception/experience that the operator has of the machine. To this aim, current opinions expressed by 6 operators have been compared to those collected in a study conducted in 2011. Results reveal a high level of satisfaction with the technology in use, but the hope for a even better operability in the future, which was expressed in 2011, seems to be no longer valid today
Sine terra
No full textSine terra raccoglie alcuni progetti e riflessioni che precedono e seguono il workshop omonimo del ciclo Wave che si è tenuto presso l'Università Iuav di Venezia a luglio 2014. Il workshop è stato condotto dai Prof.ri Sara Marini e Benno Albrecht e dai tutors Cristina Baggio, Giovanni Carli, Verdiana Chiesatto, Sara Dotto, Filippo Farronato, Chiara Paone.
Hanno partecipato al workshop gli studenti Roberta Ballico, Chiara Bassan, Tommaso Bisogno, Enrico Bivi, Valentina Braghetto, Herman Buzali, Mirco Cabbia, Federica Caregnato, Davide Castegnaro, Claudia Ceccarello, Fabiana Cortolezzis, Mauro Da Ros, Edoardo Del Conte, Luca Ruggiero D'Elia, Veronica Donà, Alessandro Dona, Giuseppe D'Orsi, Rexhina Fera, Roberto Ferro, Matilde Focchessato, Claudio Franceschetti, Veronica Gaiani, Gaia Carolina Garelli, Filippo Marchiori, Aljoša Marković, Anna Marsella, Claretta Mazzonetto, Laura Moglia, Arianna Mondin, Paolo Nadin, Clelia Nobili, Erica Nonis, Fabio Papandrea, Chiara Pegoraro, Matija Perić, Alberto Petracchin, Giacomo Pincerato, Maria Elena Poloni, Alvise Ritta, Riccardo Rizzetto, Francesca Rocchi, Mary Rosada, Nicola Ruaro, Marco Santoni, Anna Sedino, Michael Silvestri, Luca Soliman, Nicola Stecca, Andrea Stocco, Giulia Tocchet, Isabella Vivaldi, Davide Zaupa
Polymer Engineering/ edited by Bartosz Tylkowski, Karolina Wieszczycka, Renata Jastrzab.
No full textEbpS Open AccessIn English.Polymer Engineering focuses on the preparation and application of polymers in several hot topics such as artificial photosynthesis, water purification by membrane technologies, and biodiesel production from wastewater plants. The authors not only describe the latest developments in polymer science, but also support these experimental results by computational chemistry and modelling studies.Tylkowski, Bartosz / Wieszczycka, Karolina / Jastrzab, Renata -- Acebo, Cristina / Ramis, Xavier / Serra, Angels -- Cota, Iuliana -- Szałata, Kamila / Gumi, Tania -- Conte, Raffaele / Luca, Ilenia De / Valentino, Anna / Salle, Anna Di / Calarco, Anna / Riccitiello, Francesco / Peluso, Gianfranco -- Marturano, Valentina / Cerruti, Pierfrancesco / Ambrogi, Veronica -- Trojanowska, Anna / Nogalska, Adrianna / Valls, Ricard Garcia / Giamberini, Marta / Tylkowski, Bartosz -- Paderes, Monissa / Ahirwal, Deepak / Prieto, Susana Fernández -- Wieszczycka, Karolina / Staszak, Katarzyna -- Tylkowski, Bartosz / Tsibranska, Irene -- Walkowiak-Kulikowska, Justyna / Wolska, Joanna / Koroniak, Henryk -- Nogalska, Adrianna / Trojanowska, Anna / Garcia-Valls, Ricard -- Staszak, Maciej -- Tylkowski, Bartosz / Trojanowska, Anna / Nowak, Martyna / Marciniak, Lukasz / Jastrzab, Renata -- Runka, Tomasz -- Gavilà, Lorenc / Güell, Edgar J / Maru, Biniam T / Medina, Francesc / Constantí, Magda -- Frontmatter -- Preface / Contents -- List of contributing authors -- 1. Improved epoxy thermosets by the use of poly(ethyleneimine) derivatives / 2. Developments in the use of rare earth metal complexes as efficient catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters used in biomedical applications / 3. BioArtificial polymers / 4. Recent advances in "bioartificial polymeric materials" based nanovectors / 5. Polymer additives / 6. Technological solutions for encapsulation / 7. Natural and synthetic polymers in fabric and home care applications / 8. Polymers in separation processes / 9. Polymer application for separation/filtration of biological active compounds / 10. Polymers application in proton exchange membranes for fuel cells (PEMFCs) / 11. Membrane contactors for CO2 capture processes -- critical review / 12. Modeling and simulation of membrane process / 13. Applications of silver nanoparticles stabilized and/or immobilized by polymer matrixes / 14. Spectroscopic properties of polymer composites / 15. Combining catalytical and biological processes to transform cellulose into high value-added products / Index.1 online resource (490 pages
ASO Author Reflections: Minimally Invasive Secondary Cytoreductive Surgery for Ovarian Cancer Lymph Node Recurrence: Shaping Treatment with All Arrows in our Quiver
No full textNo abstract availabl
Strategies to improve bioenergy and biochemical production from organic solid waste
No full text2017 - 2018The development of the direct biomass utilization for diverse industrial applications is turning the organic solid waste into one of the most promising feedstocks for the production of wide spectrum of competitive bio-based products with great market significance. The bioconversion of organic waste into value added bio-chemicals supply chain as a waste management strategy should be a viable method towards the implementation of the circular economy principles. This approach is an important challenge from the technological, economic and environmental perspectives.
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is globally produced in large amounts and the low cost availability of this substance makes it attractive to reduce the negative environmental impact of the fossil resource utilization. One of the most relevant advantages in the consideration of the sustainable management of organic waste is the generation of valuable products from low-value streams that are generated continuously. The production of the multiple targets required a highly efficient conversion process of organic waste. Currently, the anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the preferred treatments for the intensive biodegradation of OFMSW and it is considered as well-established waste to energy technology.
To date, the main product considered in AD processes is biogas, consisting of a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. However, hydrogen gas (H2) and soluble metabolites, which are intermediate products of this process have a higher added value than biogas, could potentially be extracted prior to their conversion into methane.
The fractionation of substrate composition (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) by means of pretreatments is a necessary step to improve the efficiency of bioconversion. Suitable pretreatments for to the anaerobic processes can be used to overcome the process limitation of the substrate bioconversion and to promote the modification of the internal structure of the biomass.
The chemical pretreatments with organic solvents seems to be one of the most effective pretreatment to fractionate the organic substrates into its major components. These pretreatments have already been applied to the lignocellulosic fraction (LF) of organic solid waste to improve enzymatic accessibility and to fractionate lignocellulosic biomass in high purity cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose, but their application to OFMSW is still limited. The OFMSW pretreatment through organic solvent could increase, via substrate fractionation, the highest valorisation of its potential to generate both bioenergy and value-added chemical, so as to ensure the recovery of the main components of OFMSW in a sustainable perspective. The organic solvent is indeed expected to improve the hydrolysis as well as to increase the available substrate-carbon.
The analysis of scientific literature highlighted that formic acid applications represent innovative chemical pretreatment options for OFMSW to be converted into high-quality intermediates by means anaerobic processes. Furthermore, research development has recently pointed out that the wide range of molecules accumulated during anaerobic processes represent new opportunity for recycling waste into added-value molecules, such as short chain carboxylic acids and alcohols.
The research project aimed to study the applicability of formic acid pretreatment in order to propose alternative and suitable uses of pretreated organic waste. The capacity of the operating conditions of the pretreatment to improve the quality of useful components of the substrate were studied in order to assess the technical and economic feasibility of the pretreatment for the anaerobic processes; the production of the building blocks of the value added chemicals was evaluated as well.
The experimental activity was divided in two main steps. In the first experimental phase, various combinations of the different operating conditions of the pretreatment were studied according to a factorial design and the relation between pretreatment effects and organic matter composition was assessed and statistically explored by means of an analysis of variance. This experimental phase was also characterized by the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test of the different solid pretreated substrates as well as the estimation of the soluble metabolic products in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the pretreatment on both the bio-methane production and the conversion of the chemical structure of the soluble biomass.
In the last step of the experimental activity, the combination of the organic solvent pretreatments and the dark fermentation tests of the organic waste was performed in order to promote the simultaneous recovery of valuable streams of biochemicals.
The first phase of research activity were conducted at the Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) of Salerno University (Italy). This part of the research was focused on the evaluation of the effect of the formic acid pretreatment on organic waste conversion using differently composed OFMSW substrates. Different operating conditions of the pretreatment were applied to the substrates according to a specific factorial design. The individual and combined effect of the operating parameters on the solubilisation, the biochemical properties and chemical conversion of the pretreated substrates were statistically quantified. Results showed that specific combinations of the operating conditions of the formic acid pretreatment induce the disintegration of the biomass and the increase of the soluble compounds. These effects result in improved biodegradability and, consequently, in higher bio-methane production from the BMP tests of the pretreated substrates. Conversely, some pretreatment combinations induced a stronger disintegration of the biomass and the formation of by-products which are less biodegradable than the other pretretated substrate. However, these pretreatment combinations involved the production of liquid substrates rich in volatile fatty acid and other metabolites which could be used as building blocks for different kinds of bio-chemical products.
The second phase of the research activity was performed at the Laboratory of the Environmental Biotechnology (LBE) of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA – France).
The aim of the research activity at LBE was to evaluate the feasibility of the combination of the formic acid pretreatment of OFMSW substrates with the dark fermentation tests in order to promote the recovery of carbon sources as well as hydrogen production. Detailed evaluation of the hydrogen production was carried out. The combination of formic acid pretreatments and dark fermentation tests promoted the simultaneous production of the hydrogen and the other biomolecules. Conversely, when the hydrogen production was inhibited by specific pretreatment conditions, the results showed a significant production of the metabolic products like lactate and ethanol which are characterized by a world market as larger as that of hydrogen.
The results of the experimental activity showed that the application of the formic acid pretreatment prior to the anaerobic processes to organic solid waste allow the simultaneous production of the energy and the value added biomolecules carrier.
The research activity proved that the formic acid pretreatment to the organic solid waste represents an innovative and promising method in recovering and adding value to waste, possibly through a multi-product approach of environmental biorefinery. [edited by Author]XXXI cicl
Prognostic impact of proliferation for resected early stage âpureâ invasive lobular breast cancer: Cut-off analysis of Ki67 according to histology and clinical validation
No full textINTRODUCTION:
The intent of this analysis was to investigate and validate the prognostic potential of Ki67 in a multi-center series of patients affected by early stage 'pure' invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC).
METHODS:
Clinical-pathological data of patients affected by ILC were correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival (OS/DFS); data from a parallel invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients' cohort were gathered as well. The maximally selected Log-Rank statistics analysis was applied to Ki67 continuous variable to estimate the appropriate cut-off. The Subpopulation Treatment Effect Pattern Plot (STEPP) analysis was performed as well.
RESULTS:
Data from overall 1097 (457/222 ILC: training/validation set; 418 IDC) patients were gathered. The identified optimal Ki67 cut-offs were 4% and 14% for DFS in ILC and IDC cohort, respectively. In ILC patients, the Ki67 cut-off was an independent OS predictor. Ten-years OS and DFS were 89.9% and 77.2% (p = 0.007) and 79.4% and 69.2% (p = 0.03) for patients with Ki67 ≤ 4% and >4%, respectively. In IDC patients, 10-years OS was 93.8% and 71.7%, p = 0.02, DFS was 84.0% and 52.6%, p = 0.0003, for patients with Ki67 ≤ 14% and >14%, respectively. In the validation set, the optimal Ki67 OS cut-off was 5%. The STEPP analysis showed that in the presence of low Ki67 values, IDC patients have a better DFS than ILC patients, while with the increase of values the prognosis tends to overlap.
CONCLUSIONS:
Despite the retrospective design of the study, the prognostic relevance of Ki67 (as well as its optimal cut-off) seems to significantly differ according to breast cancer histology
CANZlO DARIN BEDA
No full textAutor rješava dubioznost i autentičnost autorstva portreta grofa Erdodya te Ivana i Ane Minak (Pomorski i povijesni muzej hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka), portreta mladog muškarca (Gradski muzej, Karlovac) te kopija portreta grofa Lavala Nugenta (Povijesni muzej Hrvatske, Zagreb) signiranih »Canzio Darin«, odnosno »Canzio Darin Beda«. Pretpostavljalo se, da se radilo o jednom, odnosno najviše dvojici autora, međutim autor teksta dokazuje da se radi o tri autora i to Canzio Michele, Da Rin Tommaso i Beda Francesco), koji su - najvjerojatnije u Genovi - imali »bottegu«, gdje su se pod navedenim signaturama izrađivali portreti i njihove kopije.The author solves the enigma of authorship in the portraits of Count Erdody and Ivan and Ana Minak (Maritime and Historical Museum of Hrvatsko Primorje in Rijeka), the portrait of a young man (Civic Museum, Karlovac) and the copy of the portrait of Count Laval Nugent (Historical Museum of Croatia, Zagreb) signed »Canzio Darin« and »Canzio Darin Beda«. lt was supposed that this referred to one or two artists at the most, but the author proves that three authors are referred to here: Canzio Michele, Da Rin Tommaso and Beda Francesco) who had a »bottega«, most likely in Genoa, where portraits and their copies were produced bearing the above mentioned signatures.L'autore cerca di risolvere i dubbi sull'autenticita del ritratto del conte Erdodyedi Giovanni ed Anna Minak (Pomorski i povijesni muzej hrvatskog primorja, Rijeka), ritratto di giovane (Gradski muzej, Karlovac) e coppia del ritratto del conte Leone Nugent (Povijesni muzej Hrvatske, Zagreb) firmati "Canzio Darin«, oppure "Canzio Darin Beda«. Si presupponeva che si trattasse di uno o all piu di due autori, mentre l'autore del testo dimostra che si tratta di tre autori cioe di: Canzio Michele, Da Rin Tommaso e Beda Francesco . I tre provenivano da una stessa bottega, che quasi sicuramente si trovava a Genova, dove si realizavano ritratti originali e coppie firmate
La poésie en décalé : innovation, déplacement de traditions poétiques et naissance de nouveaux genres chez Philippe de Rémi, seigneur de Beaumanoir
No full textPhilippe de Rémi, lord of Beaumanoir (around 1210 - 1265) is, with Adam de la Halle, one of the most innovative poets of northern France of the thirteenth century. If his two huge novels (Manekine, Jehan and Blonde) of some 16,000 verses have been published several times and widely commented, his contribution to the poetic literature, yet fundamental, remains largely unexplored. Philippe, however, was an inventor: his "little pieces" - as the first editors call them - are placed in the manuscript between the two novels and a third one, the Roman du Hem (by an unknown author), which, like bookends, enshrine eight poems of various poetic genres. These poems each testify to the author's taste for the exploration of the limits: beyond renewing certain lyrical forms (« salut d’amour », lyric song, fabliau, allegorical tale), he can also claim the paternity of the poetry of the non-sens in vernacular language; his « fatras » and « resveries », published but detached from the rest of his lyric production, have especially caught the attention of the moderns, since their partial edition and translation by Georges Bataille. The poetic corpus which our thesis proposes to study consists of eight pieces: Salus d’Amours, Conte d’Amours, Conte de fole larguesce, Oiseuses, Lai d’Amours, Ave Maria, Fatrasies, Salus à refrains. It is characterized by a very exceptional diversity of genres and forms: beyond two very different love greetings, it contains a courteous tale, a fairy-tale, a purely courtly love poem, a Marian prayer, a piece of relative nonsense, and a second of absolute nonsense. The sequence of these poems within the manuscript reveals a real logic of compilation, testifying to the incontestable intention of assembling of the sponsor of the manuscript, who was probably linked to the Rémi by family and professional links. The sequence of Philippe's poems in the manuscript Paris, BnF. fr. 1588 is far from being a simple end-to-end implementation of disparate works: the pieces follow one another in accordance with their generic, semantic and formal interferences. The poetic collection thus born is characterized by diversity as well as by games of proximity: while the two novels find their echo in the duplication of the « salut d’amour », the other pieces are linked by multiple formal and semantic links which generate polyphony effects.Philippe de Rémi, seigneur de Beaumanoir (vers 1210 – 1265) est, avec son condisciple Adam de la Halle, l’un des poètes les plus novateurs du Nord de la France du XIIIe siècle. Si ses deux immenses romans (La Manekine, Jehan et Blonde) de quelques 16 000 vers ont été édités à plusieurs reprises et abondamment commentés, sa contribution à la littérature poétique, pourtant fondamentale, reste encore largement inexploitée. Philippe a pourtant fait figure d’inventeur : ses « petites pièces » – comme les désignent les premiers éditeurs – s’inscrivent entre les deux romans et un troisième, le Roman du Hem d’un auteur inconnu, qui, tels des serre-livres, enchâssent huit poèmes de genres poétiques divers. Ces poésies témoignent chacune du goût de leur auteur pour l’exploration des limites : au-delà de renouveler certaines formes lyriques (salut d’amour, chanson lyrique, fabliau, conte allégorique), il peut également revendiquer la paternité de la poésie du non-sens en langue vernaculaire ; ses fatrasies et ses rêveries, éditées mais détachées du reste de sa production lyrique, ont surtout retenu l’attention des modernes, depuis leur mise au jour partielle par Georges Bataille. Le corpus poétique que notre thèse se propose d’étudier se compose de huit pièces : Salus d’Amours, Conte d’Amours, Conte de fole larguesce, Oiseuses, Lai d’Amours, Ave Maria, Fatrasies, Salus à refrains. Il se caractérise par une diversité tout à fait exceptionnelle des genres et des formes : au-delà de deux saluts d’amour très différents, il contient un conte courtois, un conte-fabliau, un poème d’amour purement courtois, une prière mariale, une pièce de non-sens relatif, et une seconde de non-sens absolu. L’enchaînement de ces poèmes au sein du manuscrit fait apparaître une véritable logique de compilation, témoignant de l’incontestable intention d’assemblage du commanditaire du manuscrit, qui fut probablement lié aux Rémi par des liens familiaux et professionnels. La séquence des poésies de Philippe au sein du manuscrit Paris, BnF.fr. 1588 est loin de constituer une simple mise bout-à-bout d’œuvres disparates : les pièces se succèdent conformément à leurs interférences à la fois génériques, sémantiques et formelles. Le recueil poétique ainsi naissant se caractérise aussi bien par la diversité que par des jeux de proximité : si les deux romans trouvent leur écho dans le dédoublement des saluts d’amour, les autres pièces sont liées par de multiples liens formels et sémantiques qui engendrent des effets de polyphonie
Poetry in shift : innovation, displacement of traditions and emergence of new genres at Philippe de Rémi, seigneur de Beaumanoir
No full textPhilippe de Rémi, seigneur de Beaumanoir (vers 1210 – 1265) est, avec son condisciple Adam de la Halle, l’un des poètes les plus novateurs du Nord de la France du XIIIe siècle. Si ses deux immenses romans (La Manekine, Jehan et Blonde) de quelques 16 000 vers ont été édités à plusieurs reprises et abondamment commentés, sa contribution à la littérature poétique, pourtant fondamentale, reste encore largement inexploitée. Philippe a pourtant fait figure d’inventeur : ses « petites pièces » – comme les désignent les premiers éditeurs – s’inscrivent entre les deux romans et un troisième, le Roman du Hem d’un auteur inconnu, qui, tels des serre-livres, enchâssent huit poèmes de genres poétiques divers. Ces poésies témoignent chacune du goût de leur auteur pour l’exploration des limites : au-delà de renouveler certaines formes lyriques (salut d’amour, chanson lyrique, fabliau, conte allégorique), il peut également revendiquer la paternité de la poésie du non-sens en langue vernaculaire ; ses fatrasies et ses rêveries, éditées mais détachées du reste de sa production lyrique, ont surtout retenu l’attention des modernes, depuis leur mise au jour partielle par Georges Bataille. Le corpus poétique que notre thèse se propose d’étudier se compose de huit pièces : Salus d’Amours, Conte d’Amours, Conte de fole larguesce, Oiseuses, Lai d’Amours, Ave Maria, Fatrasies, Salus à refrains. Il se caractérise par une diversité tout à fait exceptionnelle des genres et des formes : au-delà de deux saluts d’amour très différents, il contient un conte courtois, un conte-fabliau, un poème d’amour purement courtois, une prière mariale, une pièce de non-sens relatif, et une seconde de non-sens absolu. L’enchaînement de ces poèmes au sein du manuscrit fait apparaître une véritable logique de compilation, témoignant de l’incontestable intention d’assemblage du commanditaire du manuscrit, qui fut probablement lié aux Rémi par des liens familiaux et professionnels. La séquence des poésies de Philippe au sein du manuscrit Paris, BnF.fr. 1588 est loin de constituer une simple mise bout-à-bout d’œuvres disparates : les pièces se succèdent conformément à leurs interférences à la fois génériques, sémantiques et formelles. Le recueil poétique ainsi naissant se caractérise aussi bien par la diversité que par des jeux de proximité : si les deux romans trouvent leur écho dans le dédoublement des saluts d’amour, les autres pièces sont liées par de multiples liens formels et sémantiques qui engendrent des effets de polyphonie.Philippe de Rémi, lord of Beaumanoir (around 1210 - 1265) is, with Adam de la Halle, one of the most innovative poets of northern France of the thirteenth century. If his two huge novels (Manekine, Jehan and Blonde) of some 16,000 verses have been published several times and widely commented, his contribution to the poetic literature, yet fundamental, remains largely unexplored. Philippe, however, was an inventor: his "little pieces" - as the first editors call them - are placed in the manuscript between the two novels and a third one, the Roman du Hem (by an unknown author), which, like bookends, enshrine eight poems of various poetic genres. These poems each testify to the author's taste for the exploration of the limits: beyond renewing certain lyrical forms (« salut d’amour », lyric song, fabliau, allegorical tale), he can also claim the paternity of the poetry of the non-sens in vernacular language; his « fatras » and « resveries », published but detached from the rest of his lyric production, have especially caught the attention of the moderns, since their partial edition and translation by Georges Bataille. The poetic corpus which our thesis proposes to study consists of eight pieces: Salus d’Amours, Conte d’Amours, Conte de fole larguesce, Oiseuses, Lai d’Amours, Ave Maria, Fatrasies, Salus à refrains. It is characterized by a very exceptional diversity of genres and forms: beyond two very different love greetings, it contains a courteous tale, a fairy-tale, a purely courtly love poem, a Marian prayer, a piece of relative nonsense, and a second of absolute nonsense. The sequence of these poems within the manuscript reveals a real logic of compilation, testifying to the incontestable intention of assembling of the sponsor of the manuscript, who was probably linked to the Rémi by family and professional links. The sequence of Philippe's poems in the manuscript Paris, BnF. fr. 1588 is far from being a simple end-to-end implementation of disparate works: the pieces follow one another in accordance with their generic, semantic and formal interferences. The poetic collection thus born is characterized by diversity as well as by games of proximity: while the two novels find their echo in the duplication of the « salut d’amour », the other pieces are linked by multiple formal and semantic links which generate polyphony effects
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