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Kasviplanktonin kevättalvinen kehitys Lammin Pääjärvessä
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Climate driven changes in temperature, pH and food quality : effects on copepod reproduction
Get PDFIncreased emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere are causing an anthropogenic climate change. The resulting global warming challenges the ability of organisms to adapt to the new temperature conditions. However, warming is not the only major threat. In marine environments, dissolution of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere causes a decrease in surface water pH, the so called ocean acidification. The temperature and acidification effects can interact, and create even larger problems for the marine flora and fauna than either of the effects would cause alone.
I have used Baltic calanoid copepods (crustacean zooplankton) as my research object and studied their growth and stress responses using climate predictions projected for the next century. I have studied both direct temperature and pH effects on copepods, and indirect effects via their food: the changing phytoplankton spring bloom composition and toxic cyanobacterium. The main aims of my thesis were: 1) to find out how warming and acidification combined with a toxic cyanobacterium affect copepod reproductive success (egg production, egg viability, egg hatching success, offspring development) and oxidative balance (antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage), and 2) to reveal the possible food quality effects of spring phytoplankton bloom composition dominated by diatoms or dinoflagellates on reproducing copepods (egg production, egg hatching, RNA:DNA ratio). The two copepod genera used, Acartia sp. and Eurytemora affinis are the dominating mesozooplankton taxa (0.2 – 2 mm) in my study area the Gulf of Finland.
The 20°C temperature seems to be within the tolerance limits of Acartia spp., because copepods can adapt to the temperature phenotypically by adjusting their body size. Copepods are also able to tolerate a pH decrease of 0.4 from present values, but the combination of warm water and decreased pH causes problems for them. In my studies, the copepod oxidative balance was negatively influenced by the interaction of these two environmental factors, and egg and nauplii production were lower at 20°C and lower pH, than at 20°C and ambient pH. However, presence of toxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena improved the copepod oxidative balance and helped to resist the environmental stress, in question. In addition, adaptive maternal effects seem to be an important adaptation mechanism in a changing environment, but it depends on the condition of the female copepod and her diet how much she can invest in her offspring.
I did not find systematic food quality difference between diatoms and dinoflagellates. There are both good and bad diatom and dinoflagellate species. Instead, the dominating species in the phytoplankton bloom composition has a central role in determining the food quality, although copepods aim at obtaining as a balanced diet as possible by foraging on several species. If the dominating species is of poor quality it can cause stress when ingested, or lead to non-optimal foraging if rejected.
My thesis demonstrates that climate change induced water temperature and pH changes can cause problems to Baltic Sea copepod communities. However, their resilience depends substantially on their diet, and therefore the response of phytoplankton to the environmental changes. As copepods are an important link in pelagic food webs, their future success can have far reaching consequences, for example on fish stocks.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan diplomi-insinöörien työelämä: tapaustutkimus urapoluista, keskeisimmistä työelämäkyvyistä ja kestävän kehityksen roolista
Get PDFThis Thesis study covers career development, core working life competencies, and the role of sustainable development in the early careers of water and environmental engineers. The study was conducted to support the implementation and development of the new Master’s Programme in Water and Environmental Engineering at Aalto University to meet the requirements of working life. Data was collected using an online questionnaire that was sent to engineers who have graduated during the past ten years (2007-2016), and complementary semi-structured theme interviews.
According to this case study, water and environmental engineers in Finland have safe employment situation, and their expertise is required in several societal sectors and in various duties. Modern working life with complex tasks and new challenges demand for a wide array of skills and knowledge. In addition to traditional engineering skills such as problem solving, present work life requires also time-management and prioritization skills, as well as people skills. Furthermore, engineers need to be able to take initiative and be self-directional, be up-to-date by actively searching for information and learning, and be able to make decision and taking responsibility.
The aim of the Aalto University is to integrate responsibility and sustainable development into all teaching, and to build a sustainable society driven by innovation. According to this study, several early-career engineers working in the field have deficient knowledge of sustainable development, which hampers their capability to connect their job with the sustainable development concept and to act according to the sustainability principles. Some are also presenting criticism towards sustainable development and see it as a separate theory with little application to engineering work. Majority nonetheless see it being built-in in the field and also an essential societal theme. Integrating sustainable development into engineering education requires understanding of wider concept and using systemic thinking. The same competencies are also central in the modern working life. The structure and the content of the new Master’s Programme is responding to this demand.
At the moment, developing sustainable world is mentioned in strategies and visions of organizations, but it is not reflected fully in everyday tasks. Water and environmental engineers with their wide set of competencies and variety of roles in the society could be in the vanguard of progress in building a more sustainable society.Tämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan diplomi-insinöörien alku-uran kehitystä, siinä tarvittavia keskeisimpiä taitoja ja kestävän kehityksen roolia alan opetuksessa ja työelämässä. Tutkimus toteutettiin Aalto yliopiston uuden Vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan maisteriohjelman kehittämiseksi ja etenkin sen ajankohtaisuuden ja työelämärelevanssin varmistamiseksi. Aineisto kerättiin Aallon vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan koulutusohjelmista vuosina 2007-2016 valmistuneille lähetetyllä verkkokyselyllä ja sitä täydentävillä teemahaastatteluilla.
Tämän tapaustutkimuksen mukaan vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan diplomi-insinöörien työtilanne on Suomessa tasaisen varma, ja heidän osaamistaan tarvitaan usealla työelämäsektorilla ja monenlaisissa tehtävissä. Samaan aikaan työelämä monimutkaisine tehtävineen ja uusine haasteineen vaatii laaja-alaista osaamista. Perinteisten insinööritaitojen, kuten ongelmanratkaisun lisäksi, tarvitaan myös ajanhallinta- ja priorisointi-, sekä vuorovaikutustaitoja. Insinöörien pitää olla itseohjautuvia ja oma-aloitteisia, seurata oman alan kehitystä ja oppia uutta, sekä pystyä ottamaan vastuuta ja tehdä päätöksiä.
Aalto yliopiston tavoitteena on integroida vastuullisuus ja kestävä kehitys kaikkeen opetukseen, ja olla sitä kautta rakentamassa kestävyydelle perustuvaa innovaatioyhteiskuntaa. Tutkimuksen mukaan useilla alku-urallaan olevilla vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan diplomi-insinööreillä on kuitenkin puutteelliset tiedot kestävästä kehityksestä, mikä vaikeuttaa heidän kykyään yhdistää kestävän kehityksen periaatteita omiin työtehtäviinsä ja toimia niiden mukaisesti. Jotkut myös suhtautuvat kestävään kehitykseen kriittisesti ja näkevät sen olevan alasta irrallaan oleva teoria, jolla ei ole juurikaan tekemistä käytännön kanssa. Suurin osa vastaajista kuitenkin ajattelee kestävän kehityksen olevan kiinteä osa alaa ja myös erittäin tärkeä yhteiskunnallinen teema. Kestävän kehityksen integroiminen insinöörikoulutukseen vaatii laajempien aihealueiden ymmärrystä ja systemaattisen ajattelun käyttöä; sama osaaminen on keskeisessä roolissa myös nykyajan työelämässä. Vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan uuden maisteriohjelman rakenne ja sisältö vastaa hyvin tähän vaatimukseen.
Kestävä kehitys mainitaan tällä hetkellä organisaatioiden strategioissa ja arvoissa, mutta se ei aina heijastu jokapäiväiseen työhön. Vesi- ja ympäristötekniikan diplomi-insinöörit voisivat laajan osaamisensa ja moninaisten yhteiskunnallisten rooliensa avulla olla etulinjassa rakentamassa kestävämpää yhteiskuntaa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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