1,721,042 research outputs found
Spatial Variation In The Strength Of Mutualism Between A Jumping Spider And A Terrestrial Bromeliad: Evidence From The Stable Isotope 15n
No full textPsecas chapoda, a neotropical jumping spider strictly associated with the terrestrial bromeliad Bromelia balansae in cerrados and semi-deciduous forests in South America, effectively contributes to plant nutrition and growth. In this study, our goal was to investigate if spider density caused spatial variations in the strength of this spider-plant mutualism. We found a positive significant relationship between spider density and δ15N values for bromeliad leaves in different forest fragments. Open grassland Bromeliads were associated with spiders and had higher δ15N values compared to forest bromeliads. Although forest bromeliads had no association with spiders their total N concentrations were higher. These results suggest that bromeliad nutrition is likely more litter-based in forests and more spider-based in open grasslands. This study is one of the few to show nutrient provisioning and conditionality in a spider-plant system. © 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.333380386Addicott, J.F., Regulation of mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths: population level processes (1998) Oikos, 81, pp. 119-129Benzing, D.H., (2000) Bromeliaceae: Profile of an Adaptative Radiation, , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeBinkley, D., Vitousek, P., Soil nutrient availability (1989) Plant Physiological Ecology, pp. 75-96. , Pearcy R.W., Ehleringer J., Mooney H.A., and Rundel P.W. (Eds), Chapman & Hall, London, UKBoucher, D.H., James, S., Keeler, K.H., The ecology of mutualism (1982) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13, pp. 315-347Bronstein, J.L., Conditional outcomes in mutualistic interactions (1994) Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9, pp. 214-217Bronstein, J.L., The cost of mutualism (2001) American Zoologist, 41, pp. 825-839Cook, J.M., Rasplus, J.Y., Mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs (2003) Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, pp. 241-248Del-Claro, K., Oliveira, P.S., Conditional outcomes in a neotropical treehopper-ant association: temporal and species-specific variation in ant protection and homopteran fecundity (2000) Oecologia, 124, pp. 156-165Ehleringer, J.R., Osmond, C.B., Stable Isotopes (2000) Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation, pp. 281-300. , Pearcy R.W., Ehleringer J.R., Mooney H.A., and Rundel P.W. (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, DordrechtFaegry, K., van der Pijl, L., (1979) The principles of pollination ecology. third ed., , Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK 244 ppFetene, M., Lee, H.S.J., Lüttge, U., Photosynthetic acclimation in a terrestrial CAM bromeliad, Bromelia humilis Jacq (1990) New Phytologist, 114, pp. 399-406Gastreich, K.R., Trait-mediated indirect effects of a theridiid spider on an ant-plant mutualism (1999) Ecology, 80, pp. 1066-1070Heil, M., McKey, D., Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research (2003) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 34, pp. 425-453Herre, E.A., Knowlton, M., Mueller, U.G., Rehner, S.A., The evolution of mutualisms: exploring the paths between conflict and cooperation (1999) Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14, pp. 49-51Jordano, P., Fruits and frugivory (2000) Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. second ed., pp. 125-166. , Fenner M. (Ed), CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UKMartin, C.E., Physiological ecology of the Bromeliaceae (1994) The Botanical Review, 60, pp. 1-82Oliveira, O.S., Marquis, R.J., (2002) The Cerrados of Brazil, , Columbia University Press, New YorkPellmyr, O., Krenn, H.W., Origin of a complex key innovation in an obligate insect-plant mutualism (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, pp. 5498-5502Polis, G.A., Hurd, S.D., Extraordinarily high spider densities on islands: flow of energy from the marine to terrestrial food webs and the absence of predation (1995) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, pp. 4382-4386Riechert, S.E., Bishop, L., Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: spiders in garden test systems (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 1441-1450Romero, G.Q., 2005. Associations between jumping spiders (Salticidae) and the Bromeliaceae: natural history, spatial distribution and mutualisms (in Portuguese), PhD thesis. State University of Campinas, Campinas, São PauloRomero, G.Q., Geographic range, habitats and host plants of bromeliad-living jumping spiders (Salticidae) (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 522-530Romero, G.Q., Benson, W.W., Biotic interactions of mites, plants and leaf domatia (2005) Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 8, pp. 436-440Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Beneficial effects of flower-dwelling predators on their host plant (2004) Ecology, 85, pp. 446-457Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Spatial distribution patterns of jumping spiders associated with terrestrial bromeliads (2004) Biotropica, 36, pp. 596-601Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Spatial distribution and microhabitat preference of Psecas chapoda (Peckham & Peckham) (Araneae, Salticidae) (2005) Journal of Arachnology, 33, pp. 124-134Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae) (2005) Journal of Natural History, 39, pp. 153-163Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., The effects of plant structure on the spatial and microspatial distribution of a bromeliad-living jumping spider (Salticidae) (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, pp. 12-21Romero, G.Q., Mazzafera, P., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Trivelin, P.C.O., Bromeliad-living spiders improve host plant nutrition and growth (2006) Ecology, 87, pp. 803-808Rossa-Feres, D.de.C., Romero, G.Q., Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E., Feres, R.J.F., Reproductive behavior and seasonal occurrence of Psecas viridipurpureus (Salticidae, Araneae) (2000) Brazilian Journal of Biology, 60, pp. 221-228Schmitz, O.J., Direct and indirect effects of predation and predation risk in old-field interaction webs (1998) American Naturalist, 151, pp. 327-342Schmitz, O.J., Suttle, K.B., Effects of top predator species on direct and indirect interactions in a food web (2001) Ecology, 82, pp. 2072-2081Sokal, R.R., Rohlf, F.J., (1995) Biometry. third ed., , W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USASpiller, D.A., Schoener, T.W., Effects of top and intermediate predators in a terrestrial food web (1994) Ecology, 75, pp. 182-196Thompson, J.N., Variation in interspecific interactions (1988) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 19, pp. 65-87Thompson, J.N., Specific hypotheses on the geographic mosaic of coevolution (1999) American Naturalist, 153, pp. S1-S14Thompson, J.N., Cunningham, B.M., Geographic structure and dynamics of coevolutionary selection (2002) Nature, 417, pp. 735-738Weiblen, G.D., How to be a fig wasp (2002) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 47, pp. 299-330Whitney, K.D., Experimental evidence that both parties benefit in a facultative plant-spider mutualism (2004) Ecology, 85, pp. 1642-1650Wise, D.H., (1993) Spiders in Ecological Webs, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridg
Figure 3 in Spatial distribution and substrate selection by the orb-weaver spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneae: Araneidae)
No full textFigure 3. (A) Frequency of smooth and rough trunks with diameters up to 10 cm (n = 413) in samples of plots and occurrence of Eustala perfida on them (n = 158); (B) frequency of each subcategory of tree trunks and frequency of occupation by Eustala perfida on them.Published as part of Messas, Y.F., Souza, H.S., Gonzaga, M.O. & Vasconcellos-Neto, J., 2014, Spatial distribution and substrate selection by the orb-weaver spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneae: Araneidae), pp. 2645-2660 in Journal of Natural History 48 (43-44) on page 2652, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.909067, http://zenodo.org/record/519451
Figure 2 in Spatial distribution and substrate selection by the orb-weaver spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneae: Araneidae)
No full textFigure 2. Colour patterns of Eustala perfida and one event of predation of a female by an araneophagic spider (Gelanor sp., Mimetidae). The total body length of adult individuals is approximately 6 mm. Photographs: Y.F. Messas.Published as part of Messas, Y.F., Souza, H.S., Gonzaga, M.O. & Vasconcellos-Neto, J., 2014, Spatial distribution and substrate selection by the orb-weaver spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneae: Araneidae), pp. 2645-2660 in Journal of Natural History 48 (43-44) on page 2651, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.909067, http://zenodo.org/record/519451
Anti-herbivore Protection By Mutualistic Spiders And The Role Of Plant Glandular Trichomes
Get PDFAlthough specific associations between spiders and particular types of plants have been reported for several taxonomic groups, their consequences for spiders and plants are still poorly understood. The most common South American lynx spiders, Peucetia flava and P. rubrolineata, live strictly associated with various plant species that have glandular trichomes. To understand more about these spider-plant relationships, we investigated the influence of the spiders on the fitness of a neotropical glandular shrub (Trichogoniopsis adenantha) and on the arthropod community structure on the plant. We also tested whether glandular hairs provided any benefit to the spiders. Spiders reduced the abundance of several species and guilds of herbivores on the leaves and inflorescences. Consequently, damage to the leaves, capitula, ovaries, corollas, and stigmas caused by leaf-mining and chewing insects, as well as endophagous insects, were strongly reduced in the presence of Peucetia spp. Although the spiders fed on flower visitors, their negative influence on ovary fertilization was only marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.065). Spiders on plants of Trichogoniopsis adenantha that fed on common fruit flies that had died before adhering to the glandular trichomes did not lose body mass. However, those living on plants without stalked glandular trichomes (Melissa officinalis) did not feed on dead flies and lost 13-20% of their biomass. These results indicate that Peucetia spiders are effective plant bodyguards and that when there is limited live prey they may feed on insect carcasses adhered to glandular trichomes. Since several spider species of the genus Peucetia live strictly associated with glandular trichome-bearing plants in neotropical, Neartic, Paleartic, and Afrotropical regions, this type of facultative mutualism involving Peucetia and glandular plants may be common worldwide. © 2008 by the Ecological Society of America.891131053115Almeida, A. M. 1997. Patterns of occurrence in endophagous insects associated with flowerheads of Trichogoniopsis adenantha (DC) (Asteraceae). Msc. Dissertation. [In Portuguese.] Department of Zoology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, BrazilAnderson, B., Adaptations to foliar absorption of faeces: A pathway in plant carnivory (2005) Annals of Botany, 95, pp. 757-761Anderson, B., Inferring evolutionary patterns from the biogeographical distributions of mutualists and exploiters (2006) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, pp. 541-549Anderson, B., Midgley, J.J., It takes two to tango but three is a tangle: Mutualists and cheaters on the carnivorous plant Roridula (2002) Oecologia, 132, pp. 369-373Anderson, B., Midgley, J.J., Digestive mutualism, an alternate pathway in plant carnivory (2003) Oikos, 102, pp. 221-224Arango, A.M., Rico-Gray, V., Parra-Tabla, V., Population structure, seasonality, and habitat use by the green lynx spider Peucetia viridans (Oxyopidae) inhabiting Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphorbiaceae) (2000) Journal of Arachnology, 28, pp. 185-194Coley, P.D., Barone, J.A., Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests (1996) Annual Review of Ecology and Systcmatics, 27, pp. 305-335De Moraes, C.M.W.J., Lewis, Pare, P.W., Alborn, H.T., Tumlinson, J.H., Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids (1998) Nature, 393, pp. 570-573Dolling, W.R., Palmer, J.M., Pameridea (Hemiptera: Miridae): predaceous bugs specific to the highly viscid plant genus Roridula (1991) Systematic Entomology, 16, pp. 319-328Duffey, S.S., Plant glandular trichomes: Their partial role in defence against insects (1986) Insects and the plant surface, pp. 151-172. , B. 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Southwood, editors, Edward Arnold, London, UKDukas, R., Effects of perceived danger on flower choice by bees (2001) Ecology Letters, 4, pp. 327-333Dukas, R., Morse, D.H., Crab spiders affect flower visitation by bees (2003) Oikos, 101, pp. 157-163Ellis, A.G., Midgley, J.J., A new plant-animal mutualism involving a plant with sticky leaves and a resident hemipteran insect (1996) Oecologia, 106, pp. 478-481Hare, J.D., Elle, E., Variable impact of diverse insect herbivores on dimorphic Datura wrightii (2002) Ecology, 83, pp. 2711-2720Heil, M., McKey, D., Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research (2003) Annual Review of Ecology and Systcmatics, 34, pp. 425-453Heiling, A.M., Herberstein, M.E., Predator-prey coevolution: Australian native bees avoid their spider predators (2004) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271 (SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S196-S198Knight, T.M., Chase, J.M., Hillebrand, H., Holt, R.D., Predation on mutualists can reduce the strength of trophic cascades (2006) Ecology Letters, 9, pp. 1173-1178Lawrence, R.F., A conspectus of South African spiders. 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Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilPrice, P.W., Bouton, C.E., Gross, P., McPheron, B.A., Thompson, J.N., Weis, A.E., Interactions among three trophic levels: Influence of plant on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies (1980) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematies, 11, pp. 41-65Riechert, S.E., Lockley, T., Spiders as biological control agents (1984) Annual Review of Entomology, 29, pp. 299-320Robertson, I.C., Klemash Maguire, D., Crab spiders deter insect visitations to slickspot peppergrass flowers (2005) Oikos, 109, pp. 577-582Romero, G.Q., Geographic range, habitats and host plants of bromeliad-living jumping spiders (Salticidae) (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 522-530Romero, G.Q., Benson, W.W., Biotic interactions of mites, plants and leaf domatia (2005) Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 8, pp. 436-440Romero, G.Q., Mazzafera, P., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Trivelin, P.C.O., Bromeliad-living spiders improve host plant nutrition and growth (2006) Ecology, 87, pp. 803-808Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Natural history of Misumenops argenteus (Thomisidae): Seasonality and diet on Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae) (2003) Journal of Arachnology, 31, pp. 297-304Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Beneficial effects of flower-dwelling predators on their host plant (2004) Ecology, 85, pp. 446-457Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Foraging by the flower-dwelling spider, Misumenops argenteus (Thomisidae), at high prev density sites (2004) Journal of Natural History, 38, pp. 1287-1296Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Flowering phenology, seed set and arthropod guilds in Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae) in south-east Brazil (2005) Brazilian Journal of Botany, 28, pp. 171-178Romero, G.Q., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., The effects of plant structure on the spatial and microspatial distribution of a bromeliad-living jumping spider (Salticidae) (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, pp. 12-21Rosenheim, J.A., Higher-order predators and the regulation of insect herbivore populations (1998) Annual Review of Entomology, 43, pp. 421-447Ruhren, S., Handel, S.N., Jumping spiders (Salticidae) enhance the seed production of a plant with extrafloral nectaries (1999) Oecologia, 119, pp. 227-230Salomão, A.T., Martins, L.F., Ribeiro, R.S., Romero, G.Q., Effects of patch size and floral herbivory on seed set in Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae) (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 272-275Santos, A.J., Brescovit, A.D., A revision of the Neotropical species of the lynx spider genus Peucetia Thorell 1869 (Araneae: Oxyopidae) (2003) Insect Systematies and Evolution, 34, pp. 95-116Simon, E., Etudes arachnologiques. 22e Mèmoire. 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Population Dynamics, Seasonality And Sex Ratio Of Twig-girdling Beetles (coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Onciderini) Of An Atlantic Rain Forest In South-eastern Brazil
No full textIn this study, the population dynamics and sex ratios of 12 species of beetles of the tribe Onciderini (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) were investigated from 2002 to 2006 in an Atlantic rain forest of south-eastern Brazil located at the Biological Reserve of the Serra do Japi. The period of activity of adult beetles ranged from October to May, with slight differences among the species. From June to September, adults were not found and we considered them absent. Our findings showed that adults of these beetles were strongly seasonal, and abundances were correlated with climatic factors that occurred up to two months in advance. Sex ratios were skewed to females in most of the species. The factors determining the population dynamic and sex ratios of these insects are discussed. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.4619-2012491261Abreu, R.L.S., Teles, B.R., Monné, M.A., Vianez, B.F., First record of species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in Cardeiro samples (Scleronema micranthum (Ducke) Ducke) (Bombacaceae) in the Central Amazon (2009) Neotrop Entomol, 38 (3), pp. 432-433Arango, A.M., Rico-Gray, V., Parra-Tabla, V., Population structure, seasonality, and habitat use by the green lynx spider Peucetia viridans (Oxyopidae) inhabiting Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphorbiaceae) (2000) J Arachnol, 28 (2), pp. 185-194Ayres, M., Ayres Jr., M., Ayres, D.M., (2007) Santos, AAS, , Brazil: BioEstatBerkov, A., Tavakilian, G., Host utilization of the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae) by sympatric wood-boring species of Palame (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Acanthocinini) (1999) Biol J Linn Soc, 67 (2), pp. 181-198Caraglio, Y., Nicolini, E., Petronelli, P., Observations on the links between the architecture of a tree (Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff) and Cerambycidae activity in French Guiana (2001) J Trop Ecol, 17 (3), pp. 459-463Dillon, L.S., Dillon, E.S., The tribe Onciderini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 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The Role Of Multiple Partners In A Digestive Mutualism With A Protocarnivorous Plant
No full textBackground and aimsThe protocarnivorous plant Paepalanthus bromelioides (Eriocaulaceae) is similar to bromeliads in that this plant has a rosette-like structure that allows rainwater to accumulate in leaf axils (i.e. phytotelmata). Although the rosettes of P. bromelioides are commonly inhabited by predators (e.g. spiders), their roots are wrapped by a cylindrical termite mound that grows beneath the rosette. In this study it is predicted that these plants can derive nutrients from recycling processes carried out by termites and from predation events that take place inside the rosette. It is also predicted that bacteria living in phytotelmata can accelerate nutrient cycling derived from predators.MethodsThe predictions were tested by surveying plants and animals, and also by performing field experiments in rocky fields from Serra do Cipó, Brazil, using natural abundance and enriched isotopes of 15N. Laboratory bioassays were also conducted to test proteolytic activities of bacteria from P. bromelioides rosettes.Key ResultsAnalyses of 15N in natural nitrogen abundances showed that the isotopic signature of P. bromelioides is similar to that of carnivorous plants and higher than that of non-carnivorous plants in the study area. Linear mixing models showed that predatory activities on the rosettes (i.e. spider faeces and prey carcass) resulted in overall nitrogen contributions of 26·5 % (a top-down flux). Although nitrogen flux was not detected from termites to plants via decomposition of labelled cardboard, the data on 15N in natural nitrogen abundance indicated that 67 % of nitrogen from P. bromelioides is derived from termites (a bottom-up flux). Bacteria did not affect nutrient cycling or nitrogen uptake from prey carcasses and spider faeces.ConclusionsThe results suggest that P. bromelioides derive nitrogen from associated predators and termites, despite differences in nitrogen cycling velocities, which seem to have been higher in nitrogen derived from predators (leaves) than from termites (roots). This is the first study that demonstrates partitioning effects from multiple partners in a digestion-based mutualism. Despite most of the nitrogen being absorbed through their roots (via termites), P. bromelioides has all the attributes necessary to be considered as a carnivorous plant in the context of digestive mutualism. © 2012 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. 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Influence Of Collective Feeding On Weight Gain And Size Variability Of Anelosimus Jabaquara Levi 1956 (araneae: Theridiidae)
No full textDifferences in the size and weight of spiders within colonies may be an important factor for determining dispersion and food distribution among nestmates. In this study we report on the variation in size of spiders from 27 colonies of A. jabaquara, collected during one year. We also conducted an experiment under laboratory conditions to test if prey size, and consequently, collective or individual capture behaviours, influence the establishment of weight differences. Female size variation within colonies was high, increasing slightly from March to September. However, from November to January the variation was much lower, probably as a consequence of the emigration of large spiders during the reproductive period. Spiders that fed on large flies in the laboratory experiment grew more and collective feeding seemed to induce a larger variation in weight among individuals. These results indicate that collective feeding promotes an unequal distribution of food in A. jabaquara colonies.13911-1214311442Avilés, L., Causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent-sociality in spiders (1997) The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids, pp. 476-499. , (J. Choe & B. Crespi, eds). Cambridge University Press, CambridgeBarnard, C.J., Sibly, R.M., Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows (1981) Anim. Behav., 29, pp. 543-550Brach, V., Anelosimus Studiosus (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the evolution of quasisociality in spiders (1977) Evolution, 31, pp. 154-161Ebert, D., Behavioral asymmetry in relation to body weight and hunger in the tropical social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae) (1998) J. Arachnol., 26, pp. 70-80Feltz, C.J., Miller, G.E., An asymptotic test for the equality of coefficients of variation from k populations (1996) Statist. Med., 15, pp. 647-658Frank, L.G., Social organization of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta. II. Dominance and reproduction (1986) Anim. Behav., 34, pp. 1510-1527Gese, E.M., Ruff, R.L., Crabtree, R.L., Foraging ecology of coyotes (Canis latrans): The influence of extrinsic factors and adominance hierarchy (1996) Can. J. Zool., 74, pp. 769-783Gonzaga, M.O., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Female body size, fecundity parameters and foundation of new colonies in Anelosimus jabaquara (Araneae, Theridiidae) (2001) Ins. Soc., 48, pp. 94-100Collective prey capture and feeding behaviours of Anelosimus jabaquara Levi 1956 (Araneae: Theridiidae) (2002) Behaviour, 139, pp. 573-584Lewontin, R.C., On the measurement of relative variability (1966) Syst. Zool., 15, pp. 141-142Marques, E.S.A., Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Mello, M.B., Life history and social behavior of Anelosimus jabaquara and Anelosimus dubiosus (Araneae, Theridiidae) (1998) J. Arachnol., 26, pp. 227-237Mcardle, B.H., Gaston, K.J., Lawton, J.H., Variation in the size of animal populations: Patterns, problems and artefacts (1990) J. Anim. Ecol., 59, pp. 439-454Miller, G.E., Asymptotic test statistics for coefficients of variation (1991) Communic. Statist. Theor. Meth., 20, pp. 2251-2262Milliken, G.A., Johnson, D.E., (1984) Analysis of Messy Data. Volume I: Designed Experiments, 1. , Lifetime Learning, Belmont, CANentwig, W., Social spiders catch larger prey: A study of Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae) (1985) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 17, pp. 79-85Packer, C., Ruttan, L., The evolution of cooperative hunting (1988) Am. Nat., 132, pp. 159-198Pasquet, A., Krafft, B., Cooperation and prey capture efficiency in a social spider, Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae) (1992) Ethology, 90, pp. 121-133Ranta, E., Peuhkuri, N., Laurila, A., Rita, H., Metcalfe, N.B., Producers, scroungers and foraging group structure (1996) Anim. Behav., 51, pp. 171-175Rita, H., Ranta, E., Peuhkuri, N., Group foraging, patch exploitation time and the finder's advantage (1997) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 40, pp. 35-39Rypstra, A.L., Prey capture and feeding efficiency of social and solitary spiders: A comparison (1990) Acta Zool. Fennica, 190, pp. 339-343Prey capture and feeding efficiency of social and solitary spiders: Insights into flock formation (1990) Anim. Behav., 37, pp. 274-281Prey size, social competition, and development of reproductive division of labor in social spider groups (1993) Am. Nat., 142, pp. 868-880Schneider, J.M., Survival and growth in groups of a subsocial spider (Stegodyphus lineatus) (1995) Ins. Soc., 42, pp. 237-248Shapiro, S.S., Wilk, M.B., An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples) (1965) Biometrika, 52, pp. 591-611Sokal, R.R., Braumann, C.A., Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles (1980) Syst. 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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Host-plant Range Of Twig-girdling Beetles (coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Onciderini) Of The Atlantic Rainforest In Southeastern Brazil
No full textIn this study, the host-plant range of Onciderini beetles was investigated during 4 years in an Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil. Twelve species of Onciderini beetles girdled thirty-six plant species in the study site. In total, 1046 plants were girdled by Onciderini beetles as follows: 44.6% were Vochysiaceae, 15% were Mymosaceae, 12% were Melastomataceae, 9% were Lauraceae, 4% were Anacardiaceae and 15% were distributed among Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Bombacaceae, Fabaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Cecropiaceae, Myrtaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Myrsinaceae. Onciderini beetles did not select hosts randomly. 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