1,721,136 research outputs found
Unwilling or unable? spatial and socio-economic restrictions on females’ labour market access
No full textVan Ham M. and Büchel F. (2006) Unwilling or unable? Spatial and socio-economic restrictions on females’ labour market access, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. The effects of regional structures on both females’ willingness to work and the probability of being employed for those willing to work are analysed. Special permission was granted to link regional data to individual respondents in the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Results of a bivariate probit model correcting for sample selection show that high regional unemployment discourages women from entering the labour market. Those willing to work find it easier to do so if they live in regions with low regional female unemployment rates, at a short distance from the next agglomeration, and – for mothers – with a high density of childcare provision. Van Ham M. et Büchel F. (2006) Peu disposées ou incapables? Les limites géographiques et socio-économiques à l'insertion des femmes dans le marché du travail, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. On cherche à analyser l'impact des structures régionales à la fois sur la disposition des femmes à travailler et sur la probabilité de trouver un emploi de celles qui sont disposées à travailler. A titre exceptionnel, on a pu lier des données régionales à l’échantillon permanent socio-économique allemand (German Socio-Economic Panel – GSOEP). Les résultats d'un modèle probit à deux variables, qui corrige en fonction de la sélection de l’échantillon, démontrent qu'un taux de chômage régional élevé décourage les femmes de s'insérer dans le marché du travail. Celles qui sont disposées à travailler le trouvent plus facile si elles habitent des zones où le taux de chômage féminin régional s'avère peu élevé, qui sont à peu de distance de l'agglomération limitrophe, et – pour les mères – où les crèches sont à forte densité. Offre d'emploi féminin, Marchés du travail régionaux, Crèches, Modèle probit à deux variables, Allemagne Van Ham M. und Büchel F. (2006) Nicht gewillt oder nicht in der Lage? Räumliche und sozio-ökonomische Einschränkungen des Zugangs zum Arbeitsmarkt für Frauen, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Auswirkungen regionaler Strukturen auf die Bereitschaft von Frauen, einem Erwerb nachzugehen, und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erwerbstätigkeit für solche, die willens sind. Den Autoren wurde gestattet, regionale Daten mit einzelnen Teilnehmern der deutschen sozio-ökonomischen Vertretung (German Socio-economic Panel = GSEP) zu verbinden. Ergebnisse einer zweifach variablen Probitmodellkorektur für Stichprobenauswahl zeigen, daß hochgradige regionale Erwerbslosigkeit Frauen vom Einstieg ins Erwerbsleben abhält. Diejenigen, die arbeiten wollen, finden es leichter, diesen Vorsatz zu verwirklichen, wenn sie in Regionen leben, die geringe Erwerbslosigkeitsraten unter Frauen aufweisen, wenn die Entfernung zur nächsten Agglomeration nicht weit ist, und, soweit sie Mütter sind, ihnen eine gute Auswahl von Angeboten der Kinderpflege entgegenkommt. Angebot weiblicher Arbeitskräfte, regionale Arbeitsmärkte, Bereitstellung von Kinderpflege, zweifach variables Probitmodell, Deutschland Van Ham M. y Büchel F. (2006) ¿No quieren o no pueden? Limitaciones espaciales y socioeconómicas de las mujeres para acceder al mercado laboral, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. Analizamos cuáles son los efectos de las estructuras regionales con respecto a la disposición de las mujeres para el trabajo y la probabilidad de que las que desean trabajar sean contratadas. Recibimos una autorización especial para poder vincular los datos regionales con entrevistados individuales en el panel socioeconómico alemán. Los resultados de un modelo probit bivariado para corregir por selección muestral indican que el alto nivel de desempleo regional desanima a las mujeres a entrar en el mercado laboral. Las que quieren trabajar hallan empleo antes si viven en regiones con tasas bajas de desempleo femenino, a una corta distancia de la siguiente aglomeración, y en el caso de madres, si existe una alta densidad de cobertura de atención a la infancia. Mercado laboral femenino, Mercados laborales regionales, Cobertura de atención a la infancia, Modelo probit bivariado, AlemaniaFemale labour supply, Regional labour markets, Childcare provision, Bivariate probit model, Germany,
A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities
Full text linkThe research leading to the results presented in this chapter has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighbourhoods, and Neighbourhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood Choice, Neighbourhood Sorting, and Neighbourhood Effects).Growing inequalities in Europe, even in the most egalitarian countries, are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. Surprisingly, though, there is a lack of systematic representative research on the spatial dimension of rising inequalities. This is filled by our book project Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, with empirical evidence from Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. This introductory chapter outlines the background to this international comparative research and introduces a multi-factor approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The chapter focuses on four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regime and housing system. Based on these factors, we propose a hypothetical ranking segregation levels in the thirteen case study cities. As the conclusions of this show, the hypothetical ranking and the actual ranking of cities by segregation levels only match partly; the explanation for this can be sought in context-specific factors which will be discussed in-depth in each of the case study chapters
Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: A Global Perspective
No full textThis open access book investigates the link between income inequality and socio-economic residential segregation in 24 large urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. It offers a unique global overview of segregation trends based on case studies by local author teams. The book shows important global trends in segregation, and proposes a Global Segregation Thesis.Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries. This is causing convergence of segregation trends. Professionalisation of the workforce is leading to changing residential patterns. High-income workers are moving to city centres or to attractive coastal areas and gated communities, while poverty is increasingly suburbanising. As a result, the urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than changes in segregation levels. Rising levels of inequality and segregation pose huge challenges for the future social sustainability of cities, as cities are no longer places of opportunities for all.UrbanismUrban Studie
Spatial mobility and social outcomes
Full text linkThe research reported in this paper was made possible through the financial support of the Marie Curie programme under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant n. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood choice, neighbourhood sorting, and neighbourhood effects). The authors also acknowledge the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC RES-074-27-0020).This paper examines the nature and extent of socio-spatial mobility in Great Britain. In contrast with previous studies, we investigate the entire spectrum of moves within and across the hierarchical structure of neighbourhoods. We use data from the British Household Panel Survey to trace moves between neighbourhoods defined using the Indices of Multiple Deprivation. We define upward socio-spatial mobility as moving to neighbourhoods with greater levels of advantage (lower levels of deprivation), and downward socio-spatial mobility as the shift to less advantaged neighbourhoods. As expected, the results show that there are strong associations between origin and destination neighbourhood types. We find that education and income play critical roles in the ability of individuals to make neighbourhood gains when they move. An important finding of the research is the way in which the housing market structurally conditions socio-spatial mobility. In the UK and probably more broadly, the opportunity to move to socially advantaged places is highly stratified by housing tenure.Peer reviewe
Selective mobility, segregation and neighbourhood effects
Full text linkDespite a large body of research on neighbourhood effects, there are no clear conclusions how much, if any, independent effect the neighbourhood has on its residents. This is largely due to selection effects. It is therefore crucial to gain more insight in selective residential mobility and neighbourhood choice. A better understanding of selectivity will help to address and reduce selection bias. This thesis provides these insights. It shows ethnic, income and household differences in residential mobility preferences and behaviour and explains why different people move to different neighbourhoods. Segregation is found to be partly voluntary, caused by group differences in preferences, and partly involuntary, caused by group differences in constraints induced by housing market characteristics or discrimination. Additionally, it studies neighbourhood effects of ethnic minority concentration. Bringing together the literatures on residential mobility and neighbourhood effects, this thesis contributes to the knowledge on selectivity and selection bias necessary to advance neighbourhood effects research.OTB Research for the Built EnvironmentArchitecture and The Built Environmen
The Diversity of Trajectories of Large Housing Estates in Madrid, Spain
No full textPublic and private housing developments between 1940 and 1990 shaped the City of Madrid by differentiating urban area types according to social composition, location and development type. Spanish housing policies over these decades fostered public housing stock that, unlike in European cities, ended up being transformed into owned rather than rented homes; closely linking certain disadvantaged groups to the most vulnerable areas of the city. In this chapter, current processes of physical and social vulnerability are analysed using data from the 2001 and 2011 Population and Housing Censuses using a multivariate analysis. Our analysis differentiates between two stages of social housing estates in Madrid (under Francoism and in the democratic period) and private housing developments. These analyses show significant differences both in the trajectories of each of the types analysed in relation to contemporary vulnerability processes, as well as in the composition of the population that resides in them. Lastly, we examine challenges and proposals for the future of these urban areas, considering their social composition and the urban policies that seek to rebalance Madrid’s neighbourhoods and paying attention to the insertion of the immigrant population into the most vulnerable neighbourhoods of the city.Depto. de Sociología AplicadaFac. de Estudios EstadísticosFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu
Integrating entrepreneurship with urban and neighbourhood studies: lessons for future research
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