1,720,984 research outputs found
Wild plants like nutraceuticals sources: INNOVATIVE EXTRACTION, ENCAPSULATION IN W/O AND O/W EMULSION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE PIGMENTS FROM OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA FRUIT
Full text linkThe use and exploitation of plants widely disseminated, which contain bioactive compounds (nutraceuticals), could be the best way to have beneficial effects
on health; this also could reduces the environmental impact of transport on long distance of fruits and vegetables, that often involving the loss of nutritional
properties of the products.
Opuntia ficus-indica is a plant endemic of South America, wild and invasive and it produces an edible fruit, that it grows on the flat pads of the cactus (Fig.1).
The fruit is a berry and varying in colour(Fig.2), it develops green (less sweet), becomes orange-yellow and at the end the colour is reddish purple (very sweet).
This is reach in betalains, has an application in the low acid foods as natural colorants [1]. It is often used to make candies and jelly or added on drinks such
lemonade; its pulp and juice have been used to treat a lot of diseases, such as wounds and inflammations of the digestive and urinary tract in folk medicine.
Betalains are water-soluble nitrogenous pigments. They can be divided into two structural groups, the red to red-violet betacyanins (Latin-Beta, beet and
Greek-kyanos, blue color) and the yellow betaxanthins (Latin-Beta, beet and Greek-xanthos, yellow) (Fig. 3). The most important source of betanin (Fig. 4) as
colouring agent is the red beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) root.
1. Plant Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. 2. Different cultivar of Opuntia ficus-indica
[1] Maran J.P. and Manikandan S. (2012). “Response surface modeling and optimization of process parameters for aqueous extraction of pigments from prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit”. Dyes and Pigments, 95: 465-472.
[2] Romo-Hualde A.; Yetano-Cunchillos A.I.; González-Ferrero C.; M.J. Sáiz-Abajo; González-Navarro C.J. (2012). Supercritical fluid extraction and microencapsulation of bioactive compounds from red pepper (Capsicum annum L.)
by-products. Food Chemistry, 133, 1045–1049.
[3] Fernández-López J.A., Almela L. (2001). Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the characterization of the betalain pigments in prickly pear fruits. Journal of Chromatography, A (913) 415–420.
[4] Spizzirri G.U., Cirillo G., Curcio M., Altimari I., Picci N., Iemma F. (2013). “Stabilization of oxidable vitamins by flavonoid-based hydrogels”. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 73: 1030–1037.
[5] Abdalla A.E., Roozen J.P. (1999). “Effect of plant extracts on the oxidative stability of sunfower oil and emulsion”. Food Chemistry, 64: 323-329.
Wild plants like nutraceuticals sources:
INNOVATIVE EXTRACTION, ENCAPSULATION IN W/O AND
O/W EMULSION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE
PIGMENTS FROM OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA FRUIT
In this work has been investigated the possibility of phytochemicals
extraction by using the supercritical fluids extraction (SFE) with CO2 from
fruits, optimizing the selectivity between them and other substances
presents in the vegetal matrix.
Supercritical fluid technology is nowadays the most innovative method for
preparing bioactive products used as supplements and for the preparation
of products for children since the extract is free of solvent traces (the CO2
diffuses at room temperature).
The extracts obtained by SFE-CO2 are “Generally Recognized As Safe
(GRAS)” by the American Food and Drugs Administration, they can be
added to any food [2].
Materials and Methods
5. Collection and peel of
Opuntia ficus-indica fruits
Opuntia
ficus-indica
Fruits
First Harvesting
(November 2012)
Second Harvesting
(December 2012)
Third
Harvesting
(October 2013)
pH 5,68±0,08 5,73±0,04 5,71±0,02
aw 0,928±0,002 0,934±0,005 0,921±0,003
°Bx 15,0±0,1 14,8±0,2 15,2±0,1
UW.b 83,98±0,17 84,37±0,24 83,62±0,08
10. Pulp homogenized from fruit
Different solvent extraction
Stirred centrifugation filtration
3. The chromophore of betalains (1), the aglycone of most of
betacyanins (2), and a proline-containing betaxanthin (3).
Spectrophotometric analysis
of extracts
Betacyanins content was
expressed as betanin content
(molar mass M = 551,48 g/mol).
Wavelength was setted to 527
nm (Fig. 8).
HPLC analysis of extract
The analysis of all extracts both
from solvent extraction and
belonged from SFE were carried
out by means of HPLC using a
Smartline HPLC system (Fig. 9).
Chromatographic separation
was carried out using a 2,0 mm
ID ×150 mm L, with precolumn,
C-18 TSKgel ODS-100 V, 21810.
Extraction of betalains with supercritical fluids
All samples after collection were previously cleaned and peeled,
homogenized and frozen; at the time of the analysis; some of
them were centrifuged, other partially dried and added with
different sand Ottawa and Diatomee, in order to maximize the
yields of extraction.
The supercritical extractions by CO2 were performed on a Spe-ed
SFE 4 extractor (Fig. 7). Flow CO2= 1.5 L/min.
• extra virgin olive oil 20w/w%
• Tween 60
• buffer solution
• CaCl2;
• pectin L.M.
• ethanol
EMU CPFE
EMU STD
+
extract purified of
Opuntia ficus-indica
EMU STD EMU VIT E
EMU STD
+
Vitamin E
• extra virgin olive oil 70w/w%
• mono- and diglycerides of
• fatty acids
• NaCl 0,1 M
EMU CPFE
EMU STD
+
extract purified of
Opuntia ficus-indica
EMU STD EMU VIT E
EMU STD
+
Vitamin E
Preparaions of emulsion oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O)
Purification of extract (CPFE): the pulp fruit was homogenized, centrifuged and precipitated with
acetone; then filtrated with a PTFE siringe. The emulsification was performed using a rotor stator
system (Ultra Turrax T 50).
Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant properties of all emulsions (O/W and W/O), at
four different times after preparations (t0= 1 day; t1= 5 days; t2=
10 days; t3= 15 days), were evaluated by measurement of the
scavenging activity towards DPPH and ABTS radicals.
DPPH Assay
(2,2′-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl)
λ=517 nm
ABTS Assay
[2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)]
λ=734 nm
DPPH and ABTS radicals inhibition in O/W emulsions DPPH and ABTS radicals inhibition in W/O emulsions
The homogenised mix (Fig. 10)
was prepared to measure the
level of acidity of the primary
source, brix degrees, water
activity and humidity.
The measurements of water activity and humidity are a key
parameter in the quality control of moisture-sensitive
products.
Preliminary analysis of pulp
4. Molecular structure of betanin present
in red beet roo
Wild plants like nutraceuticals sources: INNOVATIVE EXTRACTION, ENCAPSULATION IN W/O AND O/W EMULSION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE PIGMENTS FROM OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA FRUIT
No full textThe use and exploitation of plants widely disseminated, which contain bioactive compounds (nutraceuticals), could be the best way to have beneficial effects
on health; this also could reduces the environmental impact of transport on long distance of fruits and vegetables, that often involving the loss of nutritional
properties of the products.
Opuntia ficus-indica is a plant endemic of South America, wild and invasive and it produces an edible fruit, that it grows on the flat pads of the cactus (Fig.1).
The fruit is a berry and varying in colour(Fig.2), it develops green (less sweet), becomes orange-yellow and at the end the colour is reddish purple (very sweet).
This is reach in betalains, has an application in the low acid foods as natural colorants [1]. It is often used to make candies and jelly or added on drinks such
lemonade; its pulp and juice have been used to treat a lot of diseases, such as wounds and inflammations of the digestive and urinary tract in folk medicine.
Betalains are water-soluble nitrogenous pigments. They can be divided into two structural groups, the red to red-violet betacyanins (Latin-Beta, beet and
Greek-kyanos, blue color) and the yellow betaxanthins (Latin-Beta, beet and Greek-xanthos, yellow) (Fig. 3). The most important source of betanin (Fig. 4) as
colouring agent is the red beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) root.
1. Plant Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. 2. Different cultivar of Opuntia ficus-indica
[1] Maran J.P. and Manikandan S. (2012). “Response surface modeling and optimization of process parameters for aqueous extraction of pigments from prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit”. Dyes and Pigments, 95: 465-472.
[2] Romo-Hualde A.; Yetano-Cunchillos A.I.; González-Ferrero C.; M.J. Sáiz-Abajo; González-Navarro C.J. (2012). Supercritical fluid extraction and microencapsulation of bioactive compounds from red pepper (Capsicum annum L.)
by-products. Food Chemistry, 133, 1045–1049.
[3] Fernández-López J.A., Almela L. (2001). Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to the characterization of the betalain pigments in prickly pear fruits. Journal of Chromatography, A (913) 415–420.
[4] Spizzirri G.U., Cirillo G., Curcio M., Altimari I., Picci N., Iemma F. (2013). “Stabilization of oxidable vitamins by flavonoid-based hydrogels”. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 73: 1030–1037.
[5] Abdalla A.E., Roozen J.P. (1999). “Effect of plant extracts on the oxidative stability of sunfower oil and emulsion”. Food Chemistry, 64: 323-329.
Wild plants like nutraceuticals sources:
INNOVATIVE EXTRACTION, ENCAPSULATION IN W/O AND
O/W EMULSION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE
PIGMENTS FROM OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA FRUIT
In this work has been investigated the possibility of phytochemicals
extraction by using the supercritical fluids extraction (SFE) with CO2 from
fruits, optimizing the selectivity between them and other substances
presents in the vegetal matrix.
Supercritical fluid technology is nowadays the most innovative method for
preparing bioactive products used as supplements and for the preparation
of products for children since the extract is free of solvent traces (the CO2
diffuses at room temperature).
The extracts obtained by SFE-CO2 are “Generally Recognized As Safe
(GRAS)” by the American Food and Drugs Administration, they can be
added to any food [2].
Materials and Methods
5. Collection and peel of
Opuntia ficus-indica fruits
Opuntia
ficus-indica
Fruits
First Harvesting
(November 2012)
Second Harvesting
(December 2012)
Third
Harvesting
(October 2013)
pH 5,68±0,08 5,73±0,04 5,71±0,02
aw 0,928±0,002 0,934±0,005 0,921±0,003
°Bx 15,0±0,1 14,8±0,2 15,2±0,1
UW.b 83,98±0,17 84,37±0,24 83,62±0,08
10. Pulp homogenized from fruit
Different solvent extraction
Stirred centrifugation filtration
3. The chromophore of betalains (1), the aglycone of most of
betacyanins (2), and a proline-containing betaxanthin (3).
Spectrophotometric analysis
of extracts
Betacyanins content was
expressed as betanin content
(molar mass M = 551,48 g/mol).
Wavelength was setted to 527
nm (Fig. 8).
HPLC analysis of extract
The analysis of all extracts both
from solvent extraction and
belonged from SFE were carried
out by means of HPLC using a
Smartline HPLC system (Fig. 9).
Chromatographic separation
was carried out using a 2,0 mm
ID ×150 mm L, with precolumn,
C-18 TSKgel ODS-100 V, 21810.
Extraction of betalains with supercritical fluids
All samples after collection were previously cleaned and peeled,
homogenized and frozen; at the time of the analysis; some of
them were centrifuged, other partially dried and added with
different sand Ottawa and Diatomee, in order to maximize the
yields of extraction.
The supercritical extractions by CO2 were performed on a Spe-ed
SFE 4 extractor (Fig. 7). Flow CO2= 1.5 L/min.
• extra virgin olive oil 20w/w%
• Tween 60
• buffer solution
• CaCl2;
• pectin L.M.
• ethanol
EMU CPFE
EMU STD
+
extract purified of
Opuntia ficus-indica
EMU STD EMU VIT E
EMU STD
+
Vitamin E
• extra virgin olive oil 70w/w%
• mono- and diglycerides of
• fatty acids
• NaCl 0,1 M
EMU CPFE
EMU STD
+
extract purified of
Opuntia ficus-indica
EMU STD EMU VIT E
EMU STD
+
Vitamin E
Preparaions of emulsion oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O)
Purification of extract (CPFE): the pulp fruit was homogenized, centrifuged and precipitated with
acetone; then filtrated with a PTFE siringe. The emulsification was performed using a rotor stator
system (Ultra Turrax T 50).
Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant properties of all emulsions (O/W and W/O), at
four different times after preparations (t0= 1 day; t1= 5 days; t2=
10 days; t3= 15 days), were evaluated by measurement of the
scavenging activity towards DPPH and ABTS radicals.
DPPH Assay
(2,2′-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl)
λ=517 nm
ABTS Assay
[2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)]
λ=734 nm
DPPH and ABTS radicals inhibition in O/W emulsions DPPH and ABTS radicals inhibition in W/O emulsions
The homogenised mix (Fig. 10)
was prepared to measure the
level of acidity of the primary
source, brix degrees, water
activity and humidity.
The measurements of water activity and humidity are a key
parameter in the quality control of moisture-sensitive
products.
Preliminary analysis of pulp
4. Molecular structure of betanin present
in red beet roo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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