11 research outputs found
Scelta intertemporale e autocontrollo in bambini di età prescolare. Presentazione in Simposio: Equità e scelta intertemporale: aspetti evolutivi, evoluzionistici e sociali nella presa di decisione.
No full textScelta intertemporale e autocontrollo in bambini di eta’ prescolare. Scegliere il futuro: prospettive interdisciplinari sulle scelte intertemporali
No full textFalse belief understanding and "cool" inhibitory control in 3-and 4-year-old Italian children.
No full textDuring preschool years, major developments occur in both executive function and theory of mind (ToM), and several studies have demonstrated a correlation between these processes. Research on the development of inhibitory control (IC) has distinguished between more cognitive, "cool" aspects of self-control, measured by con?ict tasks, that require inhibiting an habitual response to generate an arbitrary one, and "hot," affective aspects, such as affective decision making, measured by delay tasks, that require inhibition of a prepotent response. The aim of this study was to investigate the relations between 3- and 4-year-olds\u27 performance on a task measuring false belief understanding, the most widely used index of ToM in preschoolers, and three tasks measuring cognitive versus affective aspects of IC. To this end, we tested 101 Italian preschool children in four tasks: (a) the Unexpected Content False Belief task, (b) the Con?ict task (a simpli?ed version of the Day-Night Stroop task), (c) the Delay task, and (d) the Delay Choice task. Children\u27s receptive vocabulary was assessed by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test. Children\u27s performance in the False Belief task was signi?cantly related only to performance in the Con?ict task, controlling for vocabulary and age. Importantly, children\u27s performance in the Con?ict task did not signi?cantly correlate with their performance in the Delay task or in the Delay Choice task, suggesting that these tasks measure different components of IC. The dissociation between the Con?ict and the Delay tasks may indicate that monitoring and regulating a cool process (as ?exible categorization) may involve different abilities than monitoring and regulating a hot process (not touching an available and highly attractive stimulus or choosing between a smaller immediate option and a larger delayed one). Moreover, our ?ndings support the view that "cool" aspects of IC and ToM are interrelated, extending to an Italian sample of children previous ?ndings on an association between self-control and ToM
el caso Afgano desde el 2001 hasta el 2021
No full textEl derecho a la libertad de expresión tal y como se concibe desde el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos ha tenido avances importantes en Afganistán desde el año 2001 empezando desde de su inclusión a la constitución hasta el desenvolvimiento de leyes enfocadas al desarrollo de este derecho. No obstante, existen otros factores que resultan esenciales para el cumplimiento de este derecho dentro de la población y que el Estado desde el 2001 hasta el 2020 no ha fortalecido en mayor medida constituyendo así un límite directo a la ejecución de la libertad de expresión, mismo que resulta ser un componente esencial para el desarrollo de un país que promete impulsar los derechos humanos, objetivo demostrado en la firma del Pacto internacional hasta los Acuerdos de Bonn en el 2001.#DerechosHumanosRequerimientos de
sistema: Adobe Acrobat
ReaderThe right to freedom of expression as conceived from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has had important advances in Afghanistan since 2001, starting from its inclusion in the constitution to the development of laws focused on the development of this right. However, there are other factors that are essential for the fulfillment of this right in the population and that the same State from 2001 to 2020 has not strengthened to a greater extent, thus constituting a direct limit to the execution of freedom of expression, which is an essential component for the development of a country that promises to promote human rights, an objective demonstrated in the signing of the International Pact until the Bonn agreements in 2001
International equity and solidarity : examination of the implementation of COVAX in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and its application in Colombia
No full textEl presente estudio analiza detalladamente el Mecanismo COVAX y su enfoque en la equidad internacional en la distribución de vacunas COVID-19, con Colombia como caso de estudio. A través de un enfoque teórico y práctico, la investigación examina cómo COVAX, ideado como un modelo de cooperación multilateral, se enfrentó a desafíos significativos en su implementación, reflejando una discrepancia entre sus ideales de solidaridad global y la realidad del 'nacionalismo de vacunas'. Al evaluar la experiencia de Colombia, la tesis demuestra cómo la teoría de la equidad internacional en salud fue superada por la necesidad de proteger la salud nacional, llevando a una dependencia de acuerdos bilaterales para el acceso a vacunas. La investigación concluye que, si bien COVAX representa un paso hacia la equidad en salud a nivel mundial, es fundamental reconocer y abordar sus limitaciones y desafíos logísticos, infraestructurales y geopolíticos para garantizar una distribución más justa y equitativa de vacunas en futuras crisis sanitarias globales.The present study conducts a detailed analysis of the COVAX Mechanism and its approach to international equity in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, with Colombia as a case study. Through both theoretical and practical lenses, the research examines how COVAX, conceived as a model of multilateral cooperation, encountered significant challenges in its implementation, revealing a discrepancy between its ideals of global solidarity and the reality of 'vaccine nationalism.' By evaluating Colombia's experience, the thesis demonstrates how the theory of international health equity was surpassed by the need to protect national health, leading to a reliance on bilateral agreements for vaccine access. The research concludes that while COVAX represents a step towards global health equity, it is essential to recognize and address its logistical, infrastructural, and geopolitical limitations and challenges to ensure a more just and equitable distribution of vaccines in future global health crises.InternacionalistaPregrad
Waiting by mistake: symbolic representation of rewards modulate intertemporal choice in capuchin monkeys, preschool children and adult humans
No full textIn the Delay choice task subjects choose between a smaller immediate option and a larger delayed option. This paradigm, also known as intertemporal choice task, is frequently used to assess delay tolerance, interpreting a preference for the larger delayed option as willingness to wait. However, in the Delay choice task subjects face a dilemma between two preferred responses: “go for more” (i.e., selecting the larger, but delayed, option) vs. “go for sooner” (i.e., selecting the immediate, but smaller, option). When the options consist of visible food amounts, at least some of the choices of the larger delayed option might be due to a failure to inhibit a prepotent response towards the larger option rather than to a sustained delay tolerance. To disentangle this issue, we tested 10 capuchin monkeys, 101 preschool children, and 88 adult humans in a Delay choice task with food, low-symbolic tokens (objects that can be exchanged with food and have a one-to-one correspondence with food items), and high-symbolic tokens (objects that can be exchanged with food and have a one-to-many correspondence with food items). This allows evaluating how different methods of representing rewards modulate the relative contribution of the “go for more” and “go for sooner” responses. Consistently with the idea that choices for the delayed option are sometimes due to a failure at inhibiting the prepotent response for the larger quantity, we expected high-symbolic tokens to decrease the salience of the larger option, thus reducing “go for more” responses. In fact, previous findings have shown that inhibiting prepotent responses for quantity is easier when the problem is framed in a symbolic context. Overall, opting for the larger delayed option in the visible-food version of the Delay choice task seems to partially result from an impulsive preference for quantity, rather than from a sustained delay tolerance. In capuchins and children high-symbolic stimuli decreased the individual’s preference for the larger reward by distancing from its appetitive features. Conversely, the sophisticated symbolic skills of adult humans prevented the distancing effect of high-symbolic stimuli in this population, although this result may be due to methodological differences between adult humans and the other two populations under study. Our data extend the knowledge concerning the influence of symbols on both human and non-human primate behavior and add a new element to the interpretation of the Delay choice task. Since high-symbolic stimuli decrease the individual’s preference for the larger reward by eliminating those choices due to prepotent responses towards the larger quantity, they allow to better discriminate responses based on genuine delay aversion. Thus, these findings invite greater caution in interpreting the results obtained with the visible-food version of the Delay choice task, which may overestimate delay tolerance
La agenda verde de los ODS 7 y 13 en Colombia energías renovables y cambio climático 2015-2019
No full textLos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible han marcado el camino para la formulación de
indicadores y políticas públicas en los países, esto articulado a los programas y proyectos
dados para el cumplimiento de metas de gobierno. Cada día toma mayor fuerza la
necesidad de dar prioridad a los temas ambientales y su repercusión en el ámbito social y
económico, teniendo en cuenta que el entorno y el territorio son un punto de partida para
el análisis de las condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos; lo cual, lleva a poner la lupa en
el papel que juega específicamente para Colombia la agenda verde y los postulados en
materia ambiental de los ODS 7 y 13. Este análisis a realizar, se complementará con los
elementos más relevantes del Acuerdo de París, las teorías de desarrollo que se alinean
con las necesidades humanas en materia socio ambiental y los datos acerca del cambio
climático a tener en cuenta para el cumplimiento de metas y objetivos.
Lo anterior, partiendo de investigaciones teóricas y conceptuales que darán profundidad
al análisis con base en los ODS seleccionados, el sector minero energético, pero sobre
todo un análisis de datos oficiales de entidades gubernamentales colombianas que
permitirán emitir conclusiones sobre la agenda verde de los ODS seleccionados en
Colombia. Estas, describiendo el estado óptimo en el que se están desarrollando acciones
en torno al cambio climático en Colombia, el gran avance en la transición hacia las
energías renovables en el país entre 2015 y 2019, el vacío en la articulación del gobierno
central y gobiernos locales sobre todo en materia presupuestal y el enfoque de gestión del
riesgo.#AgendaVerdeODSColombia#ODSColombiaEnergíasRenovables#ColombiaCambioClimático2015-2019The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) have paved the way to formulation of
indicators and public policy within the countries, a process that has been articulated with
programs and projects that guide the compliance of governments goals. Every day, the
need to prioritize environmental topics and their impact on economy and society is
enforced, taking into account that the environment and the territory are the start point of
the analysis of citizen’s life conditions. Thus, this leads to zooming on the role that
Colombia plays in the “green agenda” and the postulates on environmental matters of the
SDG. Such analysis must be complemented with the most relevant issues of the pacts
contained in the agreements derived from climate change summits, the development
theories aligned with socio-environmental human needs and the data concerning climate
change.
All of the foregoing will be based on conceptual and theoretical research that will go deep
in the analysis of the selected SDG, the mining and energy sector, but, most of all, on
analyzing official data from Colombian government organizations that will allow to emit
concluding remarks on Colombia’s “green agenda”. These conclusions will describe the
optimal state in which actions regarding climate change in Colombia are being conducted,
the advances on Colombia’s transition from traditional to renewable energy sources
between 2015 and 2019, and the void in the articulation between central and territorial
governments within the country, mostly in budgetary and the risk management
Fair use and practices of access to scientific knowledge in Colombia
No full textLa presente reflexión plantea que el acceso al conocimiento científico es una necesidad para el desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, está limitado por la comercialización de la producción científica y la aplicación estricta del derecho de autor. En el contexto colombiano, la ausencia de nociones jurídicas equivalentes al “uso legítimo” o “trato justo” crean una brecha entre el nivel normativo y las prácticas de compartir de los usuarios, y particularmente de los estudiantes. El artículo analiza cómo el caso de Diego Gómez, un estudiante demandado por haber compartido una tesis demaestría, ilustra la tensión entre derecho de autor y necesidades sociales de acceso al conocimiento. Basado en un análisis de la evolución del casojurídico, de la campaña #CompartirNoEsDelito, y en entrevistas con los principales actores, explora la posibilidad de enmarcar las prácticas en unavisión inspirada por el uso legítimo. Se concluye que es necesario hacer adaptaciones legales que promuevan el acceso libre al conocimiento científico por parte de la academia.The present reflection shows that access to scientific knowledge is a necessity for economic and social development. However, it is hampered by the commercialization of scientific production and the strict application of copyright. In the Colombian context, the absence of legal notions equivalent to “fair use” or “fair treatment” creates a gap between the normative level and the sharing practices of users, particularly of students. The article analyzes how the case of Diego Gomez, a student sued for sharing a master’s thesis, illustrates the tension between copyright and social needs for access to knowledge. Based on an analysis of the evolution of the legal case, on the #SharingIsNotACrime campaign, and on interviews with key actors, it explores the possibility of framing practices within a vision inspired by fair use. In conclusion, it’s necessary to make legal adaptions that promote free access to scientific knowledge in academic environments
