1,720,953 research outputs found
PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK KIMIA BUTIL ASETAT DARI ASAM ASETAT DAN BUTANOL KAPASITAS 50.000 TON/TAHUN
Get PDFPabrik butil asetat dari asam asetat dan butanol dirancang dengan kapasitas 50.000
ton/tahun. Bahan baku asam asetat dan butanol di peroleh dari PT. Acidatama dan PT. Petro Oxo
Nusantara. Pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Gresik, Jawa Timur dirancang beroperasi secara
kontinyu selama 335 hari dalam satu tahun. Luas tanah yang diperlukan 23436 m
dan jumlah
tenaga kerja 134 orang.
Butil aseata dibuat dengan cara mereaksikan asam asetat dan butanol menggunakan
katalis asam sulfat pada reaktor alir tangki berpengaduk (RATB), reaksi berlangsung secara
eksotermis dengan kondisi umpan dan hasil reaksi pada suhu 100
o
C dan tekanan 1 atm dengan
konversi 85 % .Reaksi keluar dari reaktor dialirkan ke netralizer, lalu hasil keluaran netralizer
mengandung Natrium Sulfat dan Natrium Asetat dipisahkan dalam dekanter. Fase berat keluaran
dekanter dikirim ke unit pengolahan lanjut limbah sedangkan fase ringan dimurnikan di dalam
menara destilasi-01. Hasil bawah dari menara distilasi-01 sebagai produk dimurnikan di menara
distilasi-02. Sedangkan hasil atasnya di kemblikan ke reaktor dicampur dengan hasil atas
menara distilasi-02 sebagai umpan recycle sedangkan hasil bawah menara distilasi-02 dialirkan
menuju Tangki penyimpan produk (T-5). Pabrik butil asetat ini menggunakan bahan baku asam
asetat dengan kemurnian 99% sebanyak 30404,947 ton/tahun dan butanol dengan kemurnian
99% sebanyak 33352,896 ton/tahun. Bahan pembantu yang digunakan adalah asam sulfat
sebagai katalis dengan kemurnian 98% sebanyak 69,729 ton/tahun dan natrium hidroksida
dengan kemurnian 40% sebanyak 3035,468 ton/tahun. Utilitas pabrik butil asetat meliputi
kebutuhan air sebesar 4676002,670 kg/jam dengan air make up sebesar 711502,048 kg/jam
diambil dari sungai Bengawan Solo. Listrik sebesar 3000 KW dipenuhi dari PLN.
Modal tetap yang diperlukan $ 7.975.416 + Rp.219.179.364.000 serta modal kerja
Rp.304.694.201.000 Biaya produksi Rp.904.442.617.000 dengan keuntungan sebelum pajak
Rp.78.739.485.000 dan sesudah pajak Rp.57.873.521.000. Dari evaluasi ekonomi didapatkan
Return of investment (ROI) sebelum pajak 26,13 % dan sesudah pajak 19,21 % Pay out time
(POT) sebelum pajak 1,6 tahun dan sesudah pajak 1,8 tahun. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
26,41% Break Even Point (BEP) 51,67 % dan Shut Down Point (SDP) 30,46 %. Berdasarkan
evaluasi ekonomi tersebut maka pendirian pabrik ini cukup menarik untuk dipertimbangkan.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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