1,720,981 research outputs found
Certification standards applicable to Non-Wood Forest Products
No full textNon-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), such as greeneries, mushrooms, berries, nuts, resins, essential oils, litter, medicinal plants and other products sourced from the forest play an important role in many rural economies as a source of food and income. This role is reinforced by the fact that, all over the world, NWFP harvesting and consumption is associated with local traditions and indigenous knowledge (Shackleton et al., 2011). Commercialization is one of the oldest economic activities associated with the use of forest resources. Nowadays, commercialization is considered an activity that should be promoted as a strategic economic tool for conserving forest ecosystems and contributing to the livelihoods of people that depend on forests. However, the high demand for certain species, associated with the conditions of poverty of the people often involved in NWFP harvesting, can lead to a depletion of many species and their habitats, especially in the case of medicinal and aromatic plants (Lange, 1998). Harvesting limits, legal constrains and other command-and-control systems are usually implemented by governments in different countries to preserve species from overharvesting. In recent years, scholars, civil society and some industries have been developing NWFP certification as a tool for supporting sustainable value chains and for influencing customer behaviour toward the consumption of NWFPs and sustainable harvesting. This chapter illustrates the rationale for certification of NWFPs (paragraph 10.1), introduces essential terms and definitions (paragraph 10.2) and illustrates the standards and certification schemes most relevant for NWFPs (paragraph 10.3). Finally, some conclusions are provided (paragraph 10.4)
Pagamenti per servizi ambientali. Teoria, sistema giuridico e implementazione.
No full textI pagamenti per serviz ambientali rappresentano nuovi strumenti di politica ambientale per remunerare i costi di produzione o i mancati redditi dei gestori forestali. L'articolo ne descrive la teoria e prende in considerazione i servizi idrici collegati alla gestione delle risorse forestali, sia per gli aspetti normativi che per quelli economici. L'articolo fornisce degli approfondimenti su un caso di "quasi-PES" idrico, quello dell'Azienda Romagna Acque S.p.A.
Payments for Environmental Services (PES). Theory of, legal order and implementation. PES are one of the new environmental policy tools used as an economic incentive for those who manage forests: they are used to pay the costs of production or to compensate the lost incomes. The paper describes the theory behind the practice of PES and it takes into consideration the water service related to the forest resources management, focusing on the normative aspects as well as the economics ones. The "quasi-PES" mechanism implemented by the public-private society "Romagna Acque S.p.A." is described as case study
I servizi ecosistemici prodotti dalle foreste alpine nel Veneto
No full textIstituzioni, proprietari e gestori del sistema forestale italiano si trovano oggi ad operare in un ambito globale molto articolato, caratterizzato da un elevato numero di portatori di interesse e dall’emergere di nuovi mercati dei servizi ecosistemici. Ciò accresce la complessità della gestione forestale e mette in luce l’inadeguatezza degli strumenti finora utilizzati per garantire le funzioni più tradizionali. Accanto alle nuove domande, anche nuovi strumenti si affacciano quindi sullo scenario internazionale: i Pagamenti per i Servizi Ambientali o PES (Payments for Ecosystem Services). I PES richiedono attribuzione di diritti di proprietà, individuazione di una disponibilità a pagare e a ricevere una compensazione, negoziazione di accordi contrattuali tra le parti, sistemi spesso complessi di monitoraggio. Diventa quindi importante verificare l’esistenza di queste condizioni nei potenziali utenti prima di pensare a sviluppare un PES.A questo scopo, è stata condotta un’indagine nelle aree alpine del Veneto. I servizi ecosistemici oggetto di studio sono stati: la conservazione della biodiversità, l’offerta di aree ricreative, la fissazione del Carbonio e la tutela del paesaggio. La popolazione di riferimento è rappresentata dai residenti nella regione, ai quali è stato proposto di sostenere interventi di conservazione forestale mediante contribuzione ad uno specifico fondo regionale
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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