3,496 research outputs found
La filosofía del derecho de Alexandre Kojève
No full textThis article is a presentation of Alexandre Kojève’s philosophy of law, exposed in his Esquisse d’une phénoménologie du droit (1981). Little attention has been paid to this work. So there is a gap that has to be filled with a critical reflection of its strengths. Among them, undoubtedly, we count the fact that Kojève is introducing a conception of international justice that casts a singular light on current debates about cosmopolitanism and globalization. According to this author, citizenship is the key element of the process of global expansion of the juridical sphere. In sum, Kojève’s philosophy is useful to reflect upon the contrast between the juridical and the political, which is the basis for all philosophy of law, in order to achieve world peace and international justice.Este artículo es una presentación de la filosofía del derecho de Alexandre Kojève contenida en su Esquisse d’une phénoménologie du droit (1981). La poca atención que dicha obra ha recibido es un vacío que debiera llenarse con una reflexión crítica de sus puntos fuertes. Entre ellos destaca una concepción de la justicia internacional que proyecta una luz muy singular sobre los actuales debates en torno a la globalización y el cosmopolitismo. A ojos de este autor, la ciudadanía es el elemento clave para aquilatar la expansión global de lo jurídico. En suma, Kojève aparece como un valioso referente en la labor de pensar la contraposición entre lo jurídico y lo político que está en la base de toda filosofía del derecho, con la aspiración al logro de la justicia internacional y la paz mundial en el horizonte
Reconfiguração do consensualismo contratual: as ações tituladas nominativas e os limites à transmissão
No full textPartimos da evolução histórica do consensualismo contratual salientando os
principais carateres que, nos diversos momentos históricos, se foram evidenciando.
Numa segunda etapa exploramos os fundamentos dogmáticos do modelo de
transmissão contratual assumido pelo legislador e a sua viabilidade no sistema
jurídico global, em particular, no direito dos valores mobiliários. Constatamos a
crescente necessidade na prática mercantil e inevitabilidade no sistema jurídico
global da admissibilidade da existência de contratos de compra e venda de natureza
meramente obrigacional. Num terceiro momento desenvolvemos os principais
aspetos do regime jurídico aplicável às ações tituladas nominativas fora do mercado
regulado, em particular, os principais limites à transmissão, enquanto instrumentos/barreiras ao consensualismo contratual.We start from the historical evolution of contractual consensualism emphasizing the
main aspects that, in different historical moments, were showing up. In a second
stage we explore the dogmatic foundations of the transmission model contractual
assumed by the legislator and its viability in the global legal system, in particular, in
securities law. We note the growing need in commercial practice and inevitability in
the global legal system the admissibility of the existence of contracts of sale purely
obligatory. In the third stage we develop the main aspects of the legal regime
applicable to nominative titled actions outside the regulated market, in particular,
the main limits to the transmission, as instruments / barriers to contractual
consensualism
“Era por Alexandre tod’esto demostrado”: ¿pruebas verídicas y pruebas engañosas en el Libro de Alexandre?
No full textEl Libro de Alexandre es un texto de s. XIII, que se escribió en la España medieval. En este escrito, el autor pretende demostrar que, en el Alexandre, algunas de las situaciones que se ponen a prueba son aceptadas, pero eso no significa que el macedonio gane la prueba. El articulo esta dividido en tres apartados. En el primero, el autor da cuenta de la historia textual de la obra y también dedica ciertas líneas al Estado de la cuestión del texto; mientras que, en la segunda parte, nos guía a conceptos etimológicos de los términos prueba, evidencia y demás. En el tercer apartado se centra en algunas pruebas expuestas en el Libro de Alexandre.The Libro de Alexandre is a literary work, written during the medieval Spain. In this paper, the author tries to demonstrate that, carefully reading the L.A, some of the situations that are set as proves are accepted, but it does not mean that Alexander can be a victor. This paper is divided in three sections: firstly, the author tells the textual history of the L.A and, then, tries to update the State of art: on the other hand, in the second part, the author offers meanings about terms as: prueba and evidencia. Finally, the author focuses on certain passages contained in the Libro de Alexandre that can be taken as failed proves
Mixing the Immiscible: Improvisation within Fixed-Media Composition
No full textThis paper will explore ways in which mastered improvisation practice, with the studio as an instrument, is a proposed avenue to bridge the historical dichotomy between what Ted Gioia describe as ‘the aesthetics of perfection’ and ‘the aesthetics of imperfection’. It is proposed as a way to re-embody fixed music, as experimented by the author through the composition of his last fixed-media work. This will be put in the context of a wider trend observed amongst the current emerging generation of composers interested in the aesthesics of the work, by opposition to the previous generations that placed the value of the work in its poietics. The vital and primal importance of practice outcome as practice-based research’s main document will also be advocated for, as these trends are happening in the laboratory of live music
Fragment Descriptors in Structure–Property Modeling and Virtual Screening
No full textThis chapter reviews the application of fragment descriptors at different stages of virtual screening: filtering, similarity search, and direct activity assessment using QSAR/QSPR models. Several case studies are considered. It is demonstrated that the power of fragment descriptors stems from their universality, very high computational efficiency, simplicity of interpretation, and versatility. doi
Molecular Similarity Perception Based on Machine-Learning Models
No full textMolecular similarity is an impressively broad topic with many implications in several areas of chemistry. Its roots lie in the paradigm that ‘similar molecules have similar properties’. For this reason, methods for determining molecular similarity find wide application in pharmaceutical companies, e.g., in the context of structure-activity relationships. The similarity evaluation is also used in the field of chemical legislation, specifically in the procedure to judge if a new molecule can obtain the status of orphan drug with the consequent financial benefits. For this procedure, the European Medicines Agency uses experts’ judgments. It is clear that the perception of the similarity depends on the observer, so the development of models to reproduce the human perception is useful. In this paper, we built models using both 2D fingerprints and 3D descriptors, i.e., molecular shape and pharmacophore descriptors. The proposed models were also evaluated by constructing a dataset of pairs of molecules which was submitted to a group of experts for the similarity judgment. The proposed machine-learning models can be useful to reduce or assist human efforts in future evaluations. For this reason, the new molecules dataset and an online tool for molecular similarity estimation have been made freely available
Structure-activity relationships for metabolism and toxicity
No full textPrédire à l’avance quels composés seront toxiques chez l’homme ou non représente un réel challenge dans le monde pharmaceutique. En effet, les mécanismes à l’origine de la toxicité ne sont pas toujours bien connus, et à cela s’ajoute le fait qu’un composé peut devenir néfaste seulement après qu’il ait été métabolisé. Nous proposons ici une approche originale utilisant les graphes condensés de réactions afin de modéliser les réactions métaboliques et prédire le devenir des xénobiotiques dans l’organisme humain. Différentes formes de toxicité sont aussi prédites : la mutagénicité et l’hépatotoxicité. Pour cette seconde toxicité, l’approche utilisée est la première à notre connaissance à prédire avec succès les molécules toxiques décrites par des données autres que résultant d’observations in vivo.Predict in advance which compounds will be toxic in humans or not is a real challenge in the pharmaceutical world. Indeed, the mechanisms responsible for toxicity are not always well known, and in some case a compound become toxic only after it has been metabolized. We propose here a novel approach using condensed graphs of reactions to model and predict the metabolic fate of xenobiotics in the human body. Various forms of toxicity are also predicted : mutagenicity and hepatotoxicity. For this second toxicity, the approach proposed is the first to our knowledge to successfully predict the toxic molecules described by data other than resulting from observations in vivo
3D Pharmacophore Modeling Techniques in Computer-Aided Molecular Design Using LigandScout
No full textThis chapter reviews theory related to pharmacophore models and guide the user through six essential workflows using LigandScout: structure‐based pharmacophore modeling, ligand‐based pharmacophore modeling, creating shared‐feature pharmacophore models, accurate virtual screening and pharmacophore editing in the active site, Hit analysis and parallel virtual screening. It includes some tutorials involving the creation of 3D‐chemical feature pharmacophore models and the use of these models to find biologically active molecules using virtual screening methods. Pharmacophore modeling together with virtual screening have become increasingly popular in the last decades and matured to a valuable and efficient basis for a wide variety of computer‐aided drug design projects. The most common representation of pharmacophores is a spatial arrangement of so‐called chemical (or pharmacophoric) features that describe essential structural elements and/or observed ligand‐receptor interactions by means of geometric entities. The chapter provides an overview of the methodological details and applicability of the most commonly used approaches for creating pharmacophore models
Alexandre de Rhodes (1593?-1660)
No full textBiografia do jesuíta francês Alexandre de Rhodes (1593?-1660), missionário na Cochinchina (Vietname) e no Tonquim. Autor do Dicionário Anamita-Português-Latim (1651), Rhodes foi uma figura central no choque de interesses entre o Padroado Português e as ambições diplomáticas e políticas da França na Indochina e na China.Biography of the French Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes (1593?-1660), missionary in Cochinchina (Vietnam) and Tonkin. Author of the Anamita-Portuguese-Latin Dictionary (1651), Rhodes was a central figure in the clash of interests between the Portuguese Padroado and France's diplomatic and political ambitions in Indochina and China.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Structure-property modeling with advanced machine learning techniques
No full textCette thèse est consacrée au développement de techniques avancées d'apprentissage automa-tique pour la modélisation des propriétés des molécules et des réactions. Le couplage de la méthode d'apprentissage automatique multi-instances (MIL) avec les descripteurs 3D phar-macophoriques a permis de construire des modèles prédictifs prenant en compte l'ensemble des conformations moléculaires. Cette approche 3D ne nécessite pas de sélection et d'alignement de conformères et a été validée dans les études de (i) la bioactivité des compo-sés et (ii) l'énantiosélectivité des catalyseurs organiques chiraux. Dans de nombreux cas, les modèles MIL multi-conformationnelles 3D ont surpassé les approches classiques impliquant des descripteurs 2D populaires. Dans la deuxième partie, un concept d'apprentissage automa-tique conjugué a été introduit et appliqué à la modélisation des caractéristiques thermody-namiques et cinétiques des réactions chimiques. L'apprentissage automatique conjugué intègre des équations fondamentales avec des algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique, ce qui le distingue de l'apprentissage multitâche traditionnel ne capturant que la relation statis-tique entre les tâches.This Ph.D. thesis is devoted to the development of advanced machine learning techniques for the modeling of properties of molecules and reactions. Coupling the Multi-Instance machine Learning (MIL) method with the pharmacophoric 3D descriptors enabled the construction of predictive models accounting for an ensemble of molecular conformations. This 3D approach does not require the selection and alignment of conformers and was validated in the case studies of (i) the bioactivity of compounds and (ii) the enantioselectivity of chiral organic catalysts. In many cases, 3D multi-conformation MIL models overperformed classical ap-proaches involving popular 2D descriptors. In the second part, a concept of conjugated ma-chine learning was introduced and applied to the modeling of thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of reactions. Conjugated machine learning integrates fundamental equations with machine learning algorithms, which distinguishes it from traditional multi-task learning capturing only the statistical relationship between the tasks
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