355 research outputs found
Performing the Union: the Prüm Decision and the European dream
No full textIn 2005, seven European countries signed the so-called Prüm Treaty to increase transnational collaboration in combating international crime, terrorism and illegal immigration. Three years later, the Treaty was adopted into EU law. EU member countries are obliged to have systems in place to allow authorities of other member states access to nationally held data on DNA, fingerprints, and vehicles by August 2011. In this paper, we discuss the conditions of possibility for the Prüm network to emerge, and argue that rather than a linear story of technological and political convergence and harmonisation, the (hi)story of Prüm is heterogeneous and patchy. This is reflected also in the early stages of implementing the Prüm Decision which proves to be more difficult than it was hoped by the drivers of the Prüm process. In this sense, the Prüm network sits uncomfortably with success stories of forensic science (many of which served the goal of justifying the expansion of technological and surveillance systems). Instead of telling a story of heroic science, the story of Prüm articulates the European dream: One in which goods, services, and people live and travel freely and securely
Inquisitorial forensic DNA profiling in the Netherlands and the expansion of the forensic genetic body
No full textBracketing off population does not advance ethical reflection on EVCs: A reply to Kayser and Schneider
No full textIn a recent contribution to this journal, Kayser and Schneider reviewed the relevance of external visible characteristics (EVCs) for criminal investigation [1]. Their aim was to broaden the debate about the scientific, legal, and ethical dimensions of the use of EVCs for criminal investigation, which will help to achieve a firm legal basis for the application of EVCs eventually. While we applaud Kayser's and Schneider's overall very thoughtful and nuanced discussion of this topic, we were surprised to read that they suggest that a discussion of ‘the challenges of using problematic definitions of populations […] has to be kept separate from using EVCs’ (p. 158). In contrast to these authors, we contend that questions about defining populations – both at the level of scientific research, and the application of EVCs in criminal investigation – lie at the core of most social, ethical, and legal issues raised by the translation of EVCs into forensic and police practice
Forensic genetics and their technolegal worlds
No full textIn this introductory chapter to the volume, we chart the complex relationships between forensic genetics technologies, the law and society, reflecting on what in this book we call the ‘technolegal worlds’ of this technoscience. The neologism technolegal invites authors and readers to attend to the materialities of forensic discourses and practices; it moves beyond a sole focus on forensic technology and investigation as technical practice to consider the wider norms, values, interests, legitimacy and resolutions that co-constitute the political economies of forensic technoscience. This volume sets the technolegal in conversation with worlds. The notion of worlds refers to various issues the chapters in this book aim to capture. The first and most apparent is that of geography and scale, that of global science and local technolegal rules. But the notion of ‘world’ has further connotations. Worlds are inhabited by subjects and objects who (re)produce them. Consequently, worlds are emergent, and the processes of (re)production can be conceptualised as the descriptor worlding. The focus on worlds and worlding is an invitation to be attentive to the specific, contextual politics and normativities of forensic sciences – the good, the bad and the nuanced. This applies to the various jurisdictions discussed in the volume, to emerging technologies in criminal investigation and to the many issues in the context of legitimacy, including social acceptability
Forensic DNA databases in England and the Netherlands: governance, structure and performance compared
No full textHow do liberal democracies govern forensic DNA databasing? That is the question being asked in this contribution by focussing on the rules for inclusion of DNA databases in England & Wales and the Netherlands. The two different modes of governance shall be evaluated by taking into account models and ideas in each society regarding the two imperatives of 'crime control' and 'due process'. Another question tentatively examined in this contribution is how these modes of governance impact the performance of national DNA databases. The analysis provided in this article argues that, when compared with the English and Welsh mode of governance, the Dutch mode of governance is more beneficial for the protection of individual rights and the effective use of resources
The Prüm Regime: Situated Dis/Empowerment in Transnational DNA Profile Exchange
No full textThis paper takes critique of surveillance studies scholars of the shortcomings of the panoptic model for analysing contemporary systems of surveillance as a starting point. We argue that core conceptual tools, in conjunction with an under-conceptualization of agency, privilege a focus on the oppressive elements of surveillance. This often yields unsatisfying insights to why surveillance works, for whom, and at whose costs. We discuss the so-called Prüm regime, pertaining to transnational data exchange for forensic and police use in the EU, to illustrate how—by articulating instances of what we call ‘situated dis/empowerment’—agency can be better conceptualized, sharpening our gaze for the large extent to which the empowering and disempowering effects of surveillance depend on each other
Trumping communitarianism: crime control and forensic DNA typing and databasing in Singapore
No full textLiberalism and communitarianism have figured prominently in discussions of how to govern forensic DNA practices (forensic DNA typing and databasing). Despite the prominence of these two political philosophies and their underlying values, no studies have looked at the governance of forensic DNA practices in a nondemocratic country governed by a communitarian logic. To fill this lacuna in the literature, this article considers Singapore as an authoritarian state governed by a communitarian philosophy. The article highlights basic innovations and technologies of forensic DNA practices and articulates a liberal democratic version of “biolegality” as described by Michael Lynch and Ruth McNally. It goes on to consider briefly various (political) philosophies (liberalism and communitarianism) and law enforcement models (due process and crime control models). The main part of the article records the trajectory, and hence biolegal progress, of forensic DNA practices in Singapore and compares it with trajectories in England and the United States. The article concludes that Singapore's forensic DNA practices are organized according to the crime control model and therefore safety and the war against crime and terrorism trump individual rights and legal principles such as privacy, bodily integrity, proportionality, presumption of innocence. and onus of proof
Planning the electrical installation project of Toom-Kuninga apartment building
No full textLõputöö tegemise jaoks leitud praktikakohas SimTech OÜ valmis äripindadega korterelamu tööprojekt. Tööprojekti koostmise aluseks oli põhiprojekt. Projekti põhiülesanne, milleks oli valgustus- ja jõupaigaldusplaanide ning jaotuskeskuste skeemide tegemine, sai autori poolt teostatud. Plaanide ja skeemide valmistamiseks kasutati projekteerimistarkvara CADS Electric. Lõputöö autor sai töökogemusi projekteerimistarkvara uute funktsioonide kasutamises. Paigaldajatega suhtlemisel selgus, et üldiselt ollakse tööprojektide kvaliteediga rahul . Paar aastat tagasi teostati töid ka ilma tööprojektideta. Tagasisides esines vaid üksikuid märkusi plaanide kohta. Lõputöö teema oli „Toom-Kuninga korterelamu elektripaigalduse tööprojekti kavandamine “. Antud töö tulemusena: • koostati paigaldajatele lihtsalt loetav ja arusaadav tööprojekt; • uuriti paigaldajatelt probleemseid kohti tööprojekti joonistel. • pakuti lahendusi paigaldajate märkustele Töö eesmärgid said täidetud. Tellija kiitis tehtud tööprojekti heaks ning SimTech OÜ jäi praktikandiga rahule. Paigaldajate tagasisidet arvesse võttes pakuti välja lahendusi, kuidas muuta tööprojekte neile arusaadavamaks. Kuna autor plaanib tööle asuda projekteerijana, saab lõputöö tulemusi tulevikus rakendada.For thesis SimTech OÜ was found to do internship, where installation project of apartment building with commercial premises was made. The basis for the installation project was the main project. The main task of the project, which was to make lighting and power installation drawings and distribution center schemes, was done by the author. CADS Electric design software was used to produce plans and schemes. The author of the thesis gained work experience in using new features of design software. When communicating with installers, it turned out that the quality of work projects is generally satisfied. A few years ago, work was also done without installation projects. There were only a few comments on the drawings in the feedback. The theme of the thesis was “Planning the electrical installation project for Toom-Kuninga apartment building”. As a result of this work: • an easy-to-read and understandable work project for installers; • The problematic places in the drawings of the work project were examined from the installers. • Solutions for Installer Comments were offered The goals of the work were fulfilled. The client praised the installation project and SimTech OÜ was satisfied with the trainee. With the help of installers' feedback, solutions were proposed to make installation projects more understandable to them. As the author plans to work as a designer, the results of the thesis can be applied in the future
Hidden in full sight: kinship, science and the law in the aftermath of the Srebrenica genocide
No full textTerms such as “relationship testing,” “familial searching” and “kinship analysis” figure prominently in professional practices of disaster victim identification (DVI). However, despite the dependence of those identification technologies on DNA samples from people who might be related to the dead and despite also the prominence of the notion of “relatedness” as a device for identifying the dead, the concepts of “relatedness” and “kinship” remain elusive both in practice and in analyses of the social and ethical aspects of DVI by DNA; they are hidden in full sight. In this article, we wish to bring kinship more to the fore. We achieve this through a case study of a setting where bio-legal framings dominate, that is, in the trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of Radovan Karadžić for the Srebrenica genocide in 1995. DNA samples from the families of those massacred in Srebrenica were vital for the identification of individual victims but are now also utilized as “evidence” by both the prosecution and the defense. By viewing practices of science (“evidence” and “identification”) and legal practices (“justice,” “prosecution” and “defence”) through the lens of kinship studies, we will present some alternative and complementary framings for the social accomplishment of ‘relatedness’
Optimizing Textile Waste Based on Toom Tekstiil Ltd
No full textKäesolev lõputöö jaotus viieks peatükiks. Esimesed kaks peatükki kirjeldasid kuidas tekstiiljäätmed tekivad ning millist mõju nad keskkonnale avaldavad. Samuti anti ülevaade tekstiiljäätmete ümbertöötlemise võimalustest ning selle käigus saadavatest materjalidest ja nende kasutusvaldkondadest. Kolmandas peatükis tutvustati kodutekstiile tootvat ettevõtet Toom Tekstiil AS-is kellega koostöös valmis töö empiiriline osa. Neljandas peatükis anti ülevaade töö praktilisest osast kus keskendutakse Toom Tekstiil AS-is läbiviidud avalikustatud vaatlejana tehtud vaatlusele. Praktilises osas kirjeldati vatiini, teppimise ja purustuse liinide protsesse, kaaluti tööpäevas tekkinud tööstuslikud tekstiiljäätmed ning kaardistati nende tekkepõhjused. Viiendas peatükis tehti saadud tulemuste põhjal järeldused ning ettepanekud jäätmete vähendamiseks. Töö sisu eesmärk oli uurida ettevõtte tootmisliinidel ehk vatiini, teppimise ja purustuse liinidel tekkivate tekstiiljäätmete tekkepõhjuseid. Suheldes töötajatega ja tootmisjuhtidega ning analüüsides tootmisliine, pakkus autor välja peamistele jäätme tekkepõhjustele võimalikud lahendused. Vaatluse tulemusi analüüsides selgus ,et kõige enam tekib tööstuslikke tekstiiljäätmeid teppimise liinidel. Kahe teppimise liini peale kokku tekkis ühes tööpäevas 792,1 kg tepingu jäätmeid, kogu toodang oli 2064,7 kg. Teppimise liinidel tuvastati 6 tekstiiljäätmete tekkepõhjust: tepitud materjali kantimine (426,6 kg), defektne kangas (118,3 kg), süstiku vahetus (80,6 kg), uus tellimus (57 kg), kanga lõpp (38,6 kg) ja ebaühtlane villak (71 kg). Kõige enam tekkis jäätmeid kandi õmblemisel, defektse kanga ja ebaühtlase villaku tõttu. Kandi õmblemise käigus tekkisid jäätmed, täpsemalt riba jäätmed kuna tepitud teki tooriku servadele tuli õmmelda kantpael, kuid selle tegevuse käigus lõikas masin automaatselt toorikult väikese riba ära. Tööpäevane jäätmete kogus kahe liini peale kokku oli 426,6 kg. Defektse kanga puhul esinesid materjalil kulunud kohad, värvi laigud, tehnilised kortsud või augud. Selleks, et tagada toodete kvaliteet ja nõuetele vastavus tuli defektiga toote osad välja lõigata. Praak kanga tõttu tekkis tööpäevas jäätmeid 118,3 kg. Ebaühtlase villaku puhul tekkisid jäätmed ainult esimesel teppimise liinil ehk Techna 1 masinal. Põhjuseks, kuna liini protsesside hulka kuulub villaku moodustamine, kuid teppimise masinal Techna 2 kasutatakse selleks valmis vatiini. Jäätmed tekivad, kuna sünteetiliste kiudude puhul toimub elektriseerumine mille tõttu kerib villak masina pöörlevate osade vahele ning moodustab ebaühtlase massi. Tööpäevas tekkis selle tõttu 71 kg jäätmeid. Vähendamaks teppimise liinidel tootmise käigus tekkivaid tekstiiljäätmeid tuleks leida parem tehnoloogiline lahendus kandi paela õmblemiseks. Defektse kanga tõttu tekkivaid jäätmeid, saaks vähendada kui leida kvaliteetsem kangatarnija. Ebaühtlase villaku tõttu tekkivaid jäätmeid saaks vähendada, kui lisada rohkem emulsiooni, et ära hoida elektriseerumist või hakata kasutama valmis vatiini. Vatiiniliinil tekkis tööpäevas 767,1 kg jäätmeid ning puhastoodang oli 9166 kg. Liinil tuvastati 7 tekstiiljäätmete tekkepõhjust: ebaühtalsed servad (504,5 kg), kiusegu vahetus (72 kg), uus vahetus (47 kg), masina jahutamine (41 kg), erimõõdus tellimused (40,8 kg), sobimatu komponendi sisaldus (40 kg) ja näidiste tegemine (21 kg). Kõige enam tekkis tekstiiljäätmeid ebaühtlaste servade, kiusegu vahetuse ja uue vahetuse tõttu. Ebaühtlased servad tekivad kui loorid ei lange teineteise peale kohakuti ning esteetilistel põhjustel tuleb need ära lõigata. Tööpäevas tekkis selliseid riba jäätmeid 504,5 kg. Kiusegu vahetusel tekkis jäätmeid 72 kg ning nad tekkisid kui mindi ühelt tellimuselt üle teisele ehk kui kiu koostis või värv erinesid täielikult eelnevalt töös olnust. Uue vahetuse tõttu tekkisid jäätmed kuna masin tuli selleks ajaks seisatada kuid ,,ahjus’’ olevad kiud sulasid omavahel liiga tugevasti kokku, mille tõttu tekkis ebakvaliteetne vatiin. Tööpäevas tekkis vahetuste vahetuse tõttu 47 kg jäätmeid. Vähendamaks vatiini tootmisel tekkivaid tekstiiljäätmeid tulekas vatiini masinale paigaldada looride suunajad, et nad langeks teineteise peale kohakuti ning ebaühtlaste servade teke oleks minimaalne. Kiusegu vahetuse tõttu tekkivaid jäätmeid saaks vähendada, kui planeerida sama kiukoostisega tellimused ühte tööpäeva. Uue vahetuse tulek tuleks muuta sujuvaks, ehk tootmine jätkuks samal ajal kui uued inimesed end toodanguga kurssi viivad. Rakendades eelpool mainitud meetmeid võiks jäätmete teke väheneda vatiiniliinil 623,5 kg päevas. Purustusliinil tekkis tekstiiljäätmete (tepingu ja vatiini jäätmed) ümbertöötlemisel kiutolmu 287 kg. Hetkel ladestatakse jääde prügilasse, kuid igakuiselt on selle tõttu ettevõtte kulud 208€. Üheks ettepanekuks oleks leida kiujäätmetele turg, et neid kasutada energia saamise eesmärgil.The title of the present diploma thesis is ,,Optimizing Textile Waste Based on Toom Tekstiil Ltd.’’ In Estonia there are 715 textile and clothing industries, but only one company that recycles technical textile waste. During that, approximately 5000 tons of textile waste, most of the cases are sent to landfills, are burnt or utilizied every year. Todays textile and clothing industries describes best excessive consumption that has a negative impact to our environment. Unfortunately most of the industries haven’t found sustainable solution to reduce textile waste. Landfill space is decreasing and waste management prices are rising. Textile companies should find a way to optimize or to utilize their textile waste because textiles are nearly 100 percent recyclable. The aim of the thesis is to explore the causes of technical textile waste and make suggestions how to optimize them. To reach the objective of the thesis, the author has set the following tasks: - To provide an overview of textile waste causes and their environmental impact; - To provide and overview of different processes of recycling textile waste and their area of usage; - To carry out an empirical study in Toom Tekstiil Ltd; - To describe production lines processes, weight generated textile waste and explore the causes of textile waste; - To analyze collected data and make suggestions. Analyzing the results of the empirical study showed that most of the waste comes from quilting lines (Techna 1 and Techna 2) 792,1 kg. Main reasons why waste appears were: binding quilted blankets (426,6 kg ), defective fabric (118,3 kg), shuttle exchange (80,6 kg), new order (57 kg), end of fabric roll (38,6 kg) and uneven fleece (71 kg). On thermowadding line the total of textile waste was 767,1 kg. Main reasons why waste appears: uneven edges (504,5 kg), fiber exchange (72 kg), new shift (47 kg), cooling the machine (41 kg), special size orders (40,8 kg), content of metal (40 kg ) and making prototypes (21 kg). On textile recycling line the total of fiber waste was 287 kg. It is a process where textile waste is recycled into fiber and during the process there appears some fiber waste. The author suggests to make changes in quilting line and find a new technology for binding blankets. On thermowadding line the company should insert deflectors to the machine so that there wouldn’t be uneven edges. On textile recycling line they should find a buyer who would use the fiber waste for energy. These suggestions would decrease approximately 1219 kg textile waste per day
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