13 research outputs found
Comparison of the Pressure Support Mode of Anesthesic Respiratory and Resuscitation Ventilators
No full textThe objective: Comparison of parameters characterizing the operation of the pressure support regime on modern anesthetic and intensive care ventilators.Subjects and Methods. The study included 5 anesthesia machines (Mindray WATO EX-65, Drӓger Primus, GE Avance S/5, GE Carestation 650, and GE Aisys CS2) and 5 intensive ventilators (Hamilton C1, Hamilton C2, GE Engstrӧm Carestation, Puritane Bennette 840, and Puritane Bennette 980). All devices were tested using the Ingmar medical ASL 5000 breathing device. The trigger delay time, the maximum pressure reduction below the PEEP level at the initiation of inspiration, PTP (pressure-time product), as well as the level of pressure achieved after 300 and 500 ms from the start of inspiration at different levels of pressure support and PEEP were evaluated.Results. The parameters characterizing operation of the trigger system and pattern of the inspiratory pressure set in ventilators used in intensive care and anesthesia ventilators had statistically significant differences. However, in terms of the response rate of the trigger system, modern anesthesia machines (GE Avance S/2, GE Caretation 650, and GE Aisys CS2) are not significantly inferior to traditional ventilators, their trigger delay time is about 100 ms. The maximum decrease in pressure below PEEP before the start of inhalation in the tested intensive ventilators was 1.0–1.5 cm H2O, in modern anesthesia machines this parameter was comparable and made approximately 1.5–2.0 cm H2O (GE Avance S/2, GE Caremation 650, and GE Aisys CS2). Assessment of the pressure level achieved after 300 and 500 ms showed that these parameters were closer to the target pressure for ventilators of the pneumatic compressor design, for turbine devices these parameters were approximately 25% less. Anaesthesia devices with a two-circuit pneumatic design had 40% less pressure values compared to devices with a pneumatic compressor design.Conclusion: The performance of the trigger system in modern anesthesia and intensive care ventilators does not differ significantly. Most of the anesthesia machines tested did not reach the target pressure within 500 ms, and by this parameter they differ significantly from intensive care respirators
Control of the electric drive under conditions of parametric uncertainty and coordinates' interrelation
No full textSENSORLESS SPEED CONTROL OF THE DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS
No full textIn this paper, a new speed control algorithm for a permanent magnet DC motor which does not require implementation of the angular speed sensor is presented. Three steps are performed to develop the control system: design of speed tracking control algorithm assuming the speed measurement; design of speed observer; design of sensorless speed control algorithm based on the principle of separation. Information about speed is taken from the speed observer using the motor current value. The stability of the composite system dynamics consisting of three subsystems (the speed regulation loop, current regulation loop, and speed observer) is analyzed. The feedback gains tuning procedure for decoupling of three subsystems is given. The simulation results show that the dynamic performance of the designed system is similar to the performance of the system with angular speed measurement. The resulting closed-loop system has structural robustness properties with respect to parametric and coordinate disturbances. References 12, figures 2
Bank Deposit and Credit Policy Management in the Field of Individual Customer Service
No full textThe article is devoted to the problem of individual customer service quality improvement in the field of provided deposit and credit services. This problem is a priority in determining any commercial bank strategy, since both deposit and credit policies determine the effectiveness of a credit institution development, which largely depends on the level of customer satisfaction. This study aims to determine the management aspects of the deposit and credit policy improvement in the field of commercial bank customer servicing. In the course of the work, they used the elements of system analysis, statistical research methods (summary and grouping, calculation of average values), and SWOT analysis. To assess customer satisfaction, the authors studied the Internet reviews of the largest regional bank of the Primorsky Territory of Russia - PJSC SKB of Primorye "Primsotsbank". The use of the indicated methods in the study made it possible to assess the quality of services provided to clients, identify the problems in their service sector, and develop the measures for their elimination. The results obtained are the basis for making managerial decisions to improve the deposit and credit policy of the studied bank and can be used in commercial banks' practice
Сравнение режима поддержки давлением наркозно-дыхательных и реанимационных аппаратов ИВЛ
No full textThe objective: Comparison of parameters characterizing the operation of the pressure support regime on modern anesthetic and intensive care ventilators.Subjects and Methods. The study included 5 anesthesia machines (Mindray WATO EX-65, Drӓger Primus, GE Avance S/5, GE Carestation 650, and GE Aisys CS2) and 5 intensive ventilators (Hamilton C1, Hamilton C2, GE Engstrӧm Carestation, Puritane Bennette 840, and Puritane Bennette 980). All devices were tested using the Ingmar medical ASL 5000 breathing device. The trigger delay time, the maximum pressure reduction below the PEEP level at the initiation of inspiration, PTP (pressure-time product), as well as the level of pressure achieved after 300 and 500 ms from the start of inspiration at different levels of pressure support and PEEP were evaluated.Results. The parameters characterizing operation of the trigger system and pattern of the inspiratory pressure set in ventilators used in intensive care and anesthesia ventilators had statistically significant differences. However, in terms of the response rate of the trigger system, modern anesthesia machines (GE Avance S/2, GE Caretation 650, and GE Aisys CS2) are not significantly inferior to traditional ventilators, their trigger delay time is about 100 ms. The maximum decrease in pressure below PEEP before the start of inhalation in the tested intensive ventilators was 1.0–1.5 cm H2O, in modern anesthesia machines this parameter was comparable and made approximately 1.5–2.0 cm H2O (GE Avance S/2, GE Caremation 650, and GE Aisys CS2). Assessment of the pressure level achieved after 300 and 500 ms showed that these parameters were closer to the target pressure for ventilators of the pneumatic compressor design, for turbine devices these parameters were approximately 25% less. Anaesthesia devices with a two-circuit pneumatic design had 40% less pressure values compared to devices with a pneumatic compressor design.Conclusion: The performance of the trigger system in modern anesthesia and intensive care ventilators does not differ significantly. Most of the anesthesia machines tested did not reach the target pressure within 500 ms, and by this parameter they differ significantly from intensive care respirators.Цель: сравнение показателей, характеризующих работу режима поддержки давлением, на современных наркозно-дыхательных и реанимационных аппаратах искусственной вентиляции легких (ИВЛ).Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 5 наркозно-дыхательных (Mindray WATO EX-65, Drӓger Primus, GE Avance S/5, GE Carestation 650, GE Aisys CS2) и 5 реанимационных аппаратов ИВЛ (Hamilton C1, Hamilton C2, GE Engstrӧm Carestation, Puritane Bennette 840, Puritane Bennette 980). Все аппараты тестировали при помощи моделирующего дыхательного устройства ASL 5000 фирмы Ingmar medical. Оценивали время задержки срабатывания триггера, максимальное снижение давления ниже уровня положительного давления в конце выдоха (ПДКВ) при инициации вдоха, показатель PTP (pressure-time product), а также уровень достигнутого давления через 300 и 500 мс от начала вдоха при различных уровнях поддержки давлением и ПДКВ.Результаты. Показатели, характеризующие работу триггерной системы и паттерн набора инспираторного давления у аппаратов ИВЛ, используемых в интенсивной терапии, и наркозно-дыхательных аппаратов, имели статистически значимые различия. Однако по скорости отклика триггерной системы современные анестезиологические машины (GE Avance S/2, GE Carestation 650, GE Aisys CS2) существенно не уступают традиционным аппаратам ИВЛ, временнáя задержка триггера у них составляет около 100 мс. Максимальное снижение давления ниже ПДКВ до запуска вдоха у тестируемых реанимационных аппаратов ИВЛ составило 1,0‒1,5 см Н2О, у современных наркозных аппаратов этот показатель оказался сопоставимым, составил приблизительно 1,5‒2,0 см Н2О (GE Avance S/2, GE Carestation 650, GE Aisys CS2). Оценка уровня достигнутого давления через 300 и 500 мс продемонстрировала, что эти показатели оказались ближе к целевому давлению у ИВЛ пневмокомпрессорной конструкции, у турбинных аппаратов ‒ оказались приблизительно на 25% меньше. У наркозных аппаратов с двухконтурной пневматической конструкцией значения давления оказались меньше на 40% по сравнению с аппаратами пневмокомпрессорной конструкции.Вывод. Показатели работы триггерной системы у современных наркозных и реанимационных аппаратов ИВЛ существенно не отличаются. Большинство тестируемых наркозных аппаратов в течение 500 мс не достигали целевого давления и по этому показателю существенно отличаются от реанимационных респираторов
Retrospective Analysis of Polyethylene Oxide and Polypropylene Oxide Block Copolymers Production and Industrial Applications (Review)
No full textIntroduction. Nowadays block copolymers of PEO and PPO (poloxamers, pluronics, proxanols) are among the most popular polymers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. They can be applied as effective nonionic surfactants, biological membrane stabilizers, elements of targeted delivery systems, solubilizers, as well as excipients in the technology of traditional dosage forms – gelling agents, lubricants, etc. For the past fifty years, the world's largest manufacturer of poloxamers has been the German chemical concern BASF. However, today in the Russian Federation there is a risk of defects, which defines the relevance of import substitution of this excipient.Text. The purpose of this review is to highlight the experience of production and implementation of PEO and PPO block copolymers into novel Russian scientists’ developments, comparing them with the experience of foreign research groups, which is necessary to assess the potential for import substitution. PEO and PPO block copolymers have been known in the Soviet Union since the late 60s as far as they are mentioned in textbooks of 1964 and 1973. Domestic block copolymers of PEO and PPO have been used in the oil refining industry, as well as in some branches of light industry and in the decontamination of radioactive waste. The unique domestic synthesis of PEO and PPO block copolymers was established in 1978 on the basis of the "Orgsintez" factory. Soviet poloxamers were produced under the brand name "proxanol" in a wide range of ratios of EO and PO units and molecular weights. It should be noted that today in the Russian Federation, industrial batches of the solubilizer Emuxol 268, which is close in its properties to the well-known poloxamer 188, are still produced, and block copolymers with other ratios of EO and PO units are synthesized to order.Conclusion. According to the retrospective analysis, the modern Russian industry has enough experience and resources to establish the synthesis of PEO and PPO block copolymers necessary to produce drugs and to develop innovative delivery systems and drugs. Based on the materials of the systematic review, the most complete register of known brands of PEO and PPO block copolymers synthesized over the past 50 years in our country and in the world was compiled for the first time, with a detailed description of their physicochemical properties
Сравнение эффективности режимов поддержки давлением и принудительной вентиляции в конце общей комбинированной анестезии
No full textThe objective: to compare effectiveness of pressure support and mandatory ventilation modes at the final stage of general anesthesia.Subjects and Methods. 58 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent laparoscopic or open surgery under combined general anesthesia with muscle relaxants and tracheal intubation. At the end of the operation, after suturing the muscle layer, patients were randomly divided into two groups, depending on the further mode of ventilation: the mandatory mode group with dual control until extubation (n = 29) and the spontaneous breathing mode group with pressure support (n = 29). The time of awakening, the severity of post-extubation cough, hemodynamic parameters and oxygenation immediately before and 5 minutes after extubation were assessed.Results. In the groups of patients, statistically significant differences were observed in the time of awakening (252 ± 67 sec and 426 ± 71 sec in PSV and PCV-VG Groups, respectively), extubation (287 ± 55 sec and 464 ± 67 sec in the PSV and PCV-VG groups, respectively), and transfer from the operating room (473 ± 60 sec and 687 ± 77 sec in the PSV and PCV-VG groups, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Also, patients receiving PSV respiratory support had higher saturation levels 5 minutes after extubation (p < 0.0001), and heart rate and mean arterial pressure immediately before extubation were lower than in the mandatory ventilation group (p = 0.013 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, in the mode of spontaneous breathing with pressure support, a lower severity of post-extubation cough was observed (p = 0.003).Conclusion. The use of a spontaneous breathing mode with pressure support at the end of general combined anesthesia has several advantages versus mandatory ventilation mode. These advantages include faster awakening, extubation and transfer of the patient to the ward, lower severity of post-extubation cough, as well as better gas exchange after extubation, lower intensity of hypertension and tachycardia before it. Цель: сравнить эффективность применения режимов поддержки давлением и принудительной вентиляции легких на завершающей стадии общей анестезии.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 58 пациентов. Всем выполнялись лапароскопические либо открытые оперативные вмешательства в условиях общей комбинированной анестезии с применением миорелаксантов и интубации трахеи. В конце операции, после ушивания мышечного слоя, пациенты были случайно разделены на две группы в зависимости от дальнейшего режима вентиляции: группа принудительного режима с двойным управлением вплоть до экстубации (n = 29) и группа режима самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением (n = 29). Оценивали временные параметры пробуждения, выраженность постэкстубационного кашля, параметры гемодинамики и оксигенации непосредственно перед и через 5 мин после экстубации.Результаты. В группах пациентов наблюдали статистически достоверное различие временных показателей пробуждения (252 ± 67 и 426 ± 71 с в группах PSV и PCV-VG соответственно), экстубации (287 ± 55 и 464 ± 67 в группах PSV и PCV-VG соответственно) и перевода в отделение (473 ± 60 и 687 ± 77 в группах PSV и PCV-VG соответственно) (p < 0,0001). Также у пациентов, получавших респираторную поддержку в режиме PSV, отмечали более высокий уровень показателей сатурации через 5 мин после экстубации (p < 0,0001), а частота сердечных сокращений и среднее артериальное давление непосредственно перед экстубацией были ниже, чем в группе принудительного режима вентиляции (p = 0,013 и p < 0,0001 соответственно). Кроме того, в режиме самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением наблюдалась меньшая выраженность постэкстубационного кашля (p = 0,003).Вывод. Применение режима самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением в конце общей комбинированной анестезии имеет ряд преимуществ по сравнению с использованием принудительного режима вентиляции. К ним относятся более быстрое пробуждение, экстубация и перевод пациента в отделение, меньшая выраженность постэкстубационного кашля, лучший газообмен после экстубации, а также менее выраженные гипертензия и тахикардия до нее
Sources and Methods for the Production of Xyloglucan, a Promising Stimulus-Sensitive Biopolymer: A Review
No full textXyloglucan is a highly promising ‘green’ polymer that has found its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its molecular structure similarity to mucin, it has remarkable mucoadhesion properties, which has led to a high research interest in this excipient for the development of transmucosal delivery systems. Thermosensitivity is another promising property of xyloglucan derivatives, which is mainly exhibited by synthetic block copolymers such as pluronics and PLGA derivatives. Delivery systems whose mechanism of active ingredient release is based on temperature sensitivity are widely used in many medical fields, ranging from antitumour therapy to intranasal delivery. Thus, conducting research on the possibility of obtaining and using a new mucoadhesive, fully biocompatible and affordable polymer—xyloglucan—is a promising task
Block Copolymers of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide: Prospects for Medical and Pharmaceutical Application in Russia
No full textBlock copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO/PO block copolymers) are polymeric non-ionic surfactants with a high hydrophilic–lipophilic balance also referred to as pluronics, poloxamers, or proxanols. These compounds are among the most demanded modern excipients for the production of medicines. EO/PO block copolymers are used both in the production of traditional (liquid, semi-solid, and solid) dosage forms and as part of targeted delivery systems. The extensive application of EO/PO block copolymers is due to the diverse array of their properties, including not only solubilising, emulsifying, gelling, and other effects but also thermoreversibility, which is essential for developing in situ delivery systems and 3D printing technologies.The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of EO/PO block copolymers for medicinal use and to assess the range of medicinal products approved in the Russian Federation that contain EO/PO block copolymers.This review presents an analysis of the register of poloxamer-containing medicines approved in the Russian Federation, a list of the largest manufacturers of EO/PO block copolymers in the world, and a study of the possibility to use copolymers for medical purposes. Currently, there are more than 10 chemical manufacturers producing EO/PO block copolymers for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other industries around the world. EO/PO block copolymers are included in more than 60 medicinal products present in the Russian pharmaceutical market; this observation indicates the need to phase out the import of poloxamers
Сравнение эффективности режимов самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением и принудительной вентиляции с управлением по объему во время общей комбинированной анестезии без использования миорелаксантов
No full textTo compare efficacy of spontaneous breathing with pressure support and volume-controlled mandatory ventilation during combined general anesthesia using desflurane and without muscle relaxants.Subjects and Methods. 100 patients were included in the study. All underwent low-traumatic operations on the lower limbs under general combined anesthesia using supraglottic air devices without muscle relaxants. Immediately prior to the induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (VCV) where a mandatory volume control mode was used (n = 50) and Group 2 (PSV) where a pressure support mode was used (n = 50). The following parameters were assessed: hemodynamics, gas exchange, depth of anesthesia before induction, during and after the end of general anesthesia; arterial blood gas composition one hour after induction of anesthesia; indicators of pressure in the respiratory tract during mechanical ventilation, as well as time parameters of awakening.Results. In patients of Group 2 (PSV), according to the analysis of arterial blood gases, a higher level of PaO2 (p = 0.006), Horowitz index (p = 0.005), and carbon dioxide level (p < 0.0001) were noted. In Group 1 (VCV), higher mean and peak airway pressures were found one hour after induction and 10 minutes before the end of surgery (p < 0.05). Also in the groups, there were statistically significant differences in the time parameters of awakening (233 ± 58 sec and 352 ± 83 sec in the PSV and VCV groups, respectively), supraglottic airway device removal time (268 ± 62 sec and 398 ± 84 sec in the PSV and VCV groups, respectively) and transfer to the ward (395 ± 60 sec and 571 ± 66 sec in the PSV and VCV groups, respectively) (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the main parameters of hemodynamics and depth of anesthesia, the consumption of anesthetics used during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.Conclusion: The use of spontaneous breathing with pressure support during general combined anesthesia without muscle relaxants has a number of advantages versus mandatory ventilation mode. These include better oxygenation rates, lower airway pressure, faster awakening, supraglottic airway device removal time, and transfer of the patient to the ward. At the same time, acceptable ventilation, stable hemodynamic parameters and depth of anesthesia are maintained.Цель: сравнить эффективность режимов самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением и принудительной вентиляции с управлением по объему во время общей комбинированной анестезии с использованием десфлурана без применения миорелаксантов.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 100 пациентов. Всем выполнялись малотравматичные операции на нижних конечностях в условиях общей комбинированной анестезии с использованием надгортанных воздуховодов без применения миорелаксантов. Непосредственно перед индукцией анестезии пациенты были случайно разделены на две группы: 1-я группа (VCV), в которой использовали принудительный режим с управлением по объему (n = 50), и 2-я группа (PSV), в которой применяли режим самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением (n = 50). Оценивали параметры гемодинамики, газообмена, глубины анестезии до индукции, во время и после окончания общей анестезии; газовый состав артериальной крови через 1 ч после индукции анестезии; показатели давления в дыхательных путях во время проведения искусственной вентиляции легких, а также временные параметры пробуждения.Результаты. У пациентов 2-й группы (PSV) по данным анализа газового состава артериальной крови отмечали более высокий уровень РаО2 (p = 0,006), индекса Горовица (p = 0,005), а также уровня углексислого газа (p < 0,0001). В 1-й группе (VCV) были выявлены более высокие уровни среднего и пикового давлений в дыхательных путях через 1 ч после индукции и за 10 мин до окончания операции (p < 0,05). Также между группами наблюдали статистически значимые различия временных показателей пробуждения (233 ± 58 и 352 ± 83 с в группах PSV и VCV соответственно), удаления надгортанного воздуховода (268 ± 62 и 398 ± 84 с в группах PSV и VCV соответственно) и перевода в отделение (395 ± 60 и 571 ± 66 с в группах PSV и VCV соответственно) (p < 0,0001). Не выявлено значимых различий по основным показателям гемодинамики и глубины анестезии, расходу анестетиков, использованных во время индукции и поддержания общей анестезии.Вывод. Применение режима самостоятельного дыхания с поддержкой давлением во время общей комбинированной анестезии без использования миорелаксантов имеет ряд преимуществ по сравнению с принудительным режимом вентиляции. К ним относятся лучшие показатели оксигенации, меньшее давление в дыхательных путях, более короткое время до пробуждения, удаления надгортанного воздуховода и перевода пациента в отделение. При этом сохраняются приемлемая вентиляция, стабильные параметры гемодинамики и глубина анестезии
