541 research outputs found
Mladite chora v Evropejska Bălgarija : sociologičeski portret 2014
No full textPetăr-Emil Mitev i Sijka KovačevaLiteraturverz. S. 209 -215Kyrillisc
Hate speech on online social networks
No full textUniverzalna definicija sovražnega govora ne obstaja, zato se ta v okviru posameznih držav in organizacij, predvsem pa na eni strani na evropskih tleh, na drugi strani pa na ameriških tleh, razlikuje. Enako velja za sovražni govor na spletnih družbenih omrežjih, četudi so zanj dodatno značilne še nekatere ključne lastnosti, kot so stalnost, potujočnost, anonimnost, medjurisdikcijska narava spletnih vsebin, širok nabor spletnih družbenih omrežij, etc. Problematika se pojavi že pri samoregulacijskih politikah posameznih spletnih družbenih omrežjih, pri čemer je razvidno, da e.g. Facebook, Instagram in Twitter, kot ena izmed največjih tovrstnih omrežij, sovražni govor pojmujejo drugače. S tem imamo v mislih razlike že v samem poimenovanju tega pojma, nadalje razlike glede tega, koga oziroma katere skupine posamezna spletna družbena omrežja vštevajo med zaščitene kategorije na podlagi določenih osebnih okoliščin, nenazadnje pa v podrobnejši izpeljavi teh splošnih definicij. Ta spletna družbena omrežja torej sovražni govor najprej prepoznavajo, nato pa se nanj morebiti odzivajo in ga sankcionirajo predvsem preko svojih lastnih smernic oziroma pravil. Do te situacije pride, ker platforme družbenih medijev običajno niso vezane na teritorialnost oziroma jurisdikcijo določenega ozemlja, na katerem se zgolj uporabljajo, nimajo pa tam svojega sedeža podjetja. V kolikor pa ima določeno podjetje družbenih medijev sedež v določeni nacionalni jurisdikciji, bodo predpisi te jurisdikcije nanj neposredno vplivali, kar bo posledično (običajno) pomenilo tudi večjo odzivnost na (dodatne) zahteve te jurisdikcije po omejitvi sovražnega govora na spletnih družbenih omrežjih. A izpostaviti velja, da večino teh spletnih družbenih omrežij upravljajo ameriška (zasebna) podjetja, s sedežem v posameznih državah Združenih držav Amerike, zato se zanje (običajno) uporabi zgolj tista jurisdikcija, ki je značilna za ameriški prostor. Za slednjega je sicer res značilna poudarjena svoboda govora kot splošno pravilo že na ustavni ravni, a se ta v skladu z odločitvami sodišč ne razširi na zasebna podjetja. To poenostavljeno pomeni, da so ta podjetja upravičena do uporabe svojevrstnih (lastnih) smernic, glede katerih je njihova odgovornost izključena. Ravno nasprotno pa za evropske standarde ni dovolj, da bi bil sovražni govor na spletnih družbenih omrežjih prepuščen njihovi samostojni ureditvi, zato je zanje značilna strožja ureditev bodisi na ravni posameznih držav bodisi na mednarodni ravni. Predvsem pri prvi je potrebno biti izjemno previden, da ne bi s takšno ureditvijo organi posameznih držav pretirano posegali v eno izmed temeljnih svoboščin posameznika, tj. v svobodo izražanja. Zato je toliko pomembnejša ureditev tematike na mednarodni ravni, predvsem z ureditvijo Evropske unije, ki do tovrstne tematike pristopa previdneje, a hkrati daje minimalna skupna načela prepoznavanja, odziva in posledic sovražnega govora na spletnih družbenih omrežjih njenim državam članicam.There is no universal definition of hate speech, which is why it differs in the context of individual countries and organizations, especially on the one hand in Europe, and on the other hand in America. The same applies to hate speech on online social networks, even if it is additionally characterized by some key features, such as permanence, mobility, anonymity, interjurisdictional nature of online content, a wide range of online social networks, etc. The problem already arises with the self-regulatory policies of individual online social networks, whereby it is evident that for example Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, as one of the largest networks of its kind, understand hate speech differently. By this we have in mind differences in the very naming of this concept, further differences in who or which groups of individual online social networks count as protected categories based on certain personal circumstances, and last but not the least in the more detailed derivation of these general definitions. These online social networks therefore first recognize hate speech, and then possibly react to it and sanction it primarily through their own guidelines or rules. This situation occurs because social media platforms are usually not tied to the territoriality or jurisdiction of the specific territory in which they are merely used, but they do not have their company headquarters there. However, to the extent that a particular social media company is based in a particular national jurisdiction, it will be directly affected by the regulations of that jurisdiction, which in turn (usually) will also mean greater responsiveness to the (additional) requirements of that jurisdiction to restrict hate speech on online social networks. But it is worth pointing out that most of these online social networks are managed by American (private) companies, with headquarters in individual states of the United States of America, so they are (usually) only subject to the jurisdiction that is typical for the American space. The latter is indeed characterized by emphasized freedom of speech as a general rule already at the constitutional level, but in accordance with the decisions of the courts, this does not extend to private companies. This simply means that these companies are entitled to use their specific guidelines for which their liability is excluded. On the contrary, it is not enough for European standards to leave hate speech on online social networks to their own regulation, which is why they are characterized by stricter regulation either at the level of individual countries or at the international level. Especially with the first one, it is necessary to be extremely careful, so that the authorities of individual countries do not excessively interfere with one of the fundamental freedoms of the individual, i.e. the freedom of expression. That is why the regulation of the topic at the international level is all the more important, especially with the regulation of the European Union, which approaches this type of topic more cautiously, but at the same time gives its member states minimum common principles of recognition, response and consequences of hate speech on online social networks
QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER SURGERY OF COLORECTAL CANCER LIVER METASTASES
No full textTeoretična izhodišča: Število pacientov z rakom debelega črevesa in danke (RDČD) raste že desetletja. Pri več kot 50% pacientov z RDČD so prisotni zasevki, ki so v polovici primerov omejeni na jetra. Kirurško zdravljenje se je do sedaj izkazalo za edino potencialno kurativno terapijo jetrnih zasevkov RDČD. Ob napredku takšne medicinske znanosti, ki omogoča daljše preživetje pacientov z rakom, ni več pomembno le, ali in koliko časa bo pacient preživel, ampak tudi, kako bo živel. Vedno pomembnejše je vprašanje kakovosti življenja z boleznijo. Zanimalo nas je, kakšna je kakovost življenja pacienta po operaciji jetrnih zasevkov RDČD in kako bi lahko medicinska sestra prispevala h kakovostnejšemu življenju pacienta.
Metode: Raziskava je temeljila na kvantitativni metodologiji, z pomočjo anonimnega anketnega vprašalnika. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 10 pacientov, ki so bili pregledani v ambulanti Abdominalne in splošne kirurgije UKC Maribor.
Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da se kakovost življenja pacienta po operaciji jeter zaradi zasevkov RDČD ni bistveno poslabšala in da imajo pacienti najpogostejše težave na področju fizične aktivnosti in psihične komponente ter pri pojavu bolečine.
Sklep: Naša raziskava je prva v Sloveniji, ki je prikazala simptome pacientov v dolgoročnem obdobju po operaciji jeter in ugotavljala njihov vpliv na kakovost življenja. K profesionalni rasti na področju zdravstvene nege bo pripomoglo spremljanje novih dognanj in raziskav v svetu ter seveda nadgrajevanje znanja.Theoretical basics: Number of patients with colorectal cancer has been growing for decades. More than 50 % of patients with colorectal cancer are having metastases, which are half of cases confined to the liver. Surgical treatment has so far proven to be the only potentially curative treatment. With the progress of medical science, which has brought longer survival of patients with cancer, there is no longer a relevant factor only whether and how long the patient will survive, but also how he will live. The quality of life with the disease it seems to be more and more important. In our study we asked ourselves what is the quality of life of the patient with colorectal cancer after surgical removal of liver metastases and how can medical nurse contribute to that.
Methods: The study is based on a quantitative method using an anonymous questionnaire. We asked 10 patients to fill the questionnaire. All 10 patients were examined in the Department of Abdominal and General Surgery in University Medical Centre Maribor.
Results: We found out that the quality of life of the patient with colorectal cancer after surgical removal of liver metastases has not significantly changed. Patients have the most common problems in physical activity, psychological components, and elimination of pain.
Conclusion: Our study is first one in Slovenia which has shown long-term symptoms in patients after the liver surgery and measured their impact on quality of life. Monitoring of new developments and research in the world and of course the upgrading of skills will help to professional growth in nursing
Hate speech as a crime
No full textSovražni govor se je kot pojem najprej pojavil v anglosaškem svetu, danes pa je postal pereč problem sodobne družbe ne samo v ZDA, temveč tudi na evropskih tleh. Univerzalne definicije ni, se pa največkrat glede vprašanja, kaj je sovražni govor, uporablja tista, ki jo je podal Svet Evrope v dodatku k Priporočilu št. R (97) 20 iz leta 1997. Zakonodaja v Republiki Sloveniji tega pojma izrecno ne vsebuje, ga pa inkriminira na osnovi 297. člena KZ-1 kot javno spodbujanje sovraštva, nasilja ali nestrpnosti. Če je evropska zakonodaja zgled solidne ureditve prepovedi sovražnega govora, tega po kritični presoji veljavnega prava ne moremo trditi za zakonodajo v Republiki Sloveniji. Težava se pojavi že pri samem (ne)poimenovanju termina sovražni govor, kjer ni mogoče zaslediti njegove dosledne omembe ali opredelitve. Novela KZ-1B je prinesla pomembno spremembo, s katero je bila uvedena zahteva, da je dejanje storjeno na način, ki lahko ogrozi ali moti javni red in mir, ali z uporabo grožnje, zmerjanja ali žalitev, kar pomeni, da je prag politike pregona za to kaznivo dejanje postavljen visoko, tožilstvo in sodišča v Republiki Sloveniji pa ta domet še širijo z zahtevo po konkretni ogrozitvi ali z uporabo konkretne grožnje, zmerjanja ali žalitev, pri tem pa razlagajo drugi del ureditve kumulativno, namesto alternativno, kot je to storilo Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice v svojih sodbah, po katerih bi se morala sodišča v Republiki Sloveniji zgledovati. Glede na sedanjo ureditev je praktično nemogoče doseči kazenski pregon kaznivega dejanja sovražnega govora ali njegovo obsodbo, zato bi se moral spremeniti bodisi 297. člen KZ-1 bodisi pravno stališče o pregonu kaznivega dejanja javnega spodbujanja sovraštva, nasilja ali nestrpnosti Vrhovnega državnega tožilstva RS po 297. členu KZ-1 bodisi razlaga sodišč, ki ne prepoznajo hibridne narave tega člena, morebiti pa vse od naštetega. Zadostovalo bi samo nekaj jasnih in dobro osnovanih sodnih primerov, ki bi opozorili javnost na meje zakonitega in sprejemljivega. Posledično bi se lažje določila tudi meja med sovražnim govorom in svobodo govora kot pravico, katero je pod določenimi pogoji dopustno omejiti, ter med sovražnim govorom kot prekrškom in kot kaznivim dejanjem.Hate speech, as a concept, first appeared in the Anglo-Saxon world, but has become a pressing problem of modern society not only in the United States, but also on European grounds. The universal definition does not exist regarding the issue of hate speech, but the most commonly used is the one by the Council of Europe in the Appendix to Recommendation No. R (97) 20 of 1997. The legislation of the Republic of Slovenia does not explicitly contain this term, but it is incriminated on the basis of Article 297 of the KZ-1 as a public incitement to hatred, violence or intolerance. If European legislation is an example of a sound regulation of the prohibition of hate speech, this can not be considered for the legislation in the Republic of Slovenia after a critical assessment of the applicable law. The problem arises as the (non) naming of the term of hate speech, where its consistent reference or definition can not be traced. The novel KZ-1B brought about a significant change where it was requested that the act must be committed in a way that could endanger or disrupt public order and peace, or by using threats, intentions or insults, which means that the policy threshold for this crime is set high. The prosecutor\u27s office and the courts in the Republic of Slovenia even extend this scope further with a request for concrete threats or using a concrete threat, gesture or insult, while interpreting the second part of the regulation cumulatively rather than alternatively as the European Court of Justice for human rights is doing in their judgments according to which the courts in the Republic of Slovenia should be inspired. According to the current legislation, it is practically impossible to achieve the criminal prosecution of a criminal act of a hate speech or its conviction, and therefore, either Article 297 of the KZ-1 or the legal position on the prosecution of the criminal act of public incitement to hatred, violence or intolerance by the Supreme State Prosecutor\u27s Office of the Republic of Slovenia about 297 Article KZ-1 or an interpretation of courts that do not recognize the hybrid nature of this article, should change or possibly all of the above. Only a few clear and well-founded court cases would suffice to alert the public to the legitimate and acceptable limits. Consequently, the border between hate speech and freedom of speech would be easier to determine as a right which is permissible to be limited under certain conditions, and between hostile speech as an offense and as a crime
On Correlation Functions of BPS Operators in 3d N= 6 Superconformal Theories
No full textWe introduce a novel harmonic superspace for 3dN=6 superconformal field theories that is tailor made for the study of correlation functions of BPS operators. We calculate a host of two- and three-point functions in full generality and put strong constraints on the form of four-point functions of some selected BPS multiplets. For the four-point function of 12-BPS operators we obtain the associated Ward identities by imposing the absence of harmonic singularities. The latter imply the existence of a solvable subsector in which the correlator becomes topological. This mechanism can be explained by cohomological reduction with respect to a special nilpotent supercharge
Bootstrapping the half-BPS line defect
No full textWe use modern bootstrap techniques to study half-BPS line defects in 4dN= 4 superconformal theories. Specifically, we consider the 1d CFT with OSP(4∗|4) superconformal symmetry living on such a defect. Our analysis is general and based only on symmetries, it includes however important examples like Wilson and ’t Hooft lines in N= 4 super Yang-Mills. We present several numerical bounds on OPE coefficients and conformal dimensions. Of particular interest is a numerical island obtained from a mixed correlator bootstrap that seems to imply a unique solution to crossing. The island is obtained if some assumptions about the spectrum are made, and is consistent with Wilson lines in planar N= 4 super Yang-Mills at strong coupling. We further analyze the vicinity of the strong-coupling point by calculating perturbative corrections using analytic methods. This perturbative solution has the sparsest spectrum and is expected to saturate the numerical bounds, explaining some of the features of our numerical results
Bootstrapping N= 3 superconformal theories
No full textWe initiate the bootstrap program for N= 3 superconformal field theories (SCFTs) in four dimensions. The problem is considered from two fronts: the protected subsector described by a 2d chiral algebra, and crossing symmetry for half-BPS operators whose superconformal primaries parametrize the Coulomb branch of N= 3 theories. With the goal of describing a protected subsector of a family of N= 3 SCFTs, we propose a new 2d chiral algebra with super Virasoro symmetry that depends on an arbitrary parameter, identified with the central charge of the theory. Turning to the crossing equations, we work out the superconformal block expansion and apply standard numerical bootstrap techniques in order to constrain the CFT data. We obtain bounds valid for any theory but also, thanks to input from the chiral algebra results, we are able to exclude solutions with N= 4 supersymmetry,allowingustozoominonaspecific N= 3 SCFT
Local Measurements of the Impact of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Investment and Technological Decisions on the Environment Under the Risk-Related Conditions of Mining Industry
No full textThe impact of globalization in a worldwide scale is even more noticeable in the each country during period of world economic crisis due to the differences in the economic status, deformed by the crisis phenomena. In that case, the conflict between global tendencies and local manifestations in the regional aspect of economic phenomena is even more evidently noticeable as a direct reflection of the resource deficiency. The mineral resources are directly related to that process, not only as a first phase of the transformation of the raw material potential for each country, but also as a serious violator of the ecological equilibrium as a result of the applied technologies. Each country is enforced to resolve the various issues related to preserving the own resource potential as much as possible and to subordinate its investment and technological decisions to an integrated and in-depth utilization in compliance with the sustainable development of society.mineral resources, mining industry, environmental friendly consumption, impact on the environment.
Maximally resolved anharmonic OH vibrational spectrum of the water/ZnO(101¯0) interface from a high-dimensional neural network potential
No full textUnraveling the atomistic details of solid/liquid interfaces, e.g., by means of vibrational spectroscopy, is of vital importance in numerous applications, from electrochemistry to heterogeneous catalysis. Water-oxide interfaces represent a formidable challenge because a large variety of molecular and dissociated water species are present at the surface. Here, we present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the anharmonic OH stretching vibrations at the water/ZnO(10 (1) over bar0) interface as a prototypical case. Molecular dynamics simulations employing a reactive high-dimensional neural network potential based on density functional theory calculations have been used to sample the interfacial structures. In the second step, one-dimensional potential energy curves have been generated for a large number of configurations to solve the nuclear Schrodinger equation. We find that (i) the ZnO surface gives rise to OH frequency shifts up to a distance of about 4 angstrom from the surface; (ii) the spectrum contains a number of overlapping signals arising from different chemical species, with the frequencies decreasing in the order v (adsorbed hydroxide) > v (non-adsorbed water) > v (surface hydroxide) > v (adsorbed water); (iii) stretching frequencies are strongly influenced by the hydrogen bond pattern of these interfacial species. Finally, we have been able to identify substantial correlations between the stretching frequencies and hydrogen bond lengths for all species.</p
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