66 research outputs found
The Defense of an Unconscionable Experimentation with Ignorance : The Legal Battle over Public Education in Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1959-1964
No full textFrom 1959 to 1964 the public schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia, remained closed. The schools had been closed to avoid complying with federal court orders requiring that the county desegregate its public schools. Segregation of public schools had been found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in its 1954 landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. The Prince Edward public schools were closed for five years until the Supreme Court in 1964 found that the school closures were unconstitutional in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This Master s Thesis explores the legal battle that arose out the Prince Edward school closures. The purpose is to determine how the county was able to defend the closures during the lengthy litigation.
The source material consists of briefs filed before the courts, where the involved parties present their arguments. These documents are found in the collection the Papers of Allan G. Donn, housed at the Special Collections and University Archives, Patricia W. and J. Douglas Perry Library, at Old Dominion University Libraries, Norfolk, Virginia. In addition, the several court rulings handed down during the litigation are examined. By analyzing this source material qualitatively, the litigation is reconstructed and analyzed.
The Prince Edward school closures have received relatively little scholarly attention. The research that has been done on the Prince Edward school closures focuses on how proponents and opponents to the closures acted politically, in the public discourse, and on a grassroots level. This thesis will therefore explore an aspect of the closures that has heretofore been largely overlooked.
In addition to casting light on a previously overlooked part of the Prince Edward school closures, this thesis also provides a new interpretation of the county s defense of the closures. Previous research has attributed the effectiveness of the county s strategy to keep the schools closed due to the lack of a constitutional requirement in regards to public education. While segregation in public schools had been found unconstitutional, public education nevertheless remained within the states purview. This study supports this claim, however it elaborates on how the involved parties and courts tasked with ruling on the closures perceived the role of public education within the American system of federalism. This thesis finds that the school closures represented a conflict between a conservative and a progressive view of the Constitution. According to the governing case law at the time, it was permissible under the Constitution for a county to abandon all public education. In order to reopen the schools, the courts had to employ new and innovative interpretations of the law of the land.
This thesis also shows that the county s defense of the closures was more dynamic than has previously been believed. The closures were not only defended by relying on traditional interpretations of the Constitution, but also utilized a procedural defense that was aimed at prolonging the closures. This strategy played an important role in keeping the county s public schools closed for such an extended time period. This aspect of the litigation and its effect on extending the time period the county was able to operate no public schools has not been previously noted.
This survey of the legal defense of the Prince Edward school closures shows that the defense was more versatile than has previously been believed. The American system of federalism and the duel court system with state and federal courts were exploited in several ways to keep the county s public schools closed. In order to reopen the schools, new, and to some extent radical, interpretations of the Constitution had to be employed.Från 1959 till 1964 hölls de allmänna skolorna i Prince Edward County, en kommun i delstaten Virginia, stängda. Skolorna hade stängs för att undvika att vita och svarta elever skulle undervisas i samma skolor. Segregation av vita och svarta elever hade förklarats olagliga under den amerikanska grundlagen av högsta domstolen 1954 i rättsfallet Brown v. Board of Educacation. Kommunens skolor hölls stängda under fem år, tills högsta domstolen 1964 i rättsfallet Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County fann skolstängningarna olagliga under den amerikanska grundlagen. Denna pro gradu-avhandling behandlar den rättsprocess som uppstod som resultat av Prince Edward County:s beslut att stänga alla kommunens allmänna skolor för att undvika desegregation av de vita och svarta eleverna. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur kommunen försvarde sitt beslut att överge allmän utbildning i den långa rättsprocessen.
Källmaterialet består av domstolshandlingar där parterna presenterar sina argument. Dessa dokument finns att tillgå i samlingen the Papers of Allan G. Donn som är förvarad i Special Collections and University Archives, Patricia W. and J. Douglas Perry Library, vid Old Dominion University Libraries, i Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Utöver dessa domstolshandlingar granskas även de domstolsbeslut som fattades under rättsprocessen. Genom att kvalitativt granska detta källmaterial kan rättsprocessen rekonstrueras och analyseras.
Relativt lite tidigare forskning har gjorts om stängningen av skolor in Prince Edward County. Av den forskning som har gjorts saknas en detaljrik och analytisk genomgång av rättsprocessen. Den tidigare forskningen har istället koncentrerat sig på hur förespråkare och motståndare till beslutet att stänga de allmänna skolorna agerade politisk, i den offentliga diskursen, samt som på gräsrotsnivån. Denna avhandling kommer således att behandla en hittills relativt outforskat aspekt av Prince Edward kommunens övergivande av allmän utbildning.
Förutom att belysa en hittills okänd del av historien om Prince Edward County, bidrar även denna avhandling med nya tolkningar om kommunens försvar av skolstängningarna. Tidigare forskning har beskrivit försvaret som effektivt på grund av att den amerikanska grundlagen inte tryggar en rätt till allmän utbildning. Även om hösta domstolen hade tolkat författningen som att förbjuda delstaterna från att segregera elever på grund av etniskt ursprung, så var allmän utbildning en fråga inom delstaternas befogenhet. Denna avhandling bestyrker detta synsätt. Kommunens försvar av skolstängningarna är väl förankrat i en traditionell förståelse av amerikans federalism. De parter och domstolar som mottsatte sig skolstängningarna var tvungna att tillämpa nya och innovativa argument som inte kunde bestyrkas med prejudikat. Prince Edward County, å andra sidan, kunde lätt finna tidigare domstolsbeslut som bekräftade deras argument.
Denna avhandling påvisar även att kommunens försvar av skolstängningarna var mera dynamiskt än tidigare trott. Förutom att förlita sig på ett traditionellt synsätt på amerikans federalism och tolkningar av grundlagen, så utnyttjade även kommunen processrättsliga argument. Syftet med dessa argument var att fördröja processen. I denna studie av Prince Edward County rättsprocessen framläggs bevis för att de processrättsliga argumenten var avgörande för att hålla kommunens skolor stängda för en förlängd period. Prince Edward County lyckades utnyttja det regelverk som föreskriver hur rättsfall skall behandlas när såväl frågor under en delstats lagar som under federala lagar är relevanta för ett fall. Denna aspekt av rättsprocessen, och dess inverkan på att förlänga kommunens övergivande av allmän utbildning, har tidigare inte noterats.
Denna granskning av försvaret av Prince Edward County kommunens beslut att överge allmän utbildning var mera månsidigt än tidigare trott. Det amerikanska systemet av federalism kunde utnyttjas på flera sett för att hålla kommunens skolor stängda. För att öppna skolorna krävdes nya och i viss mån radiala argument om hur den amerikanska grundlagen skulle tolkas
SPECTROSCOPY OF AND MOLECULES IN NEON AND ARGON MATRICES
No full textB. Kleman, Astrophys, J. 125, 162 (1956). L. Gausset, G. Herzberg, A. Lagerquist and B. Rosen, Faraday Society (in press)Author Institution: Union Carbide Research Institute“The spectrum of the molecule trapped in neon and argon matrices at and has been studied in absorption in the infrared and near-ultravoilet regions and in fluorescence in the visible region. Many features of the well-known cometary emission spectrum beginning at 4050\AA and strikingly reproduced in the neon absorption spectrum. substitution has also been used to prove that is isolated is isolated under the extreme conditions prevailing during the preparation of the matrices. Analysis of the near-ultraviolet bands yields the excited-state frequencies: . Fluorescence and infrared measurements give the ground-state frequencies: . Our ultraviolet spectra are in accord with the low bending frequency, , recently proposed by Gausset, Herzberg, Lagerquist, and Other complexities in the spectrum indicate that the observed transition may be - rather than the expected . A similar study has been made of the molecule which has been observed in stellar spectra and produced in the laboratory by . The matrices have been prepared by trapping the vapour effused from hot silicon carbide. The absorption spectrum in a neon matrix begins at 4963{\AA} (as compared to 4977{\AA} in the gas) and contains some weak bands not observed by Kleman. The matrix may also exhibit the spectra of the , and molecules, depending upon the conditions of vaporization.
Detailed Study of Quark-Hadron Duality in Spin Structure Functions of the Proton and Neutron
No full textIn this paper, we present for the first time comprehensive and detailed
results on the correspondence between the extrapolated deep inelastic structure
function of both the proton and the neutron with the same quantity
measured in the nucleon resonance region. We use a QCD parameterization of the
world data on DIS spin structure functions, extrapolated into the nucleon
resonance region and averaged over various intervals in the scaling variable
. We compare the results with the large data set collected in the
quark-hadron transition region by the CLAS collaboration, averaged over the
same intervals. We present this comparison as a function of the momentum
transfer . We find that, depending on the averaging interval and the
minimum momentum transfer chosen, a clear transition to quark-hadron duality
can be observed in both nucleon species. Furthermore, we show, for the first
time, the scaling behavior of measured in the resonance region at
sufficiently high momentum transfer. Our results can be used to quantify the
deviations from the applicability of pQCD for data taken at moderate energies,
and help with extraction of quark distribution functions from such data.Comment: Final version accepted by Phys. Rev. C. Published April 6,2023 (see
journal reference below). Copyright 2023 American Physical Societ
Automated Prediction of Extreme Fire Weather from Synoptic Patterns in Northern Alberta, Canada.
No full textWildfires burn an average of 2 million hectares per year in Canada, most of which can be attributed to only a few days of severe fire weather. These “spread days” are often associated with large-scale weather systems. We used extreme threshold values of three Canadian Fire Weather Index System (CFWIS) variables – the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI), and Fire Weather Index (FWI) – as a proxy for spread days. Then we used self-organizing maps (SOMs) to predict spread days, with sea-level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height as predictors. SOMs require many input parameters, and we performed an experiment to optimize six key parameters. For each month of the fire season (May – August), we also tested whether SOMs perform better when trained with only one month or with neighbouring months as well. Good performance (AUC of 0.8) was achieved for FFMC and ISI, while nearly good performance was achieved for FWI. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a machine-learning model for extreme fire weather that could be deployed in real-time.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
Funktionsentreprenad Brounderhåll [Elektronisk resurs] : en pilotstudie i Uppsala län
No full textBefore 1992 the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) carried out all bridge maintenance and minor repair for all bridges in Sweden by themselves. The bridge maintenance crew in a county consisted typically of 3-6 workers and a bridge-engineer. SRA and some contractors suggest that it could be a good idea for SRA to procure bridge maintenance in one or two counties for a long-time, e. g., seven to ten years. The bridge maintenance crew could be a model for this. The aim of the research project is to present an updated model for procurement of bridge maintenance based on functional requirements. The base for this updated model will be the findings and conclusions that could be drawn from a real project – a case study. The research project shall continuously follow-up the performed maintenance and document how the contractor is planning and performing the work. The research will specially focus on measurable verifying methods for the performed maintenance. The results from the research project will be evaluated and compared with standard maintenance methods and the results will hopefully be used to update current regulations. The hope is also that the contractor will develop new and effective maintenance methods with the larger freedom a functional contract enables. At the end the final goal is to reduce the cost for the society for bridge maintenance in the future. The basic idea behind performance contract is that the client makes measurable functional demands with regard to the finished product, instead of presenting technical solutions. As an example the client could demand a certain friction and smoothness for the road surface. These functional demands should be formulated so that they have a direct relevance for the safety and flow of traffic. It is important that these functional requirements are divided into a target level and an absolutely lowest possible level (acute level). A contractor should maintain the target level both as an average functional level during the contract period and when the contract is completed. For the acute level there should be stipulated a maximum allowable time before corrective action needs to be taken. The methods that have been used in the research project are interviews, meetings, literature studies, reports, follow-up, statistics, participating in seminars, the authors own inspections, annual reports and so on. Since the author didn’t find anything published about bridge management on performance contract, to the author’s best knowledge, the literature studies have been concentrated on nearby topics, e. g., highways on performance contract and bridge maintenance in general et cetera. The research project has so far consisted mostly of a pilot study. From the beginning the idea behind the project was: • To procure bridge maintenance for the small and mid-sized bridges, • in one or two counties, • for a longer time, e. g., seven to ten years. • The value of a maintenance contract could be in the range of about 100 MSEK for the whole time. Since this is the first project of its kind in Sweden the owner (SRA) did not dare to let this pilot project be too voluminous. What will be tested and followed by this research project is to use contracting for maintenance based on functional requirements for all 400 bridges in Uppsala County in Sweden and for a period of three years and with an option for three more years. Uppsala County is situated some 20 km to 200 km north of Stockholm. To summarise the actual contract: • A contractor should perform bridge maintenance for all 400 bridges in Uppsala County. • The contract was three years (1 Sept. 2004 – 31 Aug. 2007) with an option for three more years (1 Sept. 2007 – 31 Aug. 2010). • The bridges were deemed to be in satisfactory condition if the contractor verified that they met the functional requirements in SRA’s regulations once a year. • Repair of 25 bridges during the contract’s first three years. • If the option for three more years will be used, then there will be some additional bridge repairs. • The contractor was expected to contribute in the research project. There were six contractors that requested the tender documents, but only three of them submitted an offer to SRA, see table below. Contractor Submitted offer Vägverket Produktion 20 387 943 SEK DAB-Domiflex AB 23 728 040 SEK NCC Construction 28 620 000 SEK (Advance 2 000 000 SEK) All of the three contractors deemed to have met the standards of a contractor set by SRA. Vägverket Produktion (VP) was the lowest bidder and therefore it was contracted by SRA for this project. Interviews were carried out with all six contractors that had requested tender documents. All of them thought that a multiyear bridge maintenance contract was an interesting idea. Large companies tend to want large contracts and small companies tend to settle for smaller contracts. All of the contractors thought that it was easy to calculate the 25 bridge repairs compared to bridge maintenance on functional demands. According to the contract VP should repair 25 bridges during a three year period. VP divided these repairs in three equal parts: nine bridges 2005, eight bridges 2006 and eight bridges 2007. The functional requirements for the bridges should be verified once a year according to the contract. Both representatives for SRA and VP carried out bridge inspections during the first year and it was noted that the representatives had a different view on some of the discovered defects on the bridges. The representatives had a different view mainly on the bridges’ structural members’ slope and embankment end, edge beam and surfacing. It is important to specify how to measure and interpret the results from inspections regarding defects in functional requirements. Defects in functional requirements should be divided into acute defects and non-acute defects. Acute defects needs to be more precisely defined but could be surfacing against bridge, settling in slope and embankment end and flushing. These defects should be rectified as soon as possible. Non-acute defects could be rectified when there is enough work for the contractor to carry out but not later then October 31st every year. The research project will continue to follow-up and evaluate the first three years of the pilot study. The research project will also follow-up and evaluate if the option for extending the contract three more years will be used. According to the contract, if the option will be used, there need to be a meeting between the client and the contractor not later than 31 Aug. 2006 and a settlement need to be reached not later than 30 Sep. 2006. It is of interest to study the possibility to use, in future tender documents, the indicator Lack of Capital Value and/or the average permissible level of defects in functional requirements for the bridge stock. Further research should also be focused on how defects on different members of the bridge evolve and the cost associated to rectify them. It is of interest to know how many defects that are evolved during a normal year for the 400 bridges in the study. If one knew the number of defects one can estimate the costs to rectify these. The estimated cost can then be included as information for the potential contractor in future tender documents. So far SRA’s representatives are satisfied with the project and with the good relationship that evolved between SRA and the contractor. SRA is also satisfied with the increased focus on the bridge functional requirements. If this project will continue to show good results then SRA will consider procure bridge maintenance on similar contracts for more counties.</p
Operation of a longitudinally polarized solid nuclear target of CLAS12
No full textA suite of experiments measuring spin observables in electron-nucleon scattering (dubbed Run Group C) was recently executed in Jefferson Lab. These experiments involved the scattering of a polarized 11 GeV electron beam from longitudinally polarized nucleon targets located within the CLAS12 spectrometer in Hall B. The dynamically polarized target used in these experiments was designed and constructed exclusively for operation inside CLAS12 and further optimized for the requirements of Run Group C. We report on the complete target setup, operational experience with the target, the benchmarks achieved using various polarizable and unpolarized materials as well as the preliminary target polarization analysis
A tissue-selective estrogen complex as treatment of osteoporosis in experimental lupus
No full textOsteoporosis is a common secondary complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Current osteoporosis treatment with bisphosphonates has some negative side effects and there is a lack of data regarding newer treatments options for SLE associated osteoporosis. The tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) containing conjugated estrogens and the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene (Bza) is approved for treatment of postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis. However, it has not been evaluated for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal SLE patients. Ovariectomized MRL/lpr mice constitute a model for postmenopausal lupus that can be used for osteoporosis studies. We used this model in a set of experiments where the mice were treated with different doses of 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2), Bza, or TSEC (E2 plus Bza), administered in the early or late phases of disease development. The skeleton was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and high-resolution microcomputed tomography. The lupus disease was assessed by determination of proteinuria, hematuria, and lupus disease markers in serum. Treatment with medium dose TSEC administered in early disease protected ovariectomized MRL/lpr mice from trabecular bone loss, while there were no differences in lupus disease parameters between treatments. This is the first experimental study to investigate TSEC as a potential new therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal SLE. © The Author(s) 2022
Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals : modeling and measurement
No full textThis work was supported by NOPP with NSF funds through ONR Grant N00014-11-1-0113. MJ was supported by NOPP and the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions.Bio-logging tags are widely used to study the behavior and movements of marine mammals with the tacit assumption of little impact to the animal. However, tags on fast-swimming animals generate substantial hydrodynamic forces potentially affecting behavior and energetics adversely, or promoting early removal of the tag. In this work, hydrodynamic loading of three novel tag housing designs are compared over a range of swimming speeds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results from CFD simulation were verified using tag models in a water flume with close agreement. Drag forces were reduced by minimizing geometric disruptions to the flow around the housing, while lift forces were reduced by minimizing the frontal cross-sectional area of the housing and holding the tag close to the attachment surface. Hydrodynamic tag design resulted in an experimentally measured 60% drag force reduction in 5.6 m/s flow. For all housing designs, off-axis flow increased the magnitude of the force on the tag. Experimental work with a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) cadaver indicates that the suction cups used to attach the types of tags described here provide sufficient attachment force to resist failure to predicted forces at swimming speeds of up to 10 m/s.Peer reviewe
First Use of a Longitudinally Polarized Target with CLAS12
No full textRun Group C comprises eight experiments utilizing the CLAS12 detector system in Hall B at Jefferson Lab to study the multidimensional partonic structure of nucleons. The experiments scatter electrons from polarized protons and neutrons in samples of solid NH3 and ND3, dynamically polarized at a temperature of 1 K in a 5 T magnetic field. After a brief description of the target system, the current status of the target and preliminary results of its performance in the experiment are presented
Eccentric calf muscle exercise produces a greater acute reduction in Achilles tendon thickness than concentric exercise
No full textObjective: To investigate the acute effects of isolated eccentric and concentric calf muscle exercise on Achilles tendon sagittal thickness. Design: Within-subject, counterbalanced, mixed design. Setting: Institutional. Participants: 11 healthy, recreationally active male adults. Interventions: Participants performed an exercise protocol, which involved isolated eccentric loading of the Achilles tendon of a single limb and isolated concentric loading of the contralateral, both with the addition of 20% bodyweight. Main outcome measurements: Sagittal sonograms were acquired prior to, immediately following and 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after exercise. Tendon thickness was measured 2 cm proximal to the superior aspect of the calcaneus. Results: Both loading conditions resulted in an immediate decrease in normalised Achilles tendon thickness. Eccentric loading induced a significantly greater decrease than concentric loading despite a similar impulse (−0.21 vs −0.05, p<0.05). Post-exercise, eccentrically loaded tendons recovered exponentially, with a recovery time constant of 2.5 h. The same exponential function did not adequately model changes in tendon thickness resulting from concentric loading. Even so, recovery pathways subsequent to the 3 h time point were comparable. Regardless of the exercise protocol, full tendon thickness recovery was not observed until 24 h. Conclusions: Eccentric loading invokes a greater reduction in Achilles tendon thickness immediately after exercise but appears to recover fully in a similar time frame to concentric loading
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