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    Ancient and modern paper characterization by FTIR and Micro-Raman spectroscopy

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    Archive and library materials are an important part of our national cultural heritage. In order to identify appropriate methods for the  conservation and restoration of such materials, it is important to establish the current physical-chemical state of the artifact and how it can be influenced by the chemical reactions it meets with. The degree of crystallinity and orientation of the paper fibers has a significant influence on its mechanical properties. Many chemical and physical reactions can increase amorphous areas and susceptibility to biological attack, thus making the paper more brittle.Spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools for the characterization of paper materials and for the identification of degradation products. This paper describes the application of FTIR and Micro-Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of cellulosic materials

    “Inibitori organici della cristallizzazione salina nei materiali lapidei porosi. 4"

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    The inhibition effects of citric and phosphocitric acids on the crystallization of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride in the porous calcarenites of Noto and Palazzolo (Siracusa) were studied. These stones were quarried in the area of the Iblean Mountains, bordering the south-eastern side of Sicily. The effectiveness of these inhibitors was evaluated by measurements of the saline solution capillary flow through the porous stones specimens. Both acids proved to be ineffective toward Palazzolo stone while phosphocitric acid showed to be effective inhibitor on sodium sulphate crystal growth in Noto stone. However, it is noteworthy that in some cases the effectiveness depends on the application mode of the inhibitor. No effect was observed on sodium chloride crystal growth. The comparison of these results with those obtained in our previous works highlights the effectiveness of such inhibitor-based methodology on a variety of porous materials (e.g. brick, tuff and Noto stone). Moreover, the results are interesting in view of the practical applications for the conservation of Cultural Heritage

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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