1,720,965 research outputs found
Corticosteroids Inhibit Il-12 Production In Human Monocytes And Enhance Their Capacity To Induce Il-4 Synthesis In Cd4+ Lymphocytes
No full textWe examined the effects of corticosteroids on IL-12 production by human monocytes and on cytokine synthesis in T cells. To distinguish the effects of corticosteroids on the APC used to activate the T cell from direct effects of corticosteroids on the T cell, experiments were performed by exposing the APC and not the T cell to corticosteroids. We found that corticosteroids significantly inhibited the production in monocytes of IL-12, a cytokine that is extremely potent in enhancing IFN-γ and inhibiting IL-4 synthesis in T cells. We demonstrated that reduced production of IL-12 in corticosteroid-treated monocytes resulted in a decreased capacity of the monocytes to induce IFN-γ and an increased ability to induce IL-4 in T cells. These results suggest that although corticosteroids may be beneficial for the treatment of asthma or allergic disease due to direct inhibitory effects of corticosteroids on cytokine synthesis in T cells, chronic corticosteroid therapy may indirectly exacerbate the long-term course of allergic disease. This deleterious effect of corticosteroids would result from a limitation in IL-12 production in tissue monocytes and macrophages, which would enhance production of Th2 cytokines (which augment allergic disease), and would reduce production of Th1 cytokines (which attenuate allergic disease) in T cells that subsequently infiltrate the tissues.1581255895595Goulding, N.J., Guyre, P.M., Glucocorticoids, lipocortins and the immune response (1993) Curr. Opin. Immunol., 5, p. 108Gillis, S., Crabtree, G.R., Smith, K.A., Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of T cell growth factor production. I. The effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (1979) J. Immunol., 123, p. 1624Arya, S.K., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R.C., Dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of human T cell growth factor and γ-interferon messenger RNA (1984) J. Immunol., 133, p. 273Schleimer, R.P., Bochner, B.S., The effects of glucocorticoids on human eosinophils (1994) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 94, p. 1202(1992) International Consensus Report on Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, , U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, DCRobinson, D.S., Hamid, Q., Ying, S., Tsicopoulos, A., Barkans, J., Bentley, A.M., Corrigan, C., Kay, A.B., Predominant Th2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma (1992) N. Engl. J. Med., 326, p. 298Busse, W.W., Coffman, R.L., Gelfand, E.W., Kay, A.B., Rosenwasser, L.J., Mechanisms of persistent airway inflammation in asthma: A role for T cells and T-cell products (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 152, p. 388Umetsu, D.T., Bocian, R.C., DeKruyff, R.H., Restricted lymphokine synthesis in CD4+ helper T cells: New insights into the regulation of IgE synthesis and into the pathogenesis of allergic disease (1992) Pediatr. Asthma Allergy Immunol., 6, p. 1Romagnani, S., Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states (1994) Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, p. 227Bousquet, J., Chanez, P., Lacoste, J.Y., Barneon, G., Ghavanian, N., Enander, I., Venge, P., Godard, P., Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma (1990) N. Engl. J. Med., 323, p. 1033Gundel, R.H., Letts, L.G., Gleich, G.J., Human eosinophil major basic-protein induces airway constriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in primates (1991) J. Clin. Invest., 87, p. 1470Scheinman, R.I., Cogswell, P.C., Lofquist, A.K., Baldwin Jr., A.S., Role of transcriptional activation of IκB alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids (1995) Science, 270, p. 283Auphan, N., Didonato, J.A., Rosette, C., Helmberg, A., Karin, M., Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis (1995) Science, 270, p. 286Barnes, P.J., Molecular mechanisms of steroid action in asthma (1996) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 97, p. 159Wu, C.Y., Fargeas, C., Nakajima, T., Delespesse, G., Glucocorticoids supress the production of interleukin 4 by human lymphocytes (1991) Eur. J. Immunol., 21, p. 2645Leung, D.Y., Martin, R.J., Szefler, S.J., Sher, E.R., Ying, S., Kay, A.B., Hamid, Q., Dysregulation of interleukin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon γ gene expression in steroid-resistant asthma (1995) J. Exp. Med., 181, p. 33Ramirez, F., Fowell, D.J., Puklavec, M., Simmonds, S., Mason, D., Glucocorticoids promote a Th2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro (1996) J. Immunol., 156, p. 2406Daynes, R.A., Araneo, B.A., Contrasting effects of glucocorticoids on the capacity of T cells to produce the growth factors interleukin 2 and interleukin 4 (1989) Eur. J. Immunol., 19, p. 2319Zieg, G., Lack, G., Harbeck, R.J., Gelfand, E.W., Leung, D.Y., In vivo effects of glucocorticoids on IgE production (1994) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 94, p. 222Trinchieri, G., InterIeukin-12: A proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity (1995) Annu. Rev. Immunol., 13, p. 251Marshall, J.D., Secrist, H., DeKruyff, R.H., Wolf, S.F., Umetsu, D.T., IL-12 inhibits the production of IL-4 and IL-10 in allergen-specific human CD4+ T lymphocytes (1995) J. Immunol., 155, p. 111Secrist, H., DeKruyff, R.H., Umetsu, D.T., Interleukin 4 production by CD4+ cells from allergic individuals is modulated by allergen concentration and antigen-presenting cell type (1995) J. Exp. Med., 181, p. 1081Marshall, J., Wen, Y., Abrams, J.S., Umetsu, D.T., In vitro synthesis of IL-4 by human CD4+ T cells requires repeated antigenic stimulation (1993) Cell. Immunol., 152, p. 18Li, Y., Ito, N., Suzuki, T., Stechschulte, D.J., Dileepan, K.N., Dexamethasone inhibits nitric oxide-mediated cytotoxicity via effects on both macrophages and target cells (1995) Immunopharmacology, 30, p. 177Constant, S., Pfeiffer, C., Woodard, A., Pasqualini, T., Bottomly, K., Extent of T cell receptor ligation can determine the functional differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells (1995) J. Exp. Med., 182, p. 1591Viola, A., Lanzavecchia, A., T cell activation determined by T cell receptor number and tunable thresholds (1996) Science, 273, p. 104Snijdewint, F.G., Kapsenberg, M.L., Wauben-Penris, P.J., Bos, J.D., Corticosteroids class-dependently inhibit in vitro Th1- And Th2-type cytokine production (1995) Immunopharmacology, 29, p. 93Masuyama, K., Jacobson, M.R., Rak, S., Meng, Q., Sudderick, R.M., Kay, A., Lowhagen, O., Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for inlerleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis (1994) Immunology, 82, p. 192Culpepper, J.A., Lee, F., Regulation of IL-3 expression by glucocorticoids in cloned murine T lymphocytes (1985) J. Immunol., 135, p. 3191Beutler, B., Krochin, N., Milsark, I.W., Luedke, C., Cerami, A., Control of cachectin synthesis: Mechanisms of endotoxin resistance (1986) Science, 232, p. 977Truss, M., Beato, M., Steroid hormone receptors: Interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors (1993) Endocrinol. Rev., 14, p. 459Yang-Yen, H.F., Chambard, J.C., Sun, Y.S., Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: Mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction (1990) Cell, 62, p. 1205Adcock, I.M., Brown, C.R., Gelder, C.M., Shirasaki, H., Peters, M.J., Barnes, P.J., The effects of glucocorticoids on transcription factor activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1995) Am. J. Physiol., 37, pp. C331Ray, A., Prefontaine, K.E., Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-κB and the glucocorticoid receptor (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, p. 752Scheinman, R.I., Cogswell, P.C., Lofquist, A.K., Baldwin Jr., A.S., Role of transcriptional activation of IκBα in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids (1995) Science, 270, p. 283Auphan, N., DiDonato, J.A., Rosette, C., Helmberg, A., Karin, M., Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis (1995) Science, 270, p. 286Zembowicz, A., Vane, J.R., Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in a macrophage-monocyte cell line (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, p. 2051Breuninger, L.M., Dempsey, W.L., Uhl, J., Murasko, D.M., Hydrocortisone regulation of interleukin-6 protein production by a purified population of human peripheral blood monocytes (1993) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 69, p. 205Heidenreich, S., Kubis, T., Schmidt, M., Fegeler, W., Glucocorticoid-induced alterations of monocyte defense mechanisms against Candida albicans (1994) Cell. Immunol., 157, p. 320Murphy, T.L., Cleveland, M.G., Kulesza, P., Magram, J., Murphy, K.M., Regulation of interleukin 12 p40 expression through an NF-κB half-site (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, p. 5258Manetti, R., Gerosa, F., Giudizi, M.G., Biagiotti, R., Parronchi, P., Piccinni, M., Sampognaro, S., Trinchieri, G., Interleukin 12 induces stable priming for interferon γ (IFN-γ) production during differentiation of human T helper (Th) cells and transient IFN-γ production in established Th2 cell clones (1994) J. Exp. Med., 179, p. 1273DeKruyff, R.H., Fang, Y., Wolf, S.F., Umetsu, D.T., IL-12 inhibits IL-4 synthesis in keyhole limpet hemocyanin-primed CD4+ T cells through an effect on antigen-presenting cells (1995) J. Immunol., 154, p. 2578Murphy, E., Shibuya, K., Hosken, N., Openshaw, P., Maino, V., Davis, K., Murphy, K., O'Garra, A., Reversibility of T helper 1 and 2 populations is lost after long-term stimulation (1996) J. Exp. Med., 183, p. 901Jeannin, P., Delneste, Y., Seveso, M., Life, P., Bonnefoy, J.Y., IL-12 synergizes with IL-2 and other stimuli in inducing IL-10 production by human T cells (1996) J. Immunol., 156, p. 3159Windhagen, A., Anderson, D.E., Carrizosa, A., Williams, R.E., Hafler, D.A., IL-12 induces human T cells secreting IL-10 with IFN-γ (1996) J. Immunol., 157, p. 1127Magram, J., Connaughton, S.E., Warrier, R.R., Carvajal, D.M., Wu, C.Y., Ferrante, J., Stewart, C., Gately, M.K., IL-12-deficient mice are defective in IFN-γ production and type 1 cytokine responses (1996) Immunity, 4, p. 471Snyder, D.S., Unanue, E.R., Corticosteroids inhibit murine macrophage Ia expression and interleukin 1 production (1982) J. Immunol., 129, p. 1803Moser, M., De Smedt, T., Somasse, T., Tielemans, F., Chentoun, A.A., Muraille, E., Van Mechelen, M., Leo, O., Glucocorticoids down-regulate dendritic cell function in vitro and in vivo (1995) Eur. J. Immunol., 25, p. 281
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
