106 research outputs found
Saftrike slyngelalderskikkelser
No full textSkjønnlitteraturens ungdommer er saftrike slyngelalderskikkelser. Slyngelalderen er en rampete, utforskende og uforutsigbar livsfase. Den skjønnlitterære ungdommen er, som ungdom ellers, i en prosess der de både skal finne ut av seg selv og kaste seg ut i verden. Selv om dette gjør skjønnlitterær ungdom saft- og næringsrik for den litterære fortolkeren, har de sjeldent fanget litteraturforskerens interesse. Den ellers så omsvermede ungdommen har rett og slett vært oversett som litterært tema og motiv. I denne boken retter vi derfor blikket mot ungdom i skjønnlitteraturen.
Hvilken plass og funksjon har ungdom i litteraturen? Artiklene i antologien viser at enkelte bruker litteraturen for å vise ungdom hva de bør være, mens andre er opptatt av å utvide forståelsen av ungdom gjennom skildringer av hva ungdom er. Artiklene belyser skjønnlitterær ungdom fra 1700-tallet fram til vår tid, og de tydeliggjør samlet sett at saftrik ungdom florerer i litteraturen, også der man trodde de kanskje ikke fantes. Ungdom bør følgelig betraktes som et sentralt og kraftfullt litterært motiv.
Artiklene i antologien dekker et bredt spekter: Her undersøkes både kjente og ukjente og eldre så vel som nyere tekster. Nedslagene er hovedsakelig i skandinavisk litteratur, men linjene trekkes også mot Europa.
Boken retter seg mot studenter, undervisere og forskere i lærerutdanningene og i litteraturvitenskap og mot alle andre som har interesse for skjønnlitteratur og ungdom
Application of 5-6 year old children's movement games and games in improving cooperation skills
No full textDarba autors : Aija Anča Darba vadītājs: Inga Stangaine Pētnieciskā darba tēma: 5 – 6 gadīgo bērnu kustību rotaļu un spēļu pielietojums sadarbības prasmes pilnveidošanā. Pētījuma mērķis: teorētiski noskaidrot un praktiski pārbaudīt, kā caur rotaļām bērniem veidojas savstarpējās sadarbības prasmes. Kvalifikācijas darbs sastāv no divām nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā ir teorētiskā daļa, kur tiek skaidrots, kas ir kustību rotaļa, vai caur rotaļām var sekmēt bērna sadarbības prasmes un aprakstītas 5-6 gadīgo bērnu attīstības likumsakarības. Otrajā nodaļā tiek aprakstīti un analizēti novērojumi, kā caur kustību rotaļām bērni veido savstarpējās sadarbības prasmes. Tiek organizēts pedagoģiskais process, kurā bērniem tiek veicināta prasme sadarboties, vienoties par iespējamām kopīgām darbībām, uzklausīt citam citu. Darba nobeigumā ir apkopoti secinājumi par bērnu darbību, kā arī izstrādāti priekšlikumi bērnu sadarbības prasmes turpmākai veiksmīgai attīstībai. Kvalifikācijas darbā analizētas šādas grāmatas : D. Augstkalne, Antiņa I., Batiņa V. Baha V., Brice B., Dzintere D., Stangaine I., Džeja R, Gulbe D., Sīle S., Volkova L., Gudjons H., Jurgena I., Randoha A., Špona A., Students J., A, Svence G., Ļesņičija R., Piažē Ž., Karlovska R,. Zinātniskās literatūras avoti : Konstantinova I., Miesniece A., Robert Myers., Penny D, Mike Bundrant Darbā iekļautas 2 tabulas, 4 attēli un 8 pielikumi. Atslēgas vārdi: rotaļa, kustību rotaļa, spēles, sadarbība, sadarbības prasmes, fiziskās aktivitātes.Author of the work: Aija Anča Supervisor: Inga Stangaine Research topic: application of 5-6 year old children's movement games and games in improving cooperation skills. The aim of the research: to find out theoretically and to test practically how children develop mutual cooperation skills through games. The qualification paper consists of two sections. The first chapter has a theoretical part, which explains what a movement play is, whether through play can promote a child's cooperation skills, as well as it describes the regularities of 5-6 year old children's development. The second chapter describes and analyzes the observations of how children develop interpersonal skills through movement games. A pedagogical process is organized, during which children’s abilty to cooperate, ability to negatiate and find solution to , listen to each other are promoted At the end of the work, conclusions about children's activities are summarized, as well as proposals for further successful development of children's cooperation skills are developed. The following books were analyzed in the qualification work: Augstkalne D., Antiņa I., Batiņa V., Baha V., Brice B., Dzintere D., Stangaine I., Jeja R, Gulbe D., Sīle S., Volkova L., Gudjons H. , Jurgena I., Randoha A., Špona A., Students J., A, Svence G., Ļesņičija R., Piaget Ž., Karlovska R, .author literature. The following sources of scientific literature were analyzed in the qualification work. Sources of scientific literature: Konstantinova I., Miesniece A., The work includes 2 tables, 4 figures and 8 appendices. Keywords: play, games, movement games, cooperation, cooperation skills, physical activities
Enhancing reading literacy among elderly preschool children in didactic games
No full textKvalifikācijas darba temats: Vecākā pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu lasītprasmes sekmēšana didaktiskajās spēlēs Darba autore: Inga Kursīte Darbs sastāv no: ievada, 2 nodaļām, priekšlikumiem, secinājumiem, literatūras saraksta, kā arī pielikumiem. Mērķis: Analizēt un pētīt didaktisko spēļu nozīmi lasītprasmes veicināšanai vecākā pirmsskolas vecuma bērniem. Teorētiskajā daļā tiek analizēts lasītprasmes jēdziens, pamatojoties uz vairāku pedagogu un psihologu atziņām: J. Līdaka, Z. Anspoka, A. Kauliņa, S. Tūbele, O. Ņesterovs, Ā. Ptičkina, N. Zaicevs, K. Ušinskis, N. Ratnieks, J. Zumbahs, H. Mandls. Tiek pievērta uzmanība vecākā pirmsskolas vecuma, 5-6 gadīgu bērnu vecumposma personības attīstībai, pētot nosacījumus, kas to ietekmē, ņemot vērā A. Golubevas, I. Puškareva, Ž. Piažē, G. Svences atziņas. Kā arī tiek raksturota rotaļa, tās nozīme bērna dzīvē, rotaļas iedalījums, didaktiskās spēles raksturojums un iedalījums un tās saistība ar lasītprasmi, atsaucoties uz V. Batņas, A. Vecgrāves, A. Šponas, I. Freibergas, D. Dzintares, D. Augstkalnes, D. Elkoņina, Ž. Piažē, H. Švarcmanes, O. Duna, D. Dodžes, D. Koraleka un P. Pizolongo atziņām. Empīriskajā daļā tika veikta praktiska izpēte, kā ar didaktisku spēļu palīdzību var sekmēt bērna lasītprasmes attīstību vecākajā pirmsskolas vecumā. Tika izvērtēts bērnu lasītprasmes attīstības līmenis no aprīļa līdz septembra mēnesim, attīstību sekmējot ar dažādu spēļu palīdzību, kā arī tika veikta analīze, salīdzinot rezultātus pētījuma sākumā un beigās. Empīriskā pētījuma rezultātā tika secināts, ka bērnu lasītprasmes attīstība tika sekmēta, jo bērniem tika piedāvātas dažādas vecumposmam atbilstošas didaktiskās spēles. Darba apjoms ir 56 lapaspuses, 6 pielikumi, 5 tabulas, 20 attēli. Darbā analizēts 31 literatūras avots, no kuriem 24 ir latviešu valodā, bet 7 svešvalodā.Name of the thesis: Enhancing reading literacy among elderly preschool children in didactic games Author of the thesis: Inga Kursīte The thesis consists: of introduction, two chapters, propositions, conclusion, references and appendix. The goal of the research: is to explore and analyse a meaning of didactic games for the reading literacy enhancement among elderly preschool children. The theoretical part: focuses on the definition of reading literacy based on the research of different educators and psychologists such as J. Līdaka, Z. Anspoka, A. Kauliņa, S. Tūbele, O. Ņesterovs, Ā. Ptičkina, N. Zaicevs, K. Ušinskis, N. Ratnieks, J. Zumbahs, H. Mandls. Furthermore, it investigates the factors of a personal enhancement of children age 5-6 based on the theories of A. Golubeva, I. Puškareva, Ž. Piažē, G. Svence. The first chapter also describes a definition of a game, its role in the child's life, play division, characterization and division of the didactic game and enhancement of the reading literacy based on the theories of V. Batņa, A. Vecgrāve, A. Špona, I. Freiberga, D. Dzintare, D. Augstkalne, D. Elkoņins, Ž. Piažē, H. Švarcmane, O. Dunns, D. Dodžes, D. Koraleks un P. Pizolongo. Practical part: a practical study was carried out how with didactic games can be promoted reading literacy enhancement among elderly preschool children. The development of children's reading literacy skills was assessed from April to September, promoting the development through various games, additionally an analysis was made, comparing the results at the beginning and the end of the study. Empirical research led to the conclusion that the enhancement of children's reading literacy was promoted, if children were offered a variety of different age-appropriate didactic games. The thesis contains: 56 pages, 6 appendices, 20 pictures, 5 tables, 31 references, 24 are in Latvian, but 7 are sources of literature in foreign languages
Development of Creativity During in Musical Activities for Pre-Schoolers Aged from 4 to 6 Years
No full textKvalifikācijas darba autore ir Inga Rūdolfa. Kvalifikācijas darba temats -‘’Radošuma veicināšana muzikālajās darbībās pirmsskolā 4-6 gadus veciem bērniem’’. Mērķis - teorētiski analizēt un praktiski pārbaudīt, kā muzikālās darbības veicina 4-6 gadus vecu bērnu radošuma attīstību. Darba teorētiskajā daļā ir apkopota literatūra par radošuma un radošo spēju attīstības problēmām. Tika analizēta literatūra par pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu psihiskās attīstības īpatnības pētāmās problēmas kontekstā, raksturotas muzikālas darbības pirmsskolā. Muzikālās darbības analizētas saistībā ar radošumu veicināšanu bērniem pirmsskolā. Tāpat tika apkopota literatūra par 4-6 gadīgo bērnu radošuma attīstības veicināšanu dziedāšanā, rotaļās un mūzikas klausīšanās procesā.. Empīrisko pētījumu darba autore veikusi Rīgas pirmsskolas izglītības iestādē “X”. Tika veikti bērnu radošo spēju izpausmju pedagoģiskais novērojums un analīze, veikts izmēģinājuma darbs un dota salīdzinoša analīze par bērnu radošuma attīstības izmaiņām muzikālajās darbībās (dziedāšana, rotaļas, mūzikas klausīšanas). Kvalifikācijas darba teorētiskais pētījums galvenokārt balstas uz L. Lasmanes, V. Hibneres, H. Vetlugina, A. Līduma, I Freiberga, R. Richarda, R. Sternberga un citu autoru darbiem. Pētījuma rezultātā tika pierādīts, ka 4-6 gadus vecu bērna radošuma veicināšanā, svarīgi ir ļaut viņam brīvi izpausties un darboties, kopā doties vērot lietas un parādības, piedalīties kopīgās rotaļās ar dziedāšanu un klausoties mūziku. Svarīgi piedāvāt bērniem dažādus radošus uzdevumus katra muzikālajā darbībā. Darba struktūra: anotācija, ievads, teorētiskā daļa, empīriskā daļa, secinājumi, pielikumi. Darba apjoms - 50 lpp, tajā ietvertas 2 tabulas, 4 attēlus, 6 pielikumus; izmantoto avotu skaits – 36. Atslēgas vārdi: radošuma veicināšana, muzikālās darbības, pirmsskolas vecuma, bērniThe Author of the Qualification Paper is Inga Rūdolfa. Subject of the Qualification Paper – “Development of Creativity During in Musical Activities for Pre-Schoolers Aged from 4 to 6 Years”. Goal – to theoretically analyse and to verify in practice, how musical activities contribute to the development of children’s creativity at the age of 4 to 6 years. The theoretical part of the Paper is a collection of literature on the development issues of creativity and creative abilities. Literature on the peculiarities of the mental development of pre-school children in the context of the studied problem is analysed, and the musical activities in the pre-schools are described. Musical activities are analysed in relation to the promotion of creativity in pre-school children. Also, literature on the development of creativity in children aged from 4 to 6 years in singing, playing and listening to music is summarized. The Author of the Paper has implemented the empirical research work at Riga pre-school educational institution “X”. Pedagogical observation and analysis of manifestations of children’s creative abilities has been executed, a trial work has been carried out and a comparative analysis on the changes in the development of children’s creativity in musical activities (singing, playing, listening to music) has been provided. The theoretical research of the Qualification Paper is mainly based on the works by L. Lasmane, V. Hibnere, H. Vetlugina, A. Līduma, I. Freiberga, R. Richards and other authors. As a result of the study it has been proven, that in promoting a 4 to 6 years old child’s creativity, it is important to allow him/her to express himself/herself and to act freely, to go together to observe things and phenomena, to participate in joint plays with singing and listening to music. It is important to offer children various creative tasks in each musical activity. Structure of the Paper: introduction, theoretical part, empirical part, conclusions, The volume of work - 50 pages, it includes 2 tables, 4 figures, 6 annexes; number of sources used - 36. Keywords: promotion of creativity, musical activities, children at pre-school ag
Promotion of social skills in children of medium pre-school age in games
No full textDarba nosaukums: Vidējā pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu sociālo prasmju sekmēšana rotaļās. Darba autors: Inga Seruka Darba zinātniskais vadītājs: Mg.paed. Zane Skribanovska Darba saturs: 51.lpp., 15 attēli, 4 tabulas, 2 pielikumi, analizēti 34 literatūras avoti. Pētījuma mērķis: teorētiski analizēt un praktiski pētīt vidējā pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu sociālo prasmju sekmēšanas iespējas rotaļās. Pētījuma teorētiskā daļa balstās uz D.Dzinteres (2003.,2007.,2012.) I.Pučures (2003.), I.Stangaines (2007., 2012.), H.Gudjona (1998.), R.Kaņepējas (2003., 2006., 2012.), V.Krinkules (2002.), I.Puškareva (1999., 2001.), A.Šponas (2006., 2015.), V.Zelmeņa (1991.), S.Aitkenas (2001.), G.Svences (1999.) atziņām. Teorētiskajā daļā analizēti aktuāli jautājumi par sociālajām prasmēm un socializācijas jēdzienu, par rotaļu nozīmi bērna sociālās sfēras attīstībā. Pētītas vidējā pirmsskolas vecumposma attīstības īpatnības un likumsakarības. Izvērtēta rotaļu izmantošanas pieredze un likumsakarības. Pētījuma praktiskajā daļā veikts pētījums par rotaļas ietekmi uz 4 – 5 gadus vecu bērnu sociālo prasmju attīstību. Veikta praktiskā pedagoģiskā darbība, izmantojot mērķtiecīgi izvēlētas rotaļas vidējā pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu sociālo prasmju sekmēšanai. Pamatojoties uz novērošanas rezultātiem, secināts, ka rotaļa sekmē sociālo prasmju pilnveidošanos. Rotaļa ir viens no visefektīgākajiem bērnu sociālo prasmju attīstīšanas līdzekļiem un tā sekmēs vidējā pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu sociālo prasmju attīstību, ja pedagogs mērķtiecīgi izvēlēsies rotaļas, ievērojot bērna attīstības likumsakarības, intereses un vajadzības, tiks veidota bagāta, pieejama, rotaļām atbilstoša rotaļu vide un bērni aktīvi iesaistīsies rotaļās. Pētījumā izvirzītā hipotēze tika pierādīta. Atslēgas vārdi: sociālās prasmes, socializācija, sadarbība, saskarsme, rotaļa, sociālā mijiedarbībaTheme of the thesis: Promotion of social skills in children of medium pre-school age in games. Author of the thesis: Inga Seruka Scientific advisor: Mg. paed. Zane Skribanovska Content of the thesis: 51 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables, 2 annexes; 34 sources of literature were analysed. Objective of the study: carry out theoretical analysis and practical study of possibilities to contribute to social skills in children of medium pre-school children in games. The theoretical part of the study is based on the conclusions drawn by D. Dzintere (2003, 2007, 2012), I. Pučure (2003), I. Stangaine (2007, 2012), H. Gudjons (1998), R. Kaņepēja (2003, 2006, 2012), V. Krinkule (2002), I. Puškarevs (1999, 2001), A. Špona (2006, 2015), V. Zelmenis (1991), S. Aitkena (2001), G. Svence (1999). In the theoretical part the author analyses the topical issues of social skills and the concept of socialisation, the role of games in the child's social sphere development. The peculiarities and regularities of the development of the medium pre-school age group were studied. The experience and regularities of using games were evaluated. In the practical part of the study, the author conducted a study on the effect of game on social skills development in children aged 4-5 years. Practical pedagogical activities were performed using purposefully selected games to contribute to social skills in children of medium pre-school age. Based on the observation results, it was concluded that games contribute to social skills development. The game is one of the most effective tools for developing children's social skills and it will contribute to social skills development in children of medium pre-school age, if the educator purposefully chooses games, taking into account the regularities, interests and needs of the child's development, thus creating a rich, accessible environment suitable for games where children will be actively involved in games. The research hypothesis was proven. Key words: social skills, socialisation, cooperation, communication, game, social interactio
Zachowania konsumentów na rynku muzycznym: pokolenie X i Y
Get PDFThe first half of 2016 was the most successful time in the 21st century on the Polish music market which value reached the level of almost PLN 110 million. The main aim of this paper is to describe differences in consumer behaviour of representatives of Polish Generations X and Y in music industry. Despite growing market, digitalization of everyday life as well as music industry and large number of researches on online music piracy – there is still lack of research and publications on Polish consumers in music industry. For the purpose of this article, the author decided to use dates that are the most adapted to Polish market – taking the year 1983 as the border for researched Generations.Pierwsza połowa 2016 roku była dotychczasowo okresem największych sukcesów rynku muzycznego w Polsce na przestrzeni XXI wieku, osiągając wartość rynku na poziomie niemalże 110 milionów złotych. Głównym celem tego artykułu jest opisanie różnic w zachowaniu konsumentów – przedstawiciela pokolenia X i Y – na rynku muzycznym. Pomimo rosnącego rynku, cyfryzacji zarówno codzienności jak i branży muzycznej oraz wielu publikacji na temat internetowego piractwa muzycznego – wciąż brakuje badań i publikacji na temat polskich konsumentów branży muzycznej. Na potrzeby tego artykułu autor zdecydował się przyjąć daty najbardziej przystosowane do polskiego rynku – przyjmując rok 1983 jako graniczny dla badanych generacji
The activity of the social pedagogue in the social rehabilitation system in the children’s home „Priedīte”.
No full textDarba saturs: 71 lpp., 26 bibliogrāfiskie nosaukumi, 15 attēli, 4 tabulas, 4 pielikumi.
Pētījuma mērķis: Pētīt un analizēt sociālās rehabilitācijas nepieciešamību un iespējas bērnu namā – patversmē ,,Priedīte” un modelēt sociālā pedagoga darbību kopējā sociālās rehabilitācijas procesā.
Pētījuma teorētiskā daļa balstās uz zinātnieku pētījumiem par sociālās rehabilitācijas nepieciešamību bērniem no nelabvēlīgām ģimenēm un bērnu namu – patversmju bērniem. Tika anlizēta sociālā pedagoga darbības nepieciešamība un darba problemātika sociālās rehabilitācijas sistēmā. Balstoties uz psihologu A. Vorobjova, L. Božovičas, V. Bespaļko u.c. autoru darbiem, tika apskatītas un analizētas bērnu un pusaudžu vecumposmu īpatnības, nelabvēlīgu ģimeņu bērnu un bērnu ar devianto uzvedību un hiperaktivitātes problēmām uzvedības īpatnības. Balstoties uz pedagogu T. Liepiņas, H. Gudjoma, J. Studenta, I.Podlasija, V. Bočarovas, A. Ļihanova, R. Ovčarovas u.c. pedagogu atziņām, tika noteiktas pedagoģiskās problēmas un sociālās integrācijas problēmas darba ar bērniem un pusaudžiem no nelabvēlīgām ģimenēm, kas atrodas ārpusģimenes aprūpes iestādēs. Tika analizēti LR normatīvie dokumenti – LR ,,Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likums” un ,,Sociālo paaklpojumu un sociālās palīdzības likums,” ,,Likums par sociālo drošību.”
Pētījuma praktiskajā daļā tika pētītas bērnu nama – patversmes ,,Priedīte” audzēkņu sociālās problēmas, likumdošana, arī spēles, kas palīdz hiperaktīvu un deviantas uzvedības bērnu adaptācijā un integrācijā sabiedrībā. Tika izmantotas sekojošās pētījuma metodes:
1. analīze,
2.mācību- audzināšanas procesu raksturojošās dokumentācijas analīze (grupu žurnāli, plāni u.t.t.),
3.novērojumi,
4.testēšana:
Pētījuma bāze bija Daugavpils bērnu nams – patversme ,,Priedīte.”The paper contains 78 pages, 26 bibliography sources, 13 figures, 2 tables, 2 appendices.
The aim of the research: to investigate and to analyse the necessity and possibility of social rehabilitation in the children’s home – social support centre “Priedīte” and to model the work of a social pedagogue in the general process of social rehabilitation.
The theoretical part of the research is based on scientific studies on the necessity of social rehabilitation for children from needy and unfavourable families and on children’s home – social support centre for children. The author of the research analyses the necessity of the work of the social pedagogue and work problems in the system of social rehabilitation. On basis of the works by A. Vorobjovs, L. Božoviča, V. Bespaļko and others the author examines and analyses the peculiarities of children’s and teenagers’ age, as well as the peculiarities of behaviour of the children from needy and unfavourable families and children with deviant behaviour and hyperactivity problems. Based on the pedagogical essays by such pedagogues as T. Liepiņš, H. Gudjoms, J. Students, I. Podlasijs, V. Bočarova, A. Ļihanovs, R. Ovčarova and others, the author determines pedagogical problems and problems of the social integration in the work with the children and teenagers from unfavourable families, who are in the social support centres. The author also analyses the statutory acts of the republic of Latvia – “Protection of the Rights of the Child Law”, “Law on Social Services and Social Support”, “Law on Social Protectio”.
In the practical part of the research the author investigates social problems of the inmates of Children’s Home “Priedīte”, as well as games which contribute to the adaptation and integration into society of the hyperactive children and children with deviant behaviour. The following methods were used to conduct the research:
1.analysis
2.analysis of the documents describing educational and pedagogical process (group journals, plans, etc.)
3.observation
4.tests
The base of the research is Daugavpils Children’s Home – Social Support Centre “Priedīte
Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height
Get PDFMost common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits(1), but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait(2,3). The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P<0.001). Second, the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant: in 13 of 21 loci containing a known skeletal growth gene, that gene was closest to the associated variant. Third, at least 19 loci have multiple independently associated variants, suggesting that allelic heterogeneity is a frequent feature of polygenic traits, that comprehensive explorations of already-discovered loci should discover additional variants and that an appreciable fraction of associated loci may have been identified. Fourth, associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes, being over-represented among variants that alter amino-acid structure of proteins and expression levels of nearby genes. Our data explain approximately 10% of the phenotypic variation in height, and we estimate that unidentified common variants of similar effect sizes would increase this figure to approximately 16% of phenotypic variation (approximately 20% of heritable variation). Although additional approaches are needed to dissect the genetic architecture of polygenic human traits fully, our findings indicate that GWA studies can identify large numbers of loci that implicate biologically relevant genes and pathways
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Mimosoid legume plastome evolution: IR expansion, tandem repeat expansions, and accelerated rate of evolution in clpP
Get PDFThe Leguminosae has emerged as a model for studying angiosperm plastome evolution because of its striking diversity of structural rearrangements and sequence variation. However, most of what is known about legume plastomes comes from few genera representing a subset of lineages in subfamily Papilionoideae. We investigate plastome evolution in subfamily Mimosoideae based on two newly sequenced plastomes (Inga and Leucaena) and two recently published plastomes (Acacia and Prosopis), and discuss the results in the context of other legume and rosid plastid genomes. Mimosoid plastomes have a typical angiosperm gene content and general organization as well as a generally slow rate of protein coding gene evolution, but they are the largest known among legumes. The increased length results from tandem repeat expansions and an unusual 13 kb IR-SSC boundary shift in Acacia and Inga. Mimosoid plastomes harbor additional interesting features, including loss of clpP intron1 in Inga, accelerated rates of evolution in clpP for Acacia and Inga, and dN/dS ratios consistent with neutral and positive selection for several genes. These new plastomes and results provide important resources for legume comparative genomics, plant breeding, and plastid genetic engineering, while shedding further light on the complexity of plastome evolution in legumes and angiosperms.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Nature Publishing Group. The published article can be found at: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep1695
Cálculo de tensiones en uniones soldadas de perfil asimétrico sometidas a flexión transversal
Get PDFShigley, one of the most prestigious authors of Design of Elements of Machines, who from the year 1964 until the date has published several textbooks [112-115], on having tackled the Topic of the Welded Unions, expresses: "One of the difficulties that it confronts the engineer in the design, on having worked with welded unions, is that one has not dedicated to this matter the same rigorous study as to other processes, materials and mechanical elements. It is not known why; but perhaps be because the geometric characteristics do not lend to an easy mathematical treatment. Certainly this means that there has interfered an additional element of suspense, which must be compensated by means of the use of safety factors of major magnitude in the design”. Of this Shigley exposition and since result of a deep analysis of the bibliography related to the calculation of the tensions in the welded unions can steady itself that the expressions of calculation of the tensions in the welded unions are capable to the improving. In Hernán's works [54-58] this type of Union is qualified like the Dogsbody of the Elements of Machines and he stands out as up to this moment, no author had tackled, for example, the calculation of the local tensions that appear in the apex of the gullet in the ends of the drawstring for the case of the unions to solape with seams of longitudinal filet, these points in which the proper authors admit that the tensions, given the phenomena of not uniform distribution of the tensions along the length of the drawstring and of the tension concentration in the thickness of the gullet, can become up to nine times or more average tensions; nevertheless there is used for 100 years a method based on the calculation of the average tensions on the section of the gullet, method is adapted for calculations of resistance of the drawstrings in conditions of static charges, but absolutely insufficiently to evaluate the resistance in conditions of cyclical charges.Shigley, uno de los más prestigiosos autores de Diseño de Elementos de Máquinas, el cual desde el año 1964 hasta la fecha ha publicado varios libros de texto [112-115], al abordar el Tema de las Uniones Soldadas expresa: “Una de las dificultades que afronta el ingeniero en el diseño al trabajar con uniones soldadas es que a esta materia no se le ha dedicado el mismo estudio riguroso que a otros procesos, materiales y elementos mecánicos. No se sabe por qué; pero quizás sea porque las características geométricas no se prestan a un fácil tratamiento matemático. Desde luego esto significa que se ha introducido un elemento adicional de incertidumbre, lo cual debe compensarse mediante el uso de factores de seguridad de mayor magnitud en el diseño”. De este planteamiento de Shigley y como resultado de un profundo análisis de la bibliografía relacionada con el cálculo de las tensiones en las uniones soldadas se puede afirmar que las expresiones de cálculo de las tensiones en las uniones soldadas son susceptibles al perfeccionamiento. En los trabajos de Hernán[54-58] se califica este tipo de Unión como la Cenicienta de los Elementos de Maquinas y se destaca como hasta ese momento, ningún autor había abordado, por ejemplo, el cálculo de las tensiones locales que aparecen en el vértice de la garganta en los extremos del cordón para el caso de las uniones a solape con costuras de filete longitudinal, puntos estos en los cuales los propios autores reconocen que las tensiones, dados los fenómenos de distribución no uniforme de las tensiones a lo largo de la longitud del cordón y de la concentración deJackson, Inga Maria-03cfb42a-1806-44cd-be7f-fa0461408512-
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