1,358,330 research outputs found
The Redistribution of Efficiency Gains: Transfers or Tariffs?
No full textThis paper is concerned with some theoretical issues in cooperative multilateral trade policy reform. The focus of the paper is on the structure of the policy reform problem, particularly as it applies to piecemeal policy reform, and on the similarity in roles that can be played by income transfers on the one hand and tariffs reforms on the other as redistributive policy instruments. More specifically, the paper is concerned with the mechanism by which efficiency gains arising out of trade policy reforms can be distributed amongst countries to achieve a strict Pareto improvement in welfare. Traditionally, trade theorists have assumed the existence of lump sum income transfers to distribute efficiency gains. Turunen-Red and Woodland (2000) have shown that income transfers accompanying quota reforms can be replaced by suitable multilateral tariff reforms to achieve the same welfare outcome. In the current paper, we generalize this idea to deal with discrete policy reforms. And, we develop several applications to enhance understanding of the connection between tariffs and transfers. If lump sum transfers are not available policy instruments, the achievement of a strict Pareto improvement must depend on changes in distortionary taxes, such as domestic taxes or tariffs on trade. Our results show that, under a mild condition on the world trade matrix, it does not matter whether lump sum transfers are available. Transfers can be replaced by a carefully chosen set of tariffs to achieve the same welfare outcome. This ability to replace transfers by tariffs is a result of the structure of the model of international trade: the terms of trade effects for a country and a lump sum transfers are equivalent, and there are sufficient tariff instruments to enable countries to neutralize the domestic price effects of terms of trade movements.
Alkutuotannon kannattavuus ja vaihtoehtoiset ruokintamenetelmät broilerintuotannossa
No full textvokMTT Taloustutkimu
Murtumien sekundaaripreventio lapsilla : riittääkö kalsium-, D-vitamiini- ja elämäntapaohjeistus murtumien ehkäisyyn toistuvasti murtumia saaneilla lapsilla?
No full textMurtumia on runsaasti lapsuusiässä. Vuoden 2005 murtumatutkimuksessa Helsingin lasten ja nuorten sairaalassa tarkasteltiin toistuvia tai epätyypillisiä murtumia saaneiden lasten luustonterveyttä. Nyt tehdyn seurantatutkimuksen tarkoituksena ja tavoitteena oli selvittää, onnistuttiinko murtumatutkimuksessa annetulla ohjeistuksella D-vitamiinin ja kalsiumin saannin sekä elämäntapojen suhteen katkaisemaan murtumien kierre ja miten luuston terveys kehittyi. Tutkimuskysymys: riittääkö kalsium-, D-vitamiini- ja liikuntaan kannustava elämäntapaohjeistus uusien murtumien ehkäisyyn toistuvia murtumia saaneilla lapsilla vai syntyikö uusia murtumia. Tutkimuksessa tarvittavat tiedot, mm. uudet murtumat, kehon D-vitamiinipitoisuus, luuston mineraalitiheyden kehitys ja seuranta-ajan pituus, haettiin lasten potilastiedoista ja analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin.
Tutkimuksessa oli 68 lasta. Murtumakierre katkesi suurella osalla. Kehon D-vitamiinipitoisuudessa ja luuston tiheydessä havaittiin tilastollisesti merkittävää muutosta. Ohjauksesta huolimatta D-vitamiinipitoisuudessa ja luuston tiheydessä havaittiin kliinisesti vain hienoista kohentumista, vaikka tilastollisesti muutos olikin merkittävä. Ensimmäisessä kontrollissa vielä 13 lapsen (19 %) S-D-25 pitoisuus oli alle suositellun 50nml/L. Yhteensä kolmetoista tutkittavaa oli saanut kaikkiaan 15 uutta murtumaa, kun tietoa kerättiin tätä tutkimusta varten syksyllä 2021. Murtumista 4 syntyi liikenneonnettomuudessa, 11 erilaisissa aktiviteeteissa, pienen tai keskisuuren energian vammoissa.
Tutkimustuloksen perusteella voidaan päätellä, että etenkin lähtötilanteessa heikoimman luuston terveydentilan omanneet hyötyivät annetusta ohjauksesta. Tulosten luotettavuus olisi syytä varmistaa suuremmalla otannalla, tämän päivän D-vitamiinin saantisuositus ja -mahdollisuus huomioiden, sillä saantisuosituksia muutettiin ja maitotuotteiden ja ravintorasvojen D-vitaminointia lisätiin vuonna 2010. Tutkimuksen tekemiseen on käytetty arkaluontoisia henkilöiden terveystietoja, mutta tulokset esitetään niin ettei yksittäistä henkilöä voi tunnistaa aineistosta.Fractures are common in childhood. All fractures are not explained with genetics but could be caused by lifestyle factors and nutritional deficits.
The aim was to investigate if clinical counselling of vitamin D and calcium intake and of physical activity is successful in preventing new fractures in children with recurrent fractures (N=68 children).
This thesis research was quantitative and epidemiological, and a follow-up study to a fracture research project conducted in Helsinki at Children’s Hospital in 2005.
The follow-up data were collected from children’s medical reports at Children’s Hospital. The follow-up data together with baseline data were analyzed with statistical IBM SPSS software.
Vitamin D concentration remained lower than the recommended 50 nmol/l in 44,8% of those with follow-up data (N=29). In all, 19% (N=13) of the total cohort (N=68) sustained altogether 15 new fractures. However, there was a statistically significant difference, a slight improvement in both vitamin D status and bone mineral density in hip and lumbar area from baseline to follow-up (p<0.05).
The results suggest that the ordinary lifestyle counselling should be considered in preventing fractures in children. Due to the small cohort size this could be seen as a pilot study. Further studies are needed to confirm this research result
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Bulletin of the Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla)
No full textPublished twice a year in PDF format
DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Markus Lier, Jouni Hyvärinen, Essi Puranen
PHOTOS: Varpu Heiskanen, Jouni Hyvärinen, Erkki Oksanen, Jussi Tiainen, Cover photo: Erkki Oksanen
TRANSLATION: Pirkko Huuskonen @netsonic.fi3 The Metla Bulletin - A platform for dissemination of forest-related information - Hannu Raitio and Editorial Board
4 Metla - Focused to serve customers - Hannu Raitio
5 The forest monitoring programme has reduced emissions - Sinikka Jortikka
8 New software for driving efficiency in forest management - Satu Rasa
10 The forest sector in Eastern Europe facing challenges in forest management - Ján Ilavský
11 Genetic research revealing the secrets of wood - Ari Turunen
13 A wind of change blowing in Russian forests - Reeta Eskola
15 Column: Out of sight - out of funds? - Jari Parviainen
16 People at Metla: World traveller in the service of forest research Ari Turunen
18 Metla´s latest research news and current projects
19 Metla´s publications and upcomming events at Metla and partner organisation
A Geography of Coloniality : Re-narrating European Integration
No full textTurunen discusses how the “European significance” of the European Heritage Label (EHL) sites has been narrated through interconnections of European values and European integration. She argues that, in the context of the EHL, integration is intricately linked to the notion of spreading common values, which in turn is entangled with Eurocentrism. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the geography of coloniality: the underlying spatial structure that makes the coloniality of European cultural heritage and related hierarchies more visible. Ultimately, the chapter shows how the concept of coloniality enables us to analyse the ways Eurocentrism is also embedded in ideas about European cultural heritage beyond colonial heritage, examining the role trans-European initiatives like the EHL could have in the decolonization of European cultural heritage.peerReviewe
Pseudodifferential calculus on compact Lie groups and homogeneous spaces
No full textPseudodifferential calculus is an important tool in the theory of elliptic linear partial differential equations. We introduce papers [I-IV], where pseudodifferential calculus is studied in the presence of a transitive group of symmetries for the underlying compact manifold.reviewe
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Method of Characteristics-Based Design and Numerical Simulation of a Micro-ORC Supersonic Turbine Nozzle Ring
No full text- …
