170,480 research outputs found
The headscarf debates: conflicts of national belonging, by Anna C. Korteweg and Gokce Yurdakul
No full textOn Special Verbs of Motion in Turkmen and Their Possible Etymological Connection with the Marker tas in Turkmen
No full textTurkmen, when expressing the avertive meaning “an event almost realized”, applies an obligatory
marker tas. Turkmen grammars traditionally describe it as a word that gives a negative connotation to the meaning . However, in Turkic
linguistics and in Turkmen in particular, the status of tas as a modal word or a grammatical
particle has not yet been studied. Moreover, there are no studies in Turcological linguistics,
offering classifications of modal words and particles which are shaped on the basis of their
meanings as well as grammatical and pragmatic functions. Nevertheless, the marker tas is of
interest for the following two reasons. First, the narrow scope of use in Turkmen, i.e. only to
express the avertive meaning. Second, the issue of the etymology of the roots tas-/daz-/tis- in
Turkic languages is still one of the discussed matters. Moreover, there are various suggestions
about their etymology, including the hypothesis of their Mongolian origin. In this context, the
following paper aims to discuss a possible lexical origin of the marker tas in Turkmen, focusing
on a special group of verbs of motion with the roots tas-/daz-/tis-. These verbs are of interest
since they contain information not only about direction of motion but also: a) information
about a manner of movement, b) judgment of the manner of movement, and c) information
about emotional state, such as fear
The effects of dictatorship on health: the case of Turkmenistan.
No full textBACKGROUND: There is a health crisis in Turkmenistan similar to, but more severe than, in other Central Asian countries. This paper asks whether the health crisis in Turkmenistan is attributable to the consequences of the dictatorship under president Niyazov, who died in 2006. METHODS: The basis for this paper was a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants complemented by an iterative search of internet sites, initially published as a report in April 2005, and subsequently updated with feedback on the report as well as a comprehensive search of secondary information sources and databases. RESULTS: This paper describes in depth three areas in which the dictatorship in Turkmenistan had a negative impact on population health: the regime's policy of secrecy and denial, which sees the "solution" to health care problems in concealment rather than prevention; its complicity in the trafficking of drugs from Afghanistan; and the neglect of its health care system. CONCLUSION: The paper concludes that dictatorship has contributed to the health crisis facing Turkmenistan. One of the first tests of the new regime will be whether it can address this crisis
Investigating cultural evolution through biological phylogenetic analyses of Turkmen textiles
No full textThe debate on the evolution of culture has focused on two processes in particular, phylogenesis and ethnogenesis. Recently, it has been suggested that the latter has probably always been more significant than the former. This proposal was assessed by applying cladistic methods of phylogenetic reconstruction to a data set comprising decorative characters from textiles produced by Turkmen tribes since the 18th century. The analyses focused on two periods in Turkmen history: the era in which most Turkmen practised nomadic pastoralism and were organised according to indigenous structures of affiliation and leadership; and the period following their defeat by Tsarist Russia in 1881, which is associated with the sedentarisation of nomadic Turkmen and their increasing dependence on the market. The results indicate that phylogenesis was the dominant process in the evolution of Turkmen carpet designs prior to the annexation of their territories, accounting for c.70% of the resemblances among the woven assemblages. The analyses also show that phylogenesis was the dominant process after 1881, although ethnogenesis accounted for an additional 10% of the resemblances among the assemblages. These results do not support the proposition that ethnogenesis has always been a more significant process in cultural evolution than phylogenesis
Turkmenbashy : the propagation of personal rule in contemporary Turkmenistan
No full textTurkmenistan President Saparmurat Niyazov (known as Turkmenbashy, or “father of Turkmens”), the longest-serving leader in post-Soviet space, has ruled his country with increasing repression and megalomaniacal idiosyncrasy over the past decade. Under Niyazov’s rule, alternative political parties have been banned, non-official religions persecuted, and free media outlets closed. State institutions, subsumed by the expansive presidency, are characterized by constant personnel purges and an arbitrary management style, and have become increasingly dysfunctional. Grandiose marble state buildings, large museums and golden presidential statues dominate Ashgabat, Turkmenistan’s capital. Socioeconomic indicators, however, are at low levels, and poverty and unemployment have reached new highs.
Niyazov has formulated, transmitted and imposed a new Turkmen national program as a method of political legitimation. This “pseudo-ideology” has been elaborated since independence in a series of texts published under the president’s name—Niyazov’s quasi-spiritual works are required reading throughout all levels of education in Turkmenistan and are heavily propagated through official mass media and cultural associations.
This thesis seeks to understand the forms that the legitimation program has taken, Niyazov’s methods of propagation, and the ways in which the regime’s program resembles those of similar historical regimes. Turkmenistan, which appears to closely approximate the ideal type of a sultanistic regime (as defined by Juan Linz), is described in this thesis with reference to cases of sultanistic leadership from the post-colonial period in sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis examines in turn Niyazov’s use of official ritual and symbolism, media and education, historical revision, and architecture to secure normative compliance. Historical references help to contextualize a discussion of Turkmenistan, an often-overlooked country in post-Soviet Central Asia, but one that promises to grow in strategic importance due to its geopolitical location and bounty of natural resources
A Study of Two Forms Expressing “necessity” in Turkmen
No full textThis study examines two forms used to express “necessity” (deontic modality, meaning ‘it is necessary (that/to...)’) in Turkmen (Turkic languages, Southeastern branch): 1. Obligative V-mAlI, 2. Necessity construction V-mAk(lIk) gerek [V(erb stem)-VN necessary]. The semantic issue in question is whether both the abovementioned forms express epistemic modality, because, Turkmen grammar reference books do not mention anything about this aspect. However, studies on Turkic languages have indicated ambiguity between deontic and epistemic modalities. A contrastive study of subjective modal auxiliary verbs in Japanese and English (e.g., the English epistemic modal auxiliary may, daroo in Japanese, etc.) found that subjective modal auxiliary verbs (a) do not have negative and past form, (b) are not included in interrogative sentences and temporal/conditional clauses, and (c) do not come within the ambit of the sentential pronoun it/so. These constraints should therefore restrict the above two Turkmen forms as well. However, previous studies do not contain any information about these constraints. This study clarifies the differences between the two Turkmen forms expressing necessity by resolving the abovementioned semantic and formal issues through examinations conducted with two native Turkmen speakers. The examinations focused on meanings (translation examination and acceptabiliy evaluation) and clarified that V-mAlI could express both deontic and epistemic modalities while V-mAk(lIk) gerek could not be used to express epistemic modality. The examination focused on forms (acceptability evaluation) clarified that V-mAk(lIk) gerek does not express epistemic modality, so the verb stems in V-mAk(lIk) gerek do not follow the item expressing tense. Therefore, it is concluded that in Turkmen, V-mAlI could express epistemic modality while V-mAk(lIk) gerek could not
Turkmen Language Scholar Pigam Azimov and His Chronological References
No full textTürkmen Türkçesi üzerine yapılan bilimsel çalışmaların tarihi 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar gitmektedir. Türkmenistan’da Türkmen edebî dilinin araştırılması tarihi, 1917 Ekim Devrimi’nden önce ve sonra olmak üzere iki dönemde ele alınmaktadır. Türkmen Türkçesinin Ekim Devrimi’nden önceki dönemde A. Starçevski, P. Şimkeviç, S. A. Ağabekov, A. B. Alıyev, İ. A. Belyayev ve A. N. Samoyloviç’in yaptığı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır Ekim Devrimi’nden sonraki dönemde ise A. P. Potseluyevki, N. A. Baskakov, A. N. Kononov, V. N. Filyuşina, O. Vepayev, M. Geldiyev, K. Böriyev, G. Sopıyev, H. Deryayev, M. Hıdırov, P. Azımov, H. Baylıyev, M. Ya. Hamzayev, A. Gurbanov, G. Sarıyev, C. Amansarıyev, S. Kürenov, M. Atacanov, B. Çarıyarov, T. Täçmıradov, R. Berdiyev gibi âlimler çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Ekim Devrimi’nden sonraki dönemde Türkmen Sovyet dil bilimi alanında Türkmen dilcisi Pıgam Azımov’un çalışmaları dikkate değerdir. Pıgam Azımov, Türkmenistan’da Sovyet döneminde yetişmiş ve Türkmen dili üzerine çalışmalar yapmış Türkmen âlimlerden biridir. Azımov, Türkmenistan’da dilciliğinin kurulması ve geliştirilmesinde önemli rol oynamış bir akademisyendir. Azımov, Moskova’daki Sovyet Bilimler Akademisinin Şarkiyat Enstitüsünden “filoloji ilimleri doktoru” unvanını alan ilk Türkmen dilcisidir. Azımov’un, Türkmen dili üzerine bilimsel çalışmalar yapması yanında, filoloji alanında millî kadroların yetiştirilmesi, Türkmen dili ve edebiyatı için standart okul kitaplarının yazılması yolunda emekleri büyüktür. Azımov, Türkmenistan’da 1936 yılında düzenlenen 1. Lengüistik Kurultayı’ndan itibaren bilimsel faaliyetler içinde bulunmuş, 1994’te elim bir trafik kazasındaki vefatına kadar Türkmen edebî dili, alfabesi, kısaltmalar, yazım kuralları, sentaksı, morfolojisi, leksikolojisi, ağızları, Türkmen dilinin meseleleri, Türkmen dilcileri ve Türkmen edebiyatı gibi birçok konuda çalışmalar yapmıştır. Azımov aynı zamanda Türk Dil Kurumunun muhabir üyeliğini de yapmıştır.Bu çalışmada meşhur Türkmen dilcisi Pıgam Azımov’un hayatı (1915-1994) ve onun Türkmen Türkçesi üzerine yaptığı çalışmaların kronolojik kaynakçası verilecektir. Kaynakça için Pıgam Azımov hakkında Türkmenistan’da 1990 yılında Soltanşa Atanıyazov tarafından yayımlanan Pıgam Azımov - Biyobibliyografiya kitabı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızdaki kaynakçaya Azımov’un yalnız Türkmen dili ve edebiyatıyla ilgili çalışmaları alınmıştır. Çünkü P. Azımov akademisyen olmasının yanı sıra eğitimci, idareci ve teşkilatçı olduğu için yararlanılan kaynakta onun bu alanlarla ilgili çalışmaları da bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın Türkmenceyle ilgilenen araştırmacılara faydalı olacağı kanaatindeyiz.The history of scientific studies on Turkmen Turkish dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The study of the Turkmen literary language in Turkmenistan is discussed in two periods: before and after the 1917 October Revolution. The period before the October Revolution includes Starchevsky, Shimkevic, Ağabekov, Aliyev, Belyayev, and Samoylovich. After the October Revolution, scholars such as Potseluyevski, Baskakov, Kononov, Filyushina, Vepayev, Geldiyev, Boriyev, Sopiyev, Deryayev, Khidirov, Azimov, Bayliyev, Hamzayev, Gurbanov, Sariyev, Amansariyev, Kurenov, Atacanov, Chariyarov, Tachmiradov, Berdiyev etc. conducted studies.The contributions of the Turkmen linguist Pigam Azimov in Turkmen Soviet linguistics are notable for the post-October Revolution period. Pigam Azimov is one of the Turkmen scholars who grew up in Turkmenistan during the Soviet period and dealt with the Turkmen language. He was a key figure in the growth and establishment of linguistics in Turkmenistan. Azimov was the first Turkmen linguist to receive the title of "doctor of philological sciences" from the Oriental Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Azimov not only carried out scientific studies on the Turkmen language but also made efforts to train national philologists and to write standard textbooks for the Turkmen language and literature.Azimov, who had been involved in scientific activities since the 1st Linguistic Congress held in Turkmenistan in 1936, passed away in a tragic traffic accident in 1994. During this period, he worked on many subjects such as the Turkmen literary language, alphabet and abbreviations, as well as spelling rules, syntax, morphology, lexicology, and dialects of the Turkmen Language. He also focused on the issues of the Turkmen language, Turkmen linguists, and Turkmen literature. Azimov was also a correspondent member of the Turkish Language Association. This paper focuses on the life of the famous Turkmen linguist Pigam Azimov (1915-1994) and the chronological bibliography of his studies on Turkmen Turkish. The study is based on the book titled “Pıgam Azimov – Biobibliography” published by Soltansha Ataniyazov in Turkmenistan in 1990. P. Azimov was not only a scholar but also an educator, administrator, and founder, so the resource also includes his contributions in these areas. However, this article only deals with Azimov's works on Turkmen language and literature. We believe that this study will be useful to researchers working on Turkmen Turkish
PHONETIC EVENTS IN TURKMEN TURKISH’S CONSONANTS OF WORDS TAKEN FROM ARABIC AND PERSIAN
No full textTürkmen Türkçesi Oğuz grubu Türk dillerinin doğu kolunu, Türkiye Türkçesi ile Azerbaycan Türkçesi ise batı kolunu teşkil eder. Oğuz Türklerinin bir bölümü 17. yüzyıla kadar Anadolu, Suriye, İran ve Irak coğrafyasında aynı edebî dili kullanmışlardır. Bu yüzyıldan sonra Azerbaycan Türkçesi ile Osmanlı Türkçesi farklı iki edebî dil oluşturmuştur. Türkmen Türkleri ise 18. yüzyıla kadar Orta Asya Türklerinin ortak yazı dili olan Çağatay Türkçesini kullanmışlardır. 18. yüzyıldan sonra ise Türkmen Türkçesinin temelini teşkil eden dil özellikleri oluşmuştur. Batı grubundaki diğer lehçelere oranla Eski ve Orta Türkçe dönemine ait fonetik ve morfolojik bazı unsurlar ile söz dağarcığının önemli bir kısmı Türkmen Türkçesinde korunmuştur. Bu yönüyle Türkmen Türkçesinin söz varlığının temelini Türkçe sözcükler oluşturur. Bunun yanında Rusçadan, Arapçadan, Farsçadan ve Moğolcadan alınan sözcükler de oldukça yoğundur. Arapça ve Farsçadan alınan sözcükler Türkmen Türkçesinin dil özelliklerine uydurulmuştur. Arapça ve Farsçadan alınan sözcüklerin Türkmen Türkçesinin dil hususiyetlerine uydurulması sürecinde sözcükler şekilsel açıdan çok büyük değişikliğe uğramıştır. Öyleki bu sözcüklerin bir kısmı neredeyse tanınmayacak duruma gelmiştir. Özellikle ünsüz benzeştirmeleri, ünlülerin ünsüzler üzerindeki etkisi, ünsüz düşmeleri, ünlü-ünsüz uyumu gibi değişik ses olayları neticesinde sözcüklerin büyük bir kısmının değiştiği görülür. Bugün Türkiye Türkçesinde asli özelliklerini koruyan Arapça ve Farsça menşeli birçok sözcük Türkmen Türkçesinde bu özelliklerini kaybetmiş, Türkmen dilinin dil hususiyetlerine bağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkmen Türkçesi edebî ürünleri ve sözlüklerindeki Arapça ve Farsçadan alınmış sözcüklerin ünsüzlerinde görülen ses olayları incelenmiştirTurkmen Turkish is located in South-Western groups of Turkish language family. From this point it constitutes the eastern arm of the Oghuz group of the Turkish languages. Turkmen Turkish, have used the Chagatai Turkish’s literary language, which is common in Turkey until the 18th century. The foundation of Turkmen Turkish language were created with the language of works wich penned after the 18th century. Turkish words creates the foundation of Turkmen vocabulary. In addition, the words taken from Russian, Arabic, Persian and Mongolian also creates quite a large proportion. The words taken from Arabic and Persian language are adapted to the characteristics of Turkmen Turkish.While the words taken from Arabic and Persian adapting to the Turkmen language features they have been undergone tremendous changes in formal terms. Such that, some of these words have become unable to be deteched. Particularly as a result of the different sounds such as consonant assimilation, the impact celebrities on the consonants, consonants fall, vowel-consonant harmony, majority of the words have been changed. Especially allophonic changes in words taken from Arabic and Persian words have made it beyond recognition. In this study were examined the sound events seen in the vowels of words borrowed from Arabic and Persian which located in Turkmen Turkish literary products and its dictionaries Turkmen Turkish forms the eastern arm of Oghuz group of Turkish language, whereas Turkey Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish constitute the western branch one. Part of the Oghuz Turks has used the same literary language in the region of the Anatolia, Syria, Iran and Iraq until the 17th century. Ottoman Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish have created two different literary languages following the century. Turkmen Turkish have used the Chagatai Turkish literary language which has been common written language of the Central Asian Turkish until the 18th century. After the 18th century, language features that form the basis of Turkmen Turkish have been formed. Compared to other dialect groups in the west, an important part of the vocabulary and some phonetic and morphological elements of the old and middle Turkish period have been preserved in Turkmen Turkish. In this respect, Turkish words constitute the foundation of the Turkmen vocabulary. In addition, the words taken from Russian, Arabic, Persian and Mongolian also create a quite large proportion. The words taken from Arabic and Persian language are adapted to the characteristics of Turkmen Turkish. Today, many words of Arabic and Persian origin that protect the essential features in Turkey Turkish have lost their properties in the Turkmen Turkish and are linked to Turkmen language characteristics. In the study, the sound events seen in the consonants of words borrowed from Arabic and Persian which are located in Turkmen Turkish literary products and its dictionaries are examined. There are 21 consonants in the Turkmen alphabet adopted January 1, 2000. These consonants are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, z, k, l, m, n, n, p, r, s, s, t, w, y, z. In these consonants /?/ mark meets "j" sound; and / j / mark meets /c/ sound. And in these consonants /g/ mark meets the sound it represents /g/ and /ğ/which articulation of it is located in the front and back of the palate ın Turkey Turkish. And another used sound is nasal (n). This consonant had been used historical periods of Turkish language and it continues to be used in the contemporary Turkish dialects except Turkey Turkish. Except this, / w / consonant in writing is not essentially a dental-labial consonant it is a double-labial consonant. In Turkmen Turkish / s / and / z / sounds, unlike the voice used in Turkey Turkish always pronounced lisp. But this does not transcribed. The words from Arabic and Persian are attuned to the language features of Turkmen Turkish. Today in Turkey Turkish many words of Arabic and Persian origin that protects the essential features lost their properties in the Turkmen Turkish, and they are connected to the language peculiarities of the Turkmen language. In Turkmen Turkish at the end of the words, voiced consonant in not mostly available. Therefore voiced consonants at the end of words taken from Arabic and Persian mostly devoiced: TK vaacıp ~ TR vacip FA deste “deck, bundle”, TK. hassa < FA ?aste “ill, sick”, TK tassıık ~ TR tasdik < AR ta?dîk “confirmation”. The words remaining outside the vowel-consonant compliance in Turkey Turkish were connected to the this compliance in the Turkmen Turkish: TK dıkgat ~ TR dikkat < AR di??at “attention”; TK ıktısaad ~ TR iktisat < AR i?ti?âd “economy”; TK ıkbaal ~ TR ikbal < AR i?bâl “future”; TK nahal < FA nihâl “sapling”; TK haalııs ~ TR halis < AR ?âli? “pure”; TK halaal ~ TR helal < AR ?alâl “, permissible, not forbitten”; TK nıkaap ~ TR nikap < AR ni?âb “cover, veil”; TK lääle (TDS. läle) ~ TR lale < FA lâle “tulips”; TK kerwen ~ TR kervan < FA kârbân “caravan”
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Out-of-pocket payments for health care services in Bulgaria: financial burden and barrier to access.
No full textBACKGROUND: In recent years, Bulgaria has increasingly relied on out-of-pocket payments as one of the main sources of health care financing. However, it is largely unknown whether the official patient charges, combined with informal payments, are affordable for the population. Our study aimed to explore the scale of out-of-pocket payments for health care services and their affordability. METHODS: Data were collected in two nationally representative surveys, conducted in Bulgaria in 2010 and 2011, using face-to-face interviews based on a standardized questionnaire. To select respondents, a multi-stage random probability method was used. The questionnaire included questions on the out-of-pocket payments for health care services used by the respondent during the preceding 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 75.7% (2010) and 84.0% (2011) of outpatient service users reported to have paid out-of-pocket, with 12.6% (2010) and 9.7% (2011) of users reporting informal payments. Of those who had used inpatient services, 66.5% (2010) and 63.1% (2011) reported to have made out-of-pocket payments, with 31.8% (2010) and 18.3% (2011) reporting to have paid informally. We found large inability to pay indicated by the need to borrow money and/or forego services. Regression analysis showed that the inability to pay is especially pronounced among those with poor health status and chronic diseases and those on low household incomes. CONCLUSION: The high level of both formal and informal out-of-pocket payments for health care services in Bulgaria poses a considerable burden for households and undermines access to health services for poorer parts of the population
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