16,411 research outputs found
TYB Akademi: Osman Turan ve Selçuklular Özel Sayısı, Yıl: IV, Eylül 2014, S. 12, 200 s. [Kitap Tanıtımı]
No full textOsman Turan (1914-1978) Türkiye’de Selçuklu tarihçiliği denildiğinde ilk akla gelen ilim adamlarındandır. 2014 yılının Osman Turan’ın 100. doğum yıldönümü olması vesilesiyle Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği Akademi: Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi bir “Osman Turan ve Selçuklular” özel sayısı hazırladı. 200 sayfa hacmindeki bu özel sayıda toplam on yedi yazar, araştırmacı ve akademisyenin Osman Turan ve Selçuklu tarihini konu alan makaleleri yayınlandı. “Osman Turan ve Selçuklular” özel sayısının “sayı editörlüğü”nü Prof. Dr. Gülay Öğün Bezer yapmış. Dergide makalesi bulunan yazarlar ise şunlardır (yayınlanış sırasına göre): D. Mehmet Doğan, Abdurrahim Tufantoz, Gülay Öğün Bezer, Birsel Küçüksipahioğlu, Ebru Altan, Muallâ Uydu Yücel, Muharrem Kesik, Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sadi S. Kucur, Mustafa Alican, Emine Uyumaz, Ali Birinci, Salih Yılmaz, Murat Nalçacı, Celil Güngör, Fatih Gökdağ, Ali Birbiçer ve Albey Abazov
Effects of drying methods on physcal properties of hazelnut
No full textBu çal ma geleneksel (beton ve çimen harman; BH, ÇH, s ras yla) ve suni kurutma (kurutmamakinesi, KM) yöntemlerinin Tombul, Palaz ve Ordu Levant f nd klar n n fiziksel özellikleriüzerine etkisini belirlemek amac yla 2015 y l nda yürütülmü tür. Bu amaçla, çal madameyve uzunlu u, meyve geni li i, meyve kal nl , iç uzunlu u, iç geni li i, iç kal nl ,meyve büyüklü ü, meyve ekil indeksi, kabuk kal nl , göbek bo lu u, buru uk iç oran ,meyve a rl , iç a rl , iç oran , sa lam iç oran (S O), kusurlu iç oran (K O) vebeyazlama oran gibi fiziksel özellikler incelenmi tir. Çal ma sonucunda, KM metodundaS O de eri BH ve ÇH metotlar na göre daha yüksek bulunmu tur. Ayr ca K O de eri endü ük olarak yine KM metodunda tespit edilmi tir. Bu yüzden KM metodunun f nd kkurutma için uygun oldu u söylenebilir.This study was conducted in 2015 and aimed to determine the effects of hazelnut dryingmachine (DM) and traditional drying (concrete and grass ground; CG and GG, respectively)methods on the physical properties of Tombul, Palaz, and Ordu Levant cultivars. For thispurpose, namely nut lenght, nut width, nut depth, kernel lenght, kernel width, kernel depth,nut size, shape index, shell thickness, kernel cavity, shrivel kernel ratio, nut weight, kernelweight, kernel percentage, good kernel (GK), defect kernel (DK), and blanching ability wereanalyzed. At the end of the study, the GK value was found higher in DM method than on CGand GG methods. Therefore, DM is suitable method for hazelnut drying
Effects of some chemical and mechanical applications on branching in production of apple nursery trees
No full textBu ara t rma; 2009 y l nda, Isparta-E irdir ekolojik artlar nda, M9 elma klon anac üzerine a l Jersey Mac, Summer Red, Galaxy Gala, Granny Smith, Fuji ve Braeburn elma çe itlerine ait fidanlarda baz kimyasal [6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), Promalin (6-BAGA47)] ve mekanik uygulamalar n dallanma üzerine etkileri ara t r lm t r. Çal mada yap lan fidan boyu de erlendirmelerinde, en uzun boylu fidanlar Braeburn çe idi fidanlar nda, 450 ppm Promalin uygulamas ndan (142.37 cm) elde edilmi tir. Yan dal olu turan fidanlar n de erlendirildi inde, 550 ppm 6-BA uygulamas yla Braeburn çe idinde (7.30 adet/fidan) ve 550 ppm 6-BA uygulamas yla yine Braeburn çe idinde (6.83 adet/fidan) en fazla dall fidanlar elde edilmi tir. Dal aç s de erlendirmelerinde, Summer Red çe idinde (60.110) Kontrol grubunda, Dal s y rma uygulamas nda, Summer Red (59.080) çe idinden ve 550 ppm Promalin uygulamas nda, Granny Smith çe idindeki (57.790) fidanlarda en geni aç l dal elde edilmi tir. TSE bodur meyve standartlar na göre yap lan de erlendirmelerde, kontrol uygulamas na b rak lan fidanlar (% 100), 450 ile 550 ppm Promalin uygulamas yap lan fidanlar (% 99), dal s y rma uygulamas (% 98) ve Uç alma 3 uygulamas (% 97) yap lan fidanlar 1. kalite fidan s n f na girmi tir. Ara t rmada, çe itler aras nda en kaliteli fidanlar s ras yla Jersey Mac (% 99), Braeburn (% 98), Galaxy Gala (% 97) ve Granny Smith (% 96) çe itlerinden elde edilmi tir.In this study, the effects of some chemical [6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), Promalin (6-BAGA47)J and echanical applications on the Jersey Mac, Summer Red, Galaxy Gala, Granny Smith, Fuji and Braeburn grafted on the M9 apple rootstock have been studied under echological conditions of Isparta-E irdir in 2009. On the interpretations on nursery tree carried out in this work, the longest fidanlar have been found from Braeburn types on the application of 450 ppm Promalin to be 142.37 cm. When plants producing side arms are studied, the plants mostly producing side arms have been obtained from Braeburn types with 550 ppm 6-BA (7.30 item/nursery tree and Braeburn types again with 550 ppm 6-BA (7.30 item/ nursery tree. On the study of the angle of arm, the arms with the largest angle have been obtained on the Summer Red type (60.11°) in the control group, on the application of branch stripping, on the Summer Red (59.08°) type and Granny Smith type (57.79°) 550 ppm with Promalin application. The interpretations made according to TSE standards of bodur fruits, the nursery tree (% 100) left control applications, the nursery tree (% 99) subjected to 450-55 ppm Prolmalin, the nursery tree subjected to stripping application (% 98) and cutting the tip of seedling 3 application have been classifies as the first class nursery tree. In the study, the most quality nursery tree have been obtained from Jersey Mac (% 99), Braeburn (% 98), Galaxy Gala (% 97) and Granny Smith (% 96)
Imagining Turan: homeland and its political implications in the literary work of Hüseyinzade Ali [Turan] and Mehmet Ziya [Gökalp]
No full textWhile scholarly interest in the influence of Tatar intellectuals on Turkish nationalism has been strong, less attention has been paid to the interactions between Russian Azerbaijani and Ottoman Turkish intellectuals. This study applies theoretical tools developed by Benedict Anderson in the study of ethnic nationalism in the late Ottoman and Russian Empires. In doing so, this study focuses on the works of one leading intellectual from each side, Hüseyinzade Ali [Turan] and Mehmet Ziya [Gökalp]. Particular attention is paid to the concept of Turan, which they defined and elaborated as both a political ideal and a key element of the nationalist ideology they espoused through four poems they authored, two of which have homonymous titles. Their different views of the limits of the Turanian ‘imagined community’ and the political operationalization of the concept shed light on the development of ethnic nationalism in the declining Ottoman and Russian Empires. Ever since, Turan has become a significant symbolic conceptual tool that has fired the imaginations of Turkic nationalists (without, yet, having led to the establishment of a serious political movement)
Research on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging preferences among varieties of phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham)
No full textTürkiye'de arıcılar kolonilerini geliştirmek amacıyla bal üretim dönemi öncesi, erken ilkbaharda Akdeniz sahil kesiminde kışlatmaları ve göçer arıcılık sistemini benimsemeleri üretimin temel presibini oluşturmaktadır. Arılar için narenciye, meyve, yem bitkileri alanları ve meralar başlıca besin kaynaklarıdır. Ancak bu bitkilerin tarımının monokültür şeklinde çok geniş alanlarda yapılmasına karşın, çiçeklenme dönemlerinin kısa süreli oluşu, sürdürülebilir arıcılık faaliyetlerini kısıtlamaktadır. Bu nedenle arılar için besin kaynağı olabilecek yeni bitkilerin yetiştirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Çukurova Bölgesi'de yeni denenen üç fazelya çeşidi arasında bal arılarının tercihlerini belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Turan 82, T-98/1 ve T-98/2 (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham) çeşitleri materyal olarak seçilmiştir. Bu üç farklı fazelya çeşidinde çiçeklenme periyodu boyunca çiçek yoğunluğu ve çiçekleri ziyaret eden işçi arı sayıları, her bir çeşide ait parselde belirlenen üç ayrı noktada haftada bir gün belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Turan 82, T-98/1 ve T-98/2 fazelya çeşitlerinde birim alandaki çiçek sayısı sırasıyla 1077,60±231,43, 971,10±283,06 ve 1021,10±403,57 çiçek/ olarak bulunmuştur. Çiçekleri ziyaret eden arı sayıları ise bu çeşitlerde sırasıyla ortalama 68,10±17,30, 62,36±14,93 ve 62,23±21,57 bal arısı/ arasında değişmiştir. Çukurova Bölgesi'nde ekilen üç fazelya çeşidini çiçeklenme periyodunda ziyaret eden arı sayıları ile çeşitler arasındaki ilişki önemsiz (p>0,05) bulunmuştur. Arılık çevresinde bal üretim dönemi girilmeden önce erken ilkbaharda fazelya yetiştirilmesi, çşide bağımlı olmadan arı kolonilerinin gelişimine önemli düzeyde etkili olabilmiştir.Migratory management of beehives is essential for the beekeepers in Turkey, both for wintering their colonies at the low coastal arable lands of the Mediterranean region and for the colonies in early spring before reaching the main nectar flowering season. Existing citrus fields, pasture lands and forage fields are the main food sources for the bees. But these plants are cultivated in large areas as monoculture with a short flowering period, which is a hindering factor for sustainable beekeeping. Therefore, introduction of new crops as food sources for bees is important. the objective of this research was to determine the preferences of bees is important. The objective of this research was to determine the preferences of bees for the Phacelia species, which were new to the Çukurova region for natural feeding of beess by planting these around the apiary. Three Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham) varieties with many flowers, namely Turan 82, T-98/1 and T-98/2 were introduced. The study counted the flower density and the visitor worker bees during the flowering period one day per week at each of the three plots. the densities of the flowers were:1077,60±231,43 flowers/ , for Turan 82 971,10±283,06 flowers/ for T-98/1, 1021,10±403,57 flowers/ for T-98/2
The Complete Muhammad Ali
No full textIncluding material and photographs not included in most of the 100 other books about the champion, Ishmael Reed's The Complete Muhammad Ali is more than just a biography-it is a fascinating portrait of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. An honest, balanced portrayal of Ali, the book includes voices that have been omitted from other books. It charts Ali's evolution from Black Nationalism to a universalism, but does not discount the Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism's important influence on his intellectual development. Filipino American author Emil Guillermo speaks about how "The Thrilla' In Manila" brought the Philippines into the 20th century. Fans of Muhammad Ali, boxing fans, and those interested in modern African American history and the Nation of Islam will be fascinated by this biography by an accomplished American author.Intro -- DEDICATION -- INTRODUCTION -- The Curious History of an Icon -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- Did the Secret Government Fear a U.S. Muslim/Overseas Muslim Alliance? -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- The Break Between the Prophet and his Disciple -- CHAPTER 10 -- CHAPTER 11 -- CHAPTER 12 -- The GOAT (Greatest Of All Time): Ali or Louis? -- CHAPTER 13 -- The Nation of Islam, the Mob, Showdowns in Canada and Sonny Liston -- CHAPTER 14 -- CHAPTER 15 -- The Taunts: Marketing or Racism? -- CHAPTER 16 -- CHAPTER 17 -- CHAPTER 18 -- CHAPTER 19 -- Boxing and the Brain -- CHAPTER 20 -- Ali's Feet -- CHAPTER 21 -- Mr. Dick -- CHAPTER 22 -- CHAPTER 23 -- The Opening Ceremonies, November 2005 -- CHAPTER 24 -- December 2005, Las Vegas -- CHAPTER 25 -- CHAPTER 26 -- June 16, 2004 -- CHAPTER 27 -- CHAPTER 28 -- CHAPTER 29 -- Aix-en-Provence -- CHAPTER 30 -- Ali as a Black Nationalist -- San Francisco, January 2004 Black Liberation Book Fair -- CHAPTER 31 -- January 31, 2004 -- CHAPTER 32 -- October 2005, Chicago -- CHAPTER 33 -- Why Ali remained with Elijah instead of following Malcolm -- CHAPTER 34 -- CHAPTER 35 -- February 4, 2006, Oakland, California -- CHAPTER 36 -- Like Zeus Descending from Mount Olympus -- CHAPTER 37 -- CHAPTER 38 -- Tuesday, February 28, 2006, New York -- CHAPTER 39 -- Bigger Than Boxing -- CHAPTER 40 -- Tribes Gallery, New York, April 2006 -- CHAPTER 41 -- June 2006, Louisville, Kentucky -- CHAPTER 42 -- CHAPTER 43 -- CHAPTER 45 -- Bad Company -- CHAPTER 46 -- Coxson, A Very Charming Rogue -- CHAPTER 47 -- Ali and the largest embezzlement scheme in Wells Fargo history -- CHAPTER 48 -- CHAPTER 49 -- "Lonnie is a stabilizing force."-Harry Belafonte -- October 29, 2006 -- CHAPTER 50 -- Abdul Rahman -- CHAPTER 51 -- CHAPTER 52 -- CHAPTER 53How Will Ali Be Remembered? New York, January 8, 2005 -- CHAPTER 54 -- CONCLUSION -- AFTERWORD -- Boxers' Rights? -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- MUHAMMAD ALI -- ISLAM AND NATION OF ISLAM -- BOXING -- RELATED SUBJECTS -- ALSO AVAILABLE FROM BARAKA BOOKSIncluding material and photographs not included in most of the 100 other books about the champion, Ishmael Reed's The Complete Muhammad Ali is more than just a biography-it is a fascinating portrait of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. An honest, balanced portrayal of Ali, the book includes voices that have been omitted from other books. It charts Ali's evolution from Black Nationalism to a universalism, but does not discount the Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism's important influence on his intellectual development. Filipino American author Emil Guillermo speaks about how "The Thrilla' In Manila" brought the Philippines into the 20th century. Fans of Muhammad Ali, boxing fans, and those interested in modern African American history and the Nation of Islam will be fascinated by this biography by an accomplished American author.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Poverty of Criticism: Reading The July 15 Coup Attempt FromThe West
No full textThis study is about how the failed 15 July 2016 coup in Turkey is represented in the West. Given the fact that a distorted representation reigned in the Western media, this study primarily asks why the Left and the Right presented almost similar picture about the 15 July coup attempt. In order to reply this question, the paper utilizes two concepts, "good Muslim vs. bad Muslim" and "the romance of resistance". According to the first, the Right presented a distorted picture of the coup attempt because its mentality based on "good Muslim vs. bad Muslim" makes Gulen, the coup maker, innocent and Erdogan source of evil respectively. As for the Left, it perceived Erdogan as the absolute leader and all others including Gulen as oppositional movements. Therefore, the Left was poisoned by the fear that what if the coup is utilized by Erdogan for a greater power
Muhammed Ali es-Sabuni and his commentary
No full textBu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Temel İslam Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Tefsir Bilim DalıÖZET Özdemir, Ahmet Turan, "Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî ve Tefsirciliği", (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hasan KESKİN. Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî ve Tefsirciliği adını taşıyan bu çalışmamızda Sâbûnî'nin hayatını ve onun tefsir anlayışını ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Tezimiz giriş ve üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında; Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî'nin Kur'ân ve Tefsir İlmi hakkındaki görüşlerini verdik. Kur' ân' m anlaşılmasının önemini, ve Tefsir ilminin Kur' ân' in anlaşılmasındaki rolünü, Sâbûnî'nin görüşleri istikametinde izah ettik. Birinci bölümde; Sâbûnî'nin hayatım, ilmi kişiliğini, eserlerini ve tefsir kaynaklarını ele aldık. Özellikle tefsir alanındaki eserler ile tefsir kaynaklan üzerinde durduk. İkinci bölümde ise; Sâbûnî'nin tefsir anlayışım ve metodunu tespit etmeye çalıştık. Onun tefsir anlayışım ortaya koyarken hareket noktamız, özellikle iki eseri oldu. Bunlar: Safvetü't-Tefâsîr ve et- Tibyân fi Ulûmi'l-Kur'ân isimli eserleridir. Yeri geldikçe bu konuda diğer eserlerine de başvurduk. Onun tefsir metodunu, Rivayet ve dirayet tefsiri içerisinde değerlendirebileceğimiz bazı konulurdan hareketle ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Bu bölümde şu sonuca ulaştık: Sâbûnî, rivayet ve dirayet tefsirlerinin her ikisine de tefsirinde başvurmuştur. O tefsirde rivayet ve dirayet dengesini sağlamayı amaçlamıştır. Yine ona göre Kur' ân' in eşsiz güzellikleri sayılmayacak kadar çoktur ve her zaman ve mekanda onun güzelliklerini faklı yönleriyle ortaya koyacak alimlere ihtiyaç vardır. Üçüncü bölümde Sâbûnî'nin bazı tefsir problemleri hakkındaki görüşlerini örnekleriyle birlikte sunduk. Sebe-bi nüzul, nesh, muhkem-müteşabih, kıssalar ve israiliyyat, Kur'ân icazı ve iş'ari tefsir bu bölümde ele alman konulardır. Tezimizi Muhammet Ali es-Sâbûnî ve Tefsirciliği başlığı atında ele aldığımız konulardan çıkanları sonuçlan vererek bitirdik.II SUMMARY ÖZDEMÎR Ahmet Turan, Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî and his commentary, (Higher Degree thesis), Supervisor: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hasan KESKİN. In this study called Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî and his commentary, we tried to release Sâbûnî's life and his commentary understanding. Our study consists of intdoduction and three chapters. In introduction, we presented Muhammed Ali es-Sâbûnî' s point of view about Koran and commentary science, we explained the importance of understanding of Koran with Sâbûnî's point of view. In the first chapter, we dealt with his life, his scientific personalty, books and his commentary sources. We espocially mentioned about his commentary books and commentary sources. In the second chapter, we tried to fix his commentary understanding and his method. While we were explaining his commentary understanding, we used his two books: Safvetü't- Tefâsîr and et-Tibyân fi Ulûmi'l-Kur'ân. We benefited from his other books when necessary. We dealt with his commentary understanding fron the point of some subjects which are accepted in rivayet and dirayet commentary, r We concluded that Sâbûnî used both of rivayet and dirayet in his commentary. According to him, the unigue beauties of Koran are excessive and at any time and place savants who explain its beauties are needed. Sâbûnî defended that iş'ari commentary can be done if some canditions are carried out. In the third chapter, we explained his opinions about some commentary problems with examples. The subjects which are dealt with in this chapter are: Sebeb-i nüzul, Nesh, Muhkem and Müteşâbih, Kur' ân i'câzı and İşâri Commentary.. We finished our study with giving the conclusions of the subjects which were dealt with
Maktabat Al Muthanna Baghdad Feb-May 1962
No full textOn the same date, Ali Al-Mansouri issued an official financial statement confirming that the Al-Khanji Foundation owed a total of 11.375.أصدر علي المنصوري بيانًا ماليًا رسميًا بتاريخ 25 نيسان 1962 يُفيد بأن مؤسسة الخانجي مدينة بمبلغ إجمالي قدره 11,375
In vitro multiplication of black mulberry (morus nigra l.)
No full textKaradutun (Morus nigra L.) doku kültürü ile ço alt labilme imkanlar n belirlemek amac yla yap lan bu çal mada, eri kin a açlar n obur dallar ndan al nan nodal eksplantlardan çoklu sürgün te vikini sa lamaya yönelik etkili bir protokol standardize edilmek üzere, bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerin farkl konsantrasyon ve kombinasyonu ile zenginle tirilmi MS ortamlar denenmi tir. Be ayr konsantrasyonda BAP (6-enzylaminopurine; 1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 mg/L) ile desteklenmi ve ayr ca BAP, NAA (naphthalen acetic acid; 0,25 mg/L) ve TDZ (Thidiazuron; 0,1 mg/L)'n n birlikte kullan ld MS temel besi ortamlar kullan lm t r. nokülasyondan 45 gün sonra nodal eksplantlardan sürgün rejenerasyon yüzdesi, her eksplant ba na dü en sürgün say s (sürgün/eksplant), ortalama sürgün uzunlu u (cm) ve her eksplant ba na dü en yaprak say s (yaprak/sürgün) belirlenmi tir. BAP (2,0 mg/L), TDZ (0,1 mg/L) ve NAA (0,25 mg/L) ile desteklenen MS ortam gövde rejenerasyonunda ve di er tüm parametreler bak m ndan en yüksek etkiyi göstermi tir. n vitro dan elde etti imiz sürgünler köklendirme ortamlar na al nm t r. Köklendirme ortamlar ndan en iyi köklenme yüzdesi ve eksplant ba na dü en kök say s BAP (1,0 mg/L) ve NAA (0,5 mg/L)'in birlikte kullan ld uygulamadan elde edilmi tir. Yapt m z bu çal madan elde edilen veriler dut bitkisinin doku kültürü yolu ile seri üretiminde kullan labilir bir protokol sunmaktad r. Ayr ca bu ara t rman n sonuçlar daha sonra yap lacak olan di er çal malar için temel olu turacakt rIn this study, which was aimed to determine the multiplication potentially of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) by tissue culture, in order to standardize an effective protocol oriented to provide multiple shoots of nodal explant obtained from glutton branch of adult tree, the MS mediums, which were enriched with different concentrations and combinations of plant growing regulators, were tried. The MS mediums, at 5 different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/L) and also a combination of BAP, NAA (naphthalen acetic acid; 0.25 mg/L) and TDZ (Thidiazuron; 0.1 mg/L), were used. After 45 days of inoculation, the regeneration percentage of shoots, the numbers of shoots per explant (shoots/explant), average shoots length (cm), the number leaf per explant (leaf/explant) were determined. The MS medium, supported with BAP (2.0 mg/L), TDZ (0.1 mg/L) and NAA (0.25 mg/L), was the most effective with respect to trunk regeneration and all other parameters. The shoots obtained from in vitro were taken to rooting mediums. In rooting mediums the best rooting percentage and the number of roots per explant were obtained with a combination usage of BAP (1.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.5 mg/L) The data obtained from this study presents a protocol for the serial productions mulberry with tissue culture. On the other hand the results of this study will provide a basis for further studie
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